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Grant SC. Website review. Cancer Invest 2001; 19:105-6. [PMID: 11291550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Bowen DJ, Kuniyuki A, Shattuck A, Nixon DW, Sponzo RW. Results of a volunteer program to conduct dietary intervention research for women. Ann Behav Med 2001; 22:94-100. [PMID: 10892534 DOI: 10.1007/bf02895173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Cancer Society (ACS) initiated the Breast Cancer Dietary Intervention Project (BCDIP) to involve community volunteers in cancer-related intervention research activities focused on dietary fat reduction in women with breast cancer. This article presents data on the volunteer aspects of the project, with two aims: (a) to describe the volunteer recruitment and intervention designed for the BCDIP, conducted jointly by the American Cancer Society and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and (b) to present baseline characteristics and predictors of retention of the BCDIP volunteers. There were five types of volunteers, called volunteer adjunct researchers or VARs, in the BCDIP. VARs were recruited using a variety of approaches, including electronic media alerts, flyers in oncology clinics, and notices in the newsletters of state nursing and nutritional professional organizations. Over half of all VARs came from two main sources: the media (television, radio, newspapers) and from work-related sources. Over half (58%) of the VARs had professional licenses in nursing or dietetics, and 46% were employed full-time. Several types of motivations for participating in the BCDIP, including altruistic reasons (want to help others, help people with cancer), health concerns (family/friend with breast cancer, have had cancer), and work-related reasons (gain professional skills) were important. Sixty-eight percent of VARs remained with the project for its entirety. Predictors of retention in the VAR program included previous ACS volunteer experience with initial motivations to volunteer and the interaction of employment status and professional nursing training. In future research and community-based projects, better recruitment and volunteer coordination procedures should be used to reduce dropout rates and maintain volunteer commitment and participation.
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Krishan A, Wen J, Thomas RA, Sridhar KS, Smith WI. NASA/ American Cancer Society High-Resolution Flow Cytometry Project - III. Multiparametric analysis of DNA content and electronic nuclear volume in human solid tumors. CYTOMETRY 2001; 43:16-22. [PMID: 11122480 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20010101)43:1<16::aid-cyto1014>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NASA/American Cancer Society (ACS) flow cytometer can simultaneously measure electronic nuclear volume (ENV) and DNA content of nuclei. The preceding articles in this volume ("NASA/American Cancer Society High-Resolution Flow Cytometer Project-I") described the schematics, performance, and procedures used for the preparation of nuclei for analysis on this unit. In the present article, we describe the analysis of selected human tumors using the ratio of ENV/DNA content (nuclear packing efficiency [NPE]). METHODS Tumor specimens (frozen) were minced with scalpels and stained with 1-10 microg/ml of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) dihydrochloride at pH 6.0-7.2. Trout erythrocytes were used as internal standards. Data on ENV and DNA content were collected in list mode files. Propidium iodide-stained nuclei, analyzed on a Coulter XL cytometer, were used for comparison. RESULTS Simultaneous measurement of ENV and DNA makes it possible to discriminate between hypodiploid or hyperdiploid tumor cells, as well as to differentiate between near-diploid aneuploid and diploid cells on the basis of their increased ENV. The NPE ratio is a valuable parameter for the detection of small quantities of tumor cells, separating overlapping diploid and aneuploid populations for cell cycle analysis and characterizing the level of differentiation in some tumors. CONCLUSION NPE analysis provides unique measuring capabilities for the study of human solid tumors by flow cytometry.
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Wen J, Krishan A, Thomas RA. NASA/ American Cancer Society High-Resolution Flow Cytometry Project - II. Effect of pH and DAPI concentration on dual parametric analysis of DNA/DAPI fluorescence and electronic nuclear volume. CYTOMETRY 2001; 43:12-5. [PMID: 11122479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present paper, we describe the effect of 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) dihydrochloride concentration and pH on the resolution of DNA distribution histograms generated by dual-parametric simultaneous analysis of DNA content and electronic nuclear volume (ENV). METHODS Nuclei from tissue culture cell lines and frozen human solid tumors were isolated in nuclear isolation media containing different concentrations of DAPI, at various pH levels, and analyzed on a NASA/American Cancer Society (ACS) flow cytometer. Samples stained with propidium iodide/hypotonic citrate and analyzed in a Coulter XL flow cytometer were used for comparison. RESULTS Nuclei stained with DAPI concentration of 1-3 microg/ml, pH 6.0, gave the best resolution for the detection of the near-diploid and near-tetraploid populations. Simultaneous use of ENV and DAPI/DNA fluorescence under these conditions identified subpopulations that otherwise could not be detected by DNA analysis alone. CONCLUSIONS Staining at 1-3 microg/ml DAPI, pH 6.0, was optimal for the detection of aneuploid populations, especially the near-diploid and/or near-tetraploid populations in human tumors.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The NASA/American Cancer Society (ACS) flow cytometer can simultaneously analyze the electronic nuclear volume (ENV) and DNA content of cells. This study describes the schematics, resolution, reproducibility, and sensitivity of biological standards analyzed on this unit. METHODS Calibrated beads and biological standards (lymphocytes, trout erythrocytes [TRBC], calf thymocytes, and tumor cells) were analyzed for ENV versus DNA content. Parallel data (forward scatter versus DNA) from a conventional flow cytometer were obtained. RESULTS ENV linearity studies yielded an R value of 0.999. TRBC had a coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.18 +/- 0.13. DNA indexes as low as 1.02 were detectable. DNA content of lymphocytes from 42 females was 1.9% greater than that for 60 males, with a noninstrumental variability in total DNA content of 0.5%. The ENV/DNA ratio was constant in 15 normal human tissue samples, but differed in the four animal species tested. The ENV/DNA ratio for a hypodiploid breast carcinoma was 2.3 times greater than that for normal breast tissue. CONCLUSIONS The high-resolution ENV versus DNA analyses are highly reliable, sensitive, and can be used for the detection of near-diploid tumor cells that are difficult to identify with conventional cytometers. ENV/DNA ratio may be a useful parameter for detection of aneuploid populations.
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Wartenberg D, Calle EE, Thun MJ, Heath CW, Lally C, Woodruff T. Passive smoking exposure and female breast cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:1666-73. [PMID: 11036112 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/92.20.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported positive associations between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and increased risk of breast cancer. However, studies of active smoking and risk of breast cancer are equivocal and in general do not support a positive association. To try to resolve this paradox, we examined the association between breast cancer mortality and potential ETS exposure from spousal smoking in an American Cancer Society prospective study of U.S. adult women. METHODS We assessed breast cancer death rates in a cohort of 146 488 never-smoking, single-marriage women who were cancer free at enrollment in 1982. Breast cancer death rates among women whose husbands smoked were compared with those among women married to men who had never smoked. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to control for potential risk factors other than ETS exposure. RESULTS After 12 years of follow-up, 669 cases of fatal breast cancer were observed in the cohort. Overall, we saw no association between exposure to ETS and death from breast cancer (rate ratio [RR] = 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8-1.2). We did, however, find a small, not statistically significant increased risk of breast cancer mortality among women who were married before age 20 years to smokers (RR = 1. 2; 95% CI = 0.8-1.8). CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the results of previous studies, this study found no association between exposure to ETS and female breast cancer mortality. The results of our study are particularly compelling because of its prospective design as compared with most earlier studies, the relatively large number of exposed women with breast cancer deaths, and the reporting of exposure by the spouse rather than by proxy.
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Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Thun M, Flanders D, Pamuk E, Byers T. Intentional weight loss and mortality among overweight individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:1499-504. [PMID: 11023143 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.23.10.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the effect of intentional weight loss on mortality in overweight individuals with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a prospective analysis with a 12-year mortality follow-up (1959-1972) of 4,970 overweight individuals with diabetes, 40-64 years of age, who were enrolled in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study I. Rate ratios (RRs) were calculated, comparing overall death rates, and death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes in individuals with and without reported intentional weight loss. RESULTS Intentional weight loss was reported by 34% of the cohort. After adjustment for initial BMI, sociodemographic factors, health status, and physical activity, intentional weight loss was associated with a 25% reduction in total mortality (RR = 0.75; 95% CI 0.67-0.84), and a 28% reduction in CVD and diabetes mortality (RR = 0.72; 0.63-0.82). Intentional weight loss of 20-29 lb was associated with the largest reductions in mortality (approximately 33%). Weight loss >70 lb was associated with small increases in mortality CONCLUSIONS Intentional weight loss was associated with substantial reductions in mortality in this observational study of overweight individuals with diabetes.
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Abstract
Lymphedema is a common and troublesome problem that can develop following breast cancer treatment. As with other quality-of-life and nonlethal conditions, it receives less research funding and attention than do many other areas of study. In 1998, an invited workshop sponsored by the American Cancer Society reviewed and evaluated the current state of knowledge about lymphedema. Recommendations and research initiatives proposed by the 60 international participants are presented in the conclusion section of the article, following a summary of current knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, detection, and current treatment of lymphedema. The etiology of lymphedema is multifaceted; all of the factors that contribute to the condition and the nature of their interaction have not yet been identified. To compound the problem, methods of assessing the degree of arm and hand swelling vary and are not agreed upon, and reliable methods of assessing the functional impact of lymphedema have not yet been developed. In the absence of a cure for lymphedema, precautions and prevention are emphasized. Current treatments include elevation, elastic garments, pneumatic compression pumps, and complete decongestive therapy; surgical and medical techniques remain controversial. Elements and details of these treatments are described.
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Thun MJ, Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Wingo PA. Epidemiological research at the American Cancer Society. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9:861-8. [PMID: 11008901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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Cericola SA. Resource guide to professional cancer organizations, programs, and foundations. Plast Surg Nurs 2000; 19:161-4. [PMID: 10765302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Cole DD. Cancer screening and prevention guidelines. LIPPINCOTT'S PRIMARY CARE PRACTICE 2000; 4:441-8. [PMID: 11261121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Meeting the challenges of comprehensive cancer control. CANCER PRACTICE 2000; 8:55-6. [PMID: 11898174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Smith RA, Mettlin CJ, Davis KJ, Eyre H. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2000; 50:34-49. [PMID: 10735014 DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.50.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This issue of CA inaugurates a yearly report on American Cancer Society guidelines for early detection of cancer in asymptomatic individuals. The current recommendations, which reflect almost 20 years of updates, cover screening recommendations for breast, colorectal, prostate, and cervical cancers, as well as for other cancers, depending on patient age, history, environmental and/or occupational exposures, etc. A key concept for both the general public and health providers is the distinction between public health recommendations regarding screening and decisions about early detection tests that might be undertaken on an individual basis. Although it is likely that current screening protocols will be supplanted by newer technologies, such as genetic and molecular markers of risk and disease, greater utilization of the technologies at hand will improve efforts toward establishing an organized and systematic approach to early cancer detection.
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Abstract
The Surveillance Research Program of the American Cancer Society's Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research reports its annual compilation of estimated cancer incidence, mortality, and survival data for the United States in the year 2000. After 70 years of increases, the recorded number of total cancer deaths among men in the US declined for the first time from 1996 to 1997. This decrease in overall male mortality is the result of recent down-turns in lung and bronchus cancer deaths, prostate cancer deaths, and colon and rectum cancer deaths. Despite decreasing numbers of deaths from female breast cancer and colon and rectum cancer, mortality associated with lung and bronchus cancer among women continues to increase. Lung cancer is expected to account for 25% of all female cancer deaths in 2000. This report also includes a summary of global cancer mortality rates using data from the World Health Organization.
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Rose VL. NCCN and ACS collaborate on a patient's version of the NCCN practice guidelines for breast cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. American Cancer Society. Am Fam Physician 1999; 60:2169-70. [PMID: 10569514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Cancer sites on the Web. HOME HEALTHCARE NURSE 1999; 17:696. [PMID: 10855128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Fintor L. Experts are cautious, optimistic about detecting lung cancers earlier. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:1606-8. [PMID: 10511582 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/91.19.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Reynolds T. Charity volunteers face forward with a new look. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:1534-6. [PMID: 10491424 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/91.18.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Frank-Stromborg M, Weir T. American Cancer Society's Program of Professorships in Oncology Nursing: survey of activities of the recipients. Cancer Nurs 1999; 22:230-7. [PMID: 10376384 DOI: 10.1097/00002820-199906000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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298
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Mellody P, Dehgan A. Oncology clinical trials. THE CASE MANAGER 1999; 10:73-5. [PMID: 11061127 DOI: 10.1016/s1061-9259(99)80111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In 1971, President Nixon declared a "war on cancer" and initiated substantial funding for the National Cancer Program, which has been sustained through the years with a significant return on investment. Recently released 1998 statistics from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the American Cancer Society show the first real decline in cancer since the 1930s. Still, more than 1.2 million Americans will be diagnosed with cancer this year. New developments in biomedicine and advances in science and technology likely will lead to greater declines in cancer incidence and mortality.
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Highlights from the American Cancer Society's 41st Science Writers Seminar. CA Cancer J Clin 1999; 49:131-4. [PMID: 10445011 DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.49.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Fremgen AM, Bland KI, McGinnis LS, Eyre HJ, McDonald CJ, Menck HR, Murphy GP. Clinical highlights from the National Cancer Data Base, 1999. CA Cancer J Clin 1999; 49:145-58. [PMID: 10445014 DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.49.3.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), a joint project of the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons and the American Cancer Society, collects and analyzes data from a wide variety of sources throughout the United States, including small community hospitals. Due to this unique reporting system, individual facilities can compare their own data with the aggregate data from the NCDB, using their findings to evaluate local patient care practices. This article highlights the principal findings of the NCDB and Patient Care Evaluation articles published in 1998 on breast, prostate, cervical, endometrial, gallbladder, head and neck, nasopharyngeal, rectal, thyroid, and vaginal cancers, as well as on melanoma, brain tumors, and Hodgkin's disease. With more than five million cancer cases in the NCDB for the years between 1985 and 1995, sufficient numbers of even rare cancers have been accrued to permit some types of epidemiologic and clinical assessments.
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