Biomedical factors associated with hospitalization of older adults: The Bambuí Health and Aging Study (BHAS)

The objective of this study was to identify biomedical factors (body mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, and albumin) associated with hospitalization of older adults. All residents of the town of Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, ages > or = 60 years (n = 1,742) were selected for the study, of whom 1,494 (85.2%) participated. None of the biomedical factors studied was independently associated with occurrence of 1 hospitalization during the previous 12 months. Body mass index < 20 Kg/m and total cholesterol = 200-263 mg/dl and > or 264 mg/dl were independently associated with > or = 2 hospitalizations. The introduction of biomedical factors did not modify the previously identified associations between hospitalization and indicators constructed from information obtained in a questionnaire survey. The results show that data easily obtained through interviews can be useful both for identifying older adults at risk of hospitalization and thus for assisting in prevention.

The Bambui Health and Aging Study (BHAS): factors associated with the treatment of hypertension in older adults in the community

The objective of this study was to investigate the factors associated with the treatment of hypertension among older adults living in the community. All residents (n = 1,742) of Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil (15,000 inhabitants) aged > or = 60 years were selected, and 1494 (85.8%) were interviewed and examined. Of these, 919 (61.5%) were hypertensive, 704 were aware of their condition (study population), and 578 were under treatment. Only 38.8% of the individuals under treatment presented controlled systolic and diastolic pressures (< 140 and < 90 mmHg, respectively). Independent associations with treatment of hypertension were found for, in decreasing order of magnitude: less time elapsed since the last blood pressure measurement, greater number of physician visits in the past 12 months, higher body mass index, female gender, history of coronary disease, changes in diet due to arterial hypertension, and higher family income. Our results show that the factors most strongly associated with treatment of hypertension (use of health services) could be modified through adequate health policies for older adults.

Prevalence of sleep complaints and associated factors in community-dwelling older people in Brazil: the Bambuı́ Health and Ageing Study (BHAS)

BACKGROUND

Population-based studies of insomnia among older people residing in communities in developing countries are rare. The objectives of this population-based study were to determine the prevalence and factors associated with insomnia among older adults (60 years and over) living in a Brazilian town with 15,000 inhabitants (Bambuí MG).

METHODS

All 1742 residents in this age group were selected for a structured interview and blood tests. From these, 1516 (87.0%) participated in the study.

RESULTS

The prevalence of insomnia was 38.9%, being higher among women (45.3%) than among men (28.8%). The use of sleeping pills was reported by 380/1513 (25.1%) of the participants; 186 (49.0%) of these complained of insomnia, suggesting that their treatment should be reassessed. Factors independently associated with insomnia were: female sex (OR=1.78, 95% CI=1.41-2.24), dissatisfaction with free time arrangements (OR=1.88, 95% CI=1.28-2.77), self-rated health as reasonable or bad/very bad (OR=2.02, 95% CI=1.50-2.72 and OR=3.12, 95% CI=2.21-4.39, respectively), history of previous medical diagnosis of some chronic conditions (OR=1.38, 95% CI=1.10-1.73), inability to perform routine activities due to a health problem in the previous 2 weeks (OR=1.54, 95% CI=1.10-2.15), and staying in bed in the previous 2 weeks (OR=1.61, 95% CI=1.04-2.48).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of insomnia was high, indicating that this was a public health problem for older adults living in the study community. Our results emphasize the necessity for further investigations about insomnia among older people living in small communities in Brazil and other developing countries.

[Bambuí Project: an evaluation of private, public and unionized dental services]

OBJECTIVE

Since one of the goals of dental services is to reduce the effects of social inequality on dental health, it was assessed whether there are inequalities among those seeking dental care from private, public and unionized services.

METHODS

The study population consisted of adults aged 18 years or more living in the city of Bambuí, Brazil. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using Pearson's chi-square test, odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals (Woolf's method).

RESULTS

There were included 656 subjects who met the study's inclusion criteria. Adjusted results using multiple logistic regression showed that those using private services were more likely to be satisfied with their teeth's looks (OR=3.03; 95%CI =1.70-5.39) and chewing ability (OR=2.27; 95%CI=1.17-4.40) compared to those using public services. Also, they were less likely to perceive their need for dental treatment (OR=0.39; 95%CI=0.18-0.86) and were more likely to have had restorative (OR=9.57; 95%CI=4.72 - 19.43) and/or preventive (OR=5.57; 95%CI=2.31 - 13.40) treatment in their last visit to the dentist's. Those using unionized services were more likely to have had restorative (OR=8.51; 95%CI=2.80 - 25.92) and/or preventive treatment (OR=11.42; 95%CI=3.49 - 37.43) in their last visit to the dentist's when compared to those using public services. However, there were no differences regarding satisfaction with their teeth's looks, chewing ability, and perceived treatment needs.

CONCLUSION

Public dental care services have not been able to reduce social inequalities related to oral health care.

F, Uchoa E. Um estudo epidemiológico da efetividade de um programa educativo para o controle da esquistossomose em Minas Gerais

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o impacto de um programa de mobilização comunitária (atividades educativas) na primeira comunidade em Minas Gerais (Patis) na qual esta atividade foi desenvolvida, como parte do programa nacional de controle da esquistossomose (PCE/PCDEN). A prevalência da infecção nesta localidade (área estudada), entre 1984 e 1994, foi comparada àquela observada em Muquem (área controle). Um estudo seccional foi realizado para determinar as características demográficas (idade, sexo, tempo de residência), características dos domicílios (fonte de água, destino de dejetos, presença de chuveiro e distância aos córregos), padrões de contatos com águas e conhecimentos sobre prevenção/transmissão da esquistossomose nas duas comunidades. Em Patis foram também examinados os fatores associados aos contatos com águas nos últimos 12 meses. Embora a prevalência inicial e final da infecção tenha diferido em Patis (43,2 e 17,2%, respectivamente) e na área controle (38,2 e 33,7%), verificou-se que esta diferença não podia ser atribuída à mobilização comunitária, uma vez que a queda na prevalência da infecção já havia ocorrido antes do início destas atividades. Os conhecimentos sobre a transmissão e prevenção da esquistossomose foram altos em ambas as comunidades, mas esses conhecimentos não estiveram associados aos padrões de contatos com águas. Somente a faixa etária de 10-19 (OR= 4,0; IC 95%: 2,1-7,4) e > 20 anos (OR=1,9; IC 95%: 1,1-3,2) e sexo masculino (OR=2,1; IC 95%: 1,4-3,5) apresentaram associações independentes com contatos com águas. Concluiu-se que o programa de mobilização comunitária não foi efetivo: (a) para transmitir conhecimentos sobre a transmissão e prevenção da esquistossomose, (b) para transformar esses conhecimentos em mudanças de comportamento e/ou (c) para reduzir a prevalência da infeção pelo S. mansoni.

[Prevalence and factors associated with self-medication: the Bambuí health survey]

OBJECTIVE

A population-based study was carried out in the municipality of Bambuí, Brazil (population: approx. 15,000 inhabitants), to determine the prevalence of self-medication and its associated factors.

METHODS

A random sample of 1,221 residents aged >18 years was selected. Of these, 796 reported use of medications in the last 90 days and were selected for this study (775 participated). Data was collected through home interviews. Study variables were divided in 3 groups: social and economic, health status and health service use indicators. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's Qui-square test, and odds ratios adjusted by multinomial logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of the total, 419 (54.0%) reported use of only prescribed medications, 133 (17.2%) took prescribed and over-the-counter medications, and 223 (28.8%) took only over-the-counter medications in the last 90 days. After adjusting for confounders, the following variables presented significant associations with exclusive use of self-medication: female sex (OR=0.6; IC95%=0.4 - 0.9); age (OR=0.4; IC95%=0.3 - 0.6 for 40-59 years old and OR=0.2; IC95%=0.1 - 0.5 for >60 years); >5 residents in the household (OR=2.1; 1.1 - 4.0); number of visits to a doctor in the previous 12 months (OR=0.2; IC95%=0.1 - 0.4 and OR=0.1; IC95%=0.0-0.1 for 1 visit and >2 visits, respectively); report of consulting a pharmacist in the previous 12 months (OR=1.9; IC95%=1.1 - 3.3); and reports of financial expenses with medications during this period (OR=0.5; IC95%=0.3 - 0.8).

CONCLUSIONS

The study results show that the prevalence of self-medication in the studied community was similar to that observed in developed countries. These results also suggest that self-medication works in place of the formal health attention in this community.

A situação socioeconômica afeta igualmente a saúde de idosos e adultos mais jovens no Brasil? Um estudo utilizando dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostras de Domicílios PNAD/98

Neste artigo utilizamos dados da PNAD/98 para examinar as associações existentes entre a renda domiciliar per capita e indicadores da condição de saúde (relato de doenças crônicas selecionadas, percepção da própria saúde, incapacidade para realizar atividades por problemas de saúde e ter estado acamado recentemente), função física (dificuldade para realizar seis conjuntos de atividades) e uso de serviços médicos e odontológicos. O estudo foi realizado em uma amostra de 197.297 pessoas representativas da população brasileira com idade <FONT FACE=Symbol>³</FONT> 20 anos, estratificada em dois grupos etários (20-64 e <FONT FACE=Symbol>³</FONT> 65 anos). As características daqueles com renda familiar per capita situada no quintil mais baixo da distribuição de renda dos idosos foram comparadas às daqueles com renda mais alta (<0,67 vs. <FONT FACE=Symbol>³</FONT> 0,67 salários mínimos). Os resultados mostraram que a situação socioeconômica afeta igualmente a saúde de idosos e de adultos mais jovens neste país. Indivíduos no estrato mais baixo de renda, independentemente da idade, apresentaram piores condições de saúde, pior função física e menor uso de serviços de saúde. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que políticas para reduzir as desigualdades sociais podem contribuir tanto para a melhoria das condições de saúde dos indivíduos mais jovens quanto dos idosos neste país.

Hypertension and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in a community in Southeast Brazil--The Bambuí Health and Ageing Study

OBJECTIVE

A population-based prospective study was analysed to: a) determine the prevalence of hypertension; b) investigate the clustering of other cardiovascular risk factors and c) verify whether older differed from younger adults in the pattern of clustering.

METHODS

The data comprised a representative sample of the population of Bambuí, Brazil. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the independent association between hypertension and selected factors.

RESULTS

A total of 820 younger adults (82.5%) and 1494 older adults (85.9%) participated in this study. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 24.8% (SE=1.4 %), being higher in women (26.9+/-1.5%) than in men (22.0+/- 1.7%) (p=0.033). Hypertension was positively and significantly associated with physical inactivity, overweight, hypercholesterolemia hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The coexistence of hypertension with 4 or more of these risk factors occurred 6 times more than expected by chance, after adjusting for age and sex (OR=6.3; 95%CI: 3.4-11.9). The pattern of risk factor clustering in hypertensive individuals differed with age.

CONCLUSION

Our results reinforce the need to increase detection and treatment of hypertension and to approach patients' global risk profiles.

The Bambuí health and aging study (BHAS). Prevalence of intermittent claudication in the aged population of the community of Bambuí and its associated factors

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prevalence of intermittent claudication in the aged population of Bambuí, Brazil, and to identify the factors associated with this disease.

METHODS

Population-based cross-sectional study of the aged population (>/= 60 years of age) of Bambuí. Participants were interviewed and examined, after written consent. Intermittent claudication was defined based on a standardized questionnaire. Analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of the 1,742 elderly living in Bambuí, 1,485 (85.2%) were enrolled in the study. Thirty-seven individuals (2.5%) with intermittent claudication were identified: 28 (1.9%) males and 9 (0.6%) females. Their age brackets were: 16 (1.08%) individuals between 60 and 69 years of age, 17 (1.15%) between 70 and 79 years, and 4 (0.27%) >/= 80 years. A significant association between intermittent claudication and the following characteristics was found: male sex (OR=5.1; CI 2.4-11.0), smokers (OR=3.1; CI 1.2-8.5), ex-smokers (OR=3.4; CI 1.3-8.7), and more than 2 hospital admissions in the last 12 months (OR=2.8; CI 1.1-7.2).

CONCLUSION

Disease prevalence was similar to that of other countries. The association between intermittent claudication and smoking strengthens the significance of tobacco in peripheral artery disease pathogenesis. The association of intermittent claudication and a higher number of hospital admissions suggests greater morbidity in the elderly affected.

The Bambuí Health and Aging Study (BHAS): factors associated with hospitalization of the elderly

This study aimed to identify factors associated with hospital admissions of the elderly. All residents of Bambuí, Minas Gerais State >/= 60 years (n = 1,742) were selected. Some 1,606 of these (92.2%) participated in the study. The dependent variable was the number of hospital admissions (none, one, and two or more) during the previous 12 months. Independent variables were grouped as enabling, predisposing, and need-related factors. The strongest associations with multiple hospital admissions were: living alone; financial constraints to purchase of medication; and various indicators of need (worse self-perceived health, more visits to physician, greater use of prescription medications, and history of coronary heart disease). Such variables could help identify older adults at greatest risk and thus prevent hospitalization.

Unexpected high prevalence of 1-month depression in a small Brazilian community: the Bambuí Study

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence of depression in a community with 15 000 inhabitants in Brazil (Bambuí).

METHOD

The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was applied in a random sample of 1041 residents aged 18+ years.

RESULTS

The ICD-10 1-month, 1-year and lifetime prevalences of depression were 8.2% (95% CI:6.5-9.8), 10.0% (95% CI:8.2-11.8) and 15.6% (95% CI:13.4-17.8), respectively. Kappa coefficients comparing ICD-10 and DSM-III-R diagnoses were high (0.73-0.79). Female sex (OR=2.4; 95% CI:1.3-4.2), age 45-59 years (OR=3.5; 95% CI:1.7-7.2) and > or =60 years (OR=4.0; 95% CI:1.9-8.5) and being out of work (OR=2.1; 95% CI:1.2-3.6) were independently and positively associated with 1-month depression.

CONCLUSION

The 1-month prevalence of depression was higher than that observed in similar studies in developed and developing countries. Depression may be a major unidentified disease of people living in small communities of Brazil and other developing countries, especially among older women.

[The Bambuí Project: a population-based study of factors associated with regular utilization of dental services in adults]

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bambuí, Minas Gerais, to identify factors associated with regular use of dental services. Participants were interviewed with a structured questionnaire and previously validated questions. 999/1,221 (81.8%) randomly selected individuals aged > 18 years participated in the Bambuí dental survey. Of these, 654 out of 656 individuals who had at least one natural tooth and had visited a dentist during their lifetime participated in the study. Results adjusted by multiple logistic regression showed that regular use of dental services was significantly related to having > 8 and 4-7 years of schooling (OR = 9.90; 95% CI = 2.90-33.77 and OR = 3.87; 95% CI = 1.11-13.51, respectively), having a preference for restorative treatment rather than extraction (OR = 4.91; 95% CI = 2.23-10.79), having no present need of dental treatment (OR = 4.87; 95% CI = 3.17-7.49), and belief that visiting the dentist prevents tooth decay and gum disease (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.13-2.65). The results show that regular use of dental services was related to factors distributed in the Andersen and Newman model (1973) explaining use of dentistry services.

The Bambuí Health and Aging Study (BHAS): prevalence of risk factors and use of preventive health care services

OBJECTIVE

To describe, for the first time in Brazil, the prevalence of risk factors and the use of preventive health care services among adults 60 years and older.

METHODS

This population-based study was conducted during 1996-1997 in the state of Minas Gerais, in the town of Bambuí, which is located in the municipality of the same name. In 1996 the town had 14,950 inhabitants. For the study, all the town's residents aged > or = 60 years were selected, along with a comparison sample of persons aged 18-59 years. Data were gathered using interviews and physical examinations.

RESULTS

Of the 1,742 inhabitants of the town of Bambuí aged > or = 60 years, 1,606 (92.2%) participated in the interview and 1,495 (85.8%) were examined (blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, and blood tests). Among the 1,020 younger adults selected for the survey, 909 of them (89.1%) participated in the interview, and 820 of them (80.4%) underwent the physical examination. The prevalence of the following risk factors was higher among older adults than among younger adults: physical inactivity (47.7% vs. 28.0%); blood pressure 140-159 mmHg (systolic) or 90-99 mmHg (diastolic) (25.8% vs. 8.7%); blood pressure > or = 160 mmHg (systolic) or > or = 100 mmHg (diastolic) (19.1% vs. 4.1%); total cholesterol > or = 240 mg/dL (40.6% vs. 9.8%); and blood glucose > or = 126 mg/dL (12.4% vs. 2.2%). The daily consumption of fruits and vegetables was similar among the older adults and the younger ones (51.9% and 51.7%), as was also body mass index > or = 25 kg/m2 (51.6% and 56.2%). Smoking was lower among the older adults (18.7%) than among the younger ones (31.1%). The proportion of participants whose blood pressure had been checked in the preceding year was high (86.8% among the older adults and 61.2% among the younger ones), suggesting that the high prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension was not due to limited access to health care.

CONCLUSIONS

For a long time it was believed that the kinds of risk factors that we found in the urban section of the municipality of Bambuí were public health problems only in large Brazilian cities. Around 72% of the municipalities in Brazil have < or = 20,000 inhabitants, and these smaller municipalities contain some 19% of the country's entire population. The high prevalence of various risk factors among the older and younger adults in Bambuí indicates a great need for health promotion and disease prevention actions. More research is needed to find out whether our results in Bambuí reflect the reality of other small towns in Brazil.

[Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte: clinical, laboratorial, therapeutic and prognosis features (1989-1995)]

This study investigated clinical, laboratorial, therapeutic and prognostic aspects of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Belo Horizonte in 358 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and 25 with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). Compared to CL patients, the MCL patients reported longer duration of disease and higher frequency of other diseases, suggesting that debilitation caused by leishmaniasis or other conditions might contribute to activation and/or mucous dissemination of the parasite. The sensitivity of skin test, indirect immunofluorescence reactions and direct detection of parasites was 78.4, 79.3 and 68.3%, respectively. The treatment with meglumine antimoniate presented 100% efficacy, but 59% patients had side-effects. During two years of follow-up, there were 32/318 relapses after successful treatment. Most relapses (31/32) were of CL patients treated with 15 mg Sb5+/kg/day. The negative response to skin test was the only factor associated with a significant threefold increased risk of relapse. Higher dose or longer duration of treatment might improve the prognosis in these patients.