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Maric RN, Cheng KK. Olive oil and colorectal cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001; 55:448. [PMID: 11383530 PMCID: PMC1731918 DOI: 10.1136/jech.55.6.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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278
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Abudu L, Blair I, Fraise A, Cheng KK. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): a community-based prevalence survey. Epidemiol Infect 2001; 126:351-6. [PMID: 11467791 PMCID: PMC2869702 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268801005416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A prevalence survey of nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage was undertaken on a random sample of adults (aged over 16) resident in the community in Birmingham, UK during 1998. Microbiological samples were taken from the anterior nares at the subjects' general practice or in their home. Information about risk factors for the acquisition of MRSA was obtained via a self-completed questionnaire. A 58% response rate (280/483) was achieved. The prevalence of nasal MRSA colonization was 1.5% [4/274, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03-2.9%]. Twenty-three per cent (63/274) of subjects were nasal carriers of S. aureus. Six per cent (4/63) of S. aureus isolates were MRSA and 2 of the 4 MRSA carriers reported previous contact with health facilities. The prevalence of MRSA colonization in the general adult population in Birmingham appears to be low.
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Cummins C, Winter H, Maric R, Cheng KK, Silcocks P, Varghese C, Batlle G. Childhood cancer in the south Asian population of England (1990-1992). Br J Cancer 2001; 84:1215-8. [PMID: 11336473 PMCID: PMC2363888 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence in 1990-92 among English south Asian (residents with ethnic origins in India, Pakistan or Bangladesh) and non-south Asian children is compared. Standardized incidence ratios show significant overall excesses in south Asians (131), largely due to higher rates in south Asian boys, and specific excesses for leukaemia (141), lymphoid leukaemia (141), lymphoma (172) and hepatic tumours (375). Aetiological investigation is required.
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Abstract
During the past century, manufacturing industry has achieved great success in improving the quality of its products. An essential factor in this success has been the use of Walter A Shewhart's pioneering work in the economic control of variation, which culminated in the development of a simple yet powerful graphical method known as the control chart. This chart classifies variation as having a common cause or special cause and thus guides the user to the most appropriate action to effect improvement. Using six case studies, including the excess deaths after paediatric cardiac surgery seen in Bristol, UK, and the activities of general practitioner turned murderer Harold Shipman, we show a central role for Shewhart's approach in turning the rhetoric of clinical governance into a reality.
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Maric RN, Cheng KK. Overweight and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2001; 322:366. [PMID: 11229384 PMCID: PMC1119595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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283
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Maric R, Cheng KK. Barrett's oesophagus--50 years on. Br J Surg 2000; 87:1594. [PMID: 11091252 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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285
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Maric RN, Cheng KK. Hormone replacement therapy and lobular breast carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 89:1867-8. [PMID: 11042586 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20001015)89:8<1867::aid-cncr31>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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286
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Cheng KK, Sharp L, McKinney PA, Logan RF, Chilvers CE, Cook-Mozaffari P, Ahmed A, Day NE. A case-control study of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in women: a preventable disease. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:127-32. [PMID: 10883680 PMCID: PMC2374528 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus in British women is among the highest in the world. To investigate its aetiology, we conducted a multi-centre, population based case-control study in four regions in England and Scotland. We included 74 incident cases in women with histologically confirmed diagnoses of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus, and 74 female controls matched by age and general practice. High body mass index (BMI) around the age of 20 years (highest vs lowest quartile, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 6.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-28.52) and low consumption of fruit (highest vs lowest quartile, adjusted OR = 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.49) were associated with increases in risk. Breastfeeding by women was associated with reduced risk of their subsequently developing this cancer (ever vs never, adjusted OR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.20-0.82) and there was a significant dose-response effect with total duration of breastfeeding. The summary population attributable risk from these three factors was 96% (90% if breastfeeding is excluded). We conclude that high BMI in early adulthood and low consumption of fruit are important risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. Breastfeeding may confer a protective effect but this needs confirmation. This cancer is a largely preventable disease in women.
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287
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Langman MJ, Cheng KK, Gilman EA, Lancashire RJ. Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on overall risk of common cancer: case-control study in general practice research database. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2000; 320:1642-6. [PMID: 10856067 PMCID: PMC27410 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.320.7250.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2000] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether anti-inflammatory drug treatment protects against the commoner cancers in the United Kingdom. DESIGN Case-control study using the general practice research database. SETTING Practices throughout United Kingdom providing data to the database. SUBJECTS Patients who had a first diagnosis of five gastrointestinal (oesophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, and pancreas) cancers and four non-gastrointestinal (bladder, breast, lung, and prostate) cancers in 1993-5 for whom prescription data were available for the at least the previous 36 months. Each case was matched for age, sex, and general practice with three controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Risk of cancer. RESULTS In 12 174 cancer cases and 34 934 controls overall risk of the nine cancers was not significantly reduced among those who had received at least seven prescriptions in the 13-36 months before cancer diagnosis (odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval 0.89 to 1.07). Findings were nevertheless compatible with protective effects from anti-inflammatory drugs against cancers of the oesophagus (0.64, 0. 41 to 0.98), stomach (0.51, 0.33 to 0.79), colon (0.76, 0.58 to 1. 00), and rectum (0.75, 0.49 to 1.14) with dose related trends. The risk of pancreatic cancer (1.49, 1.02 to 2.18) and prostatic cancer (1.33, 1.07 to1.64) was increased among patients who had received at least seven prescriptions, but the trend was dose related for only pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS Anti-inflammatory drugs may protect against oesophageal and gastric cancer as well as colon and rectal cancer. The increased risks of pancreatic and prostatic cancer could be due to chance or to undetected biases and warrant further investigation.
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Maric R, Cheng KK. Association between colon cancer and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. Gut 2000; 46:293-4. [PMID: 10712079 PMCID: PMC1727827 DOI: 10.1136/gut.46.2.293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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289
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Maric RN, Cheng KK. Helicobacter pylori, lifestyle risk factors, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:805-6. [PMID: 10669387 DOI: 10.1086/315287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Cummins C, Winter H, Cheng KK, Maric R, Silcocks P, Varghese C. An assessment of the Nam Pehchan computer program for the identification of names of south Asian ethnic origin. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MEDICINE 1999; 21:401-6. [PMID: 11469361 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/21.4.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An assessment was made of the usefulness and accuracy of a computer program for the identification of the south Asian population through the classification of names on a disease register. METHODS The computer program, Nam Pehchan, was used to classify names as either south Asian or non south Asian. The results were compared with a reference standard, which combined use of the program with visual inspection. The latter was facilitated by a computer-generated dictionary of common non south Asian names. The data set consisted of 356,555 cases of incident cancer (ICD9: 140-208) registered between 1990 and 1992 by Thames, Trent, West Midlands and Yorkshire cancer registries. RESULTS Nam Pehchan classified 5506 cases as south Asian. Visual inspection identified 2024 false positives (36.8 per cent of all cases identified as south Asian by Nam Pehchan) and 363 false negatives (9.5 per cent of those identified by the reference standard). Compared with the reference standard, Nam Pehchan had a sensitivity of 90.5 per cent and a positive predictive value of 63.2 per cent. CONCLUSION The Nam Pehchan program quickly identified a high proportion of the names classified as south Asian by the reference standard, but the high false positive rate means that the program alone is not an adequate single strategy. The time-consuming process of inspection of program negatives for large data sets can be substantially reduced by comparison with dictionaries of common non south Asian names.
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Lin HC, Wan FJ, Cheng KK, Tseng CJ. Nitric oxide signaling pathway mediates the L-arginine-induced cardiovascular effects in the nucleus tractus solitarii of rats. Life Sci 1999; 65:2439-51. [PMID: 10622228 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that L-arginine produces profound cardiovascular effects when microinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of the rat. The present study extended our earlier work and examined further the underlying mechanisms of action of L-arginine in the NTS. Our results showed that intra-NTS microinjection of L-arginine (0.1-10 nmol) elicited dose-dependent depressor and bradycardic effects that were not significantly evoked by equivalent doses of D-arginine. The effects of L-arginine were blocked by pre-injection of 7-nitroindazole (0.02-1 nmol), a neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Additionally, application of the calmodulin inhibitor W-7 (0.01-0.33 nmol) reduced cardiovascular responses to L-arginine (10 nmol) in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-injections of soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitors, LY83583 (0.01-0.33 nmol) and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 0.03-1 pmol) both suppressed the L-arginine-induced depressor and bradycardic effects. Finally, the cardiovascular effects of L-arginine in the NTS were attenuated by HA1004 (0.1-1 nmol), a cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, but not by the protein kinase C inhibitor H-7 (1 nmol). Taken together, the results indicate that the cardiovascular effects produced by L-arginine in the NTS are inhibited by pharmacological interventions that block nitric oxide production and cGMP-PKG signaling pathway within the nucleus.
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Aveyard P, Cheng KK, Almond J, Sherratt E, Lancashire R, Lawrence T, Griffin C, Evans O. Cluster randomised controlled trial of expert system based on the transtheoretical ("stages of change") model for smoking prevention and cessation in schools. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1999; 319:948-53. [PMID: 10514156 PMCID: PMC28247 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.319.7215.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether a year long programme based on the transtheoretical model of behaviour change, incorporating three sessions using an expert system computer program and three class lessons, could reduce the prevalence of teenage smoking. DESIGN Cluster randomised trial comparing the intervention to a control group exposed only to health education as part of the English national curriculum. SETTING 52 schools in the West Midlands region. PARTICIPANTS 8352 students in year 9 (age 13-14 years) at those schools. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of teenage smoking 12 months after the start of the intervention. RESULTS Of the 8352 students recruited, 7444 (89.1%) were followed up at 12 months. The intention to treat odds ratio for smoking in the intervention group relative to control was 1.08 (95% confidence interval 0.89 to 1.33). Sensitivity analysis for loss to follow up and adjustment for potential confounders did not alter these findings. CONCLUSIONS The smoking prevention and cessation intervention based on the transtheoretical model, as delivered in this trial, is ineffective in schoolchildren aged 13-14.
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Cheng KK, Cummins C, Maric R. Alcohol intake and cancer of the upper digestive tract. Confounding in such studies is important. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1999; 318:1290; author reply 1291. [PMID: 10391706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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295
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Vecchia CL, Franceschi S, Favero A, Talamini R, Negri E, Cheng KK, Cummins C, Maric R, Reed V, Fitzgerald R, Caygill C, Gronbak M, Sorensen TIA. Alcohol intake and cancer of the upper digestive tract. BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.318.7193.1289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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296
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Winter H, Cheng KK, Cummins C, Maric R, Silcocks P, Varghese C. Cancer incidence in the south Asian population of England (1990-92). Br J Cancer 1999; 79:645-54. [PMID: 10027344 PMCID: PMC2362427 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence among English south Asians (residents in England with ethnic origins in India, Pakistan or Bangladesh) is described and compared with non-south Asian and Indian subcontinent rates. The setting for the study was areas covered by Thames, Trent, West Midlands and Yorkshire cancer registries. The study identified 356 555 cases of incident cancer (ICD9:140-208) registered between 1990 and 1992, including 3845 classified as English south Asian. The main outcome measures were age specific and directly standardized incidence rates for all cancer sites (ICD9:140-208). English south Asian incidence rates for all sites combined were significantly lower than non-south Asian rates but higher than Indian subcontinent rates. English south Asian rates were substantially higher than Indian subcontinent rates for a number of common sites including lung cancer in males, breast cancer in females and lymphoma in both sexes. English south Asian rates for childhood and early adult cancer (0-29 years) were similar or higher than non-south Asian rates. English south Asian rates were significantly higher than non-south Asian rates for Hodgkin's disease in males, cancer of the tongue, mouth, oesophagus, thyroid gland and myeloid leukaemia in females, and cancer of the hypopharynx, liver and gall bladder in both sexes. The results are consistent with a transition from the lower cancer risk of the country of ethnic origin to that of the country of residence. They suggest that detrimental changes in lifestyle and other exposures have occurred in the migrant south Asian population.
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Wei J, Cheng KK, Tung DY, Chang CY, Wan WM, Chuang YC. Successful use of Phoenix-7 total artificial heart. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:3403-4. [PMID: 9838499 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gilman EA, Sorahan T, Lancashire RJ, Lawrence GM, Cheng KK. Seasonality in the presentation of acute lymphoid leukaemia. Br J Cancer 1998; 77:677-8. [PMID: 9484830 PMCID: PMC2149913 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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299
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Court BV, Bradley CP, Cheng KK, Lancashire RJ. Responding to out of hours requests for visits: a survey of general practitioner opinion. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1996; 312:1401-2. [PMID: 8646100 PMCID: PMC2351107 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.312.7043.1401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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300
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Fan HY, Cheng KK, Klein HL. Mutations in the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery suppress the hyperrecombination mutant hpr1 delta of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 1996; 142:749-59. [PMID: 8849885 PMCID: PMC1207016 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/142.3.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The soh1, soh2 and soh4 mutants were isolated as suppressors of the temperature-dependent growth of the hyperrecombination mutant hpr1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cloning and sequence analysis of these suppressor genes has unexpectedly shown them to code for components of the RNA polymerase II transcription complex. SOH2 is identical to RPB2, which encodes the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, and SOH4 is the same as SUA7, encoding the yeast transcription initiation factor TFIIB. SOH1 encodes a novel 14-kD protein with limited sequence similarity to RNA polymerases. Interestingly, SOH1 not only interacts with factors involved in DNA repair, but transcription as well. Thus, the Soh1 protein may serve to couple these two processes. The Soh1 protein interacts with a DNA repair protein, Rad5p, in a two-hybrid system assay. Soh1p may functionally interact with components of the RNA polymerase II complex as suggested from the synthetic lethality observed in soh1 rpb delta 104, soh1 soh2-1 (rpb2), and soh1 soh4 (sua7) double mutants. Because mutations in SOH1, RPB2 and SUA7 suppress the hyperrecombination phenotype of hpr1 mutants, this suggests a link between recombination in direct repeats and transcription.
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