Control of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by members of the TNF family of receptors and ligands

Skeletal mass is maintained by a balance between cells which resorb bone (osteoclasts) and cells which form bone (osteoblasts). Bone development and growth is an on-going, life-long process. Bone is formed during embryonic life, grows rapidly through childhood, and peaks around 20 years of age (formation exceeds resorption). For humans the skeleton then enters a long period, approximately 40 years, when bone mass remains relatively stable. Skeletal turnover continues but the net effect of resorption and formation on bone mass is zero. For women this ends when they enter menopause and similar bone loss occurs for men, but later in life. These opposite functions are coupled, resorption precedes formation, and osteoblasts, or their precursors, stromal cells, regulate osteoclast formation and activity. Until recently, the molecular nature of this regulation, was poorly understood. However, recent observations have identified members of the TNF family of ligands and receptors as critical regulators of osteoclastogenesis. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) a decoy receptor was first identified. Its ligand, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), was quickly found, and shown to be expressed on stromal cells and osteoblasts. Its cognate receptor, RANK, was found to be expressed in high levels on osteoclast precursors. The interaction between RANKL and RANK was shown to be required for osteoclast formation. These observations have provided a molecular understanding of the coupling between osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation. Moreover, they provide a framework on which to base a clear understanding of normal (e.g. postmenopausal osteoporosis and age associated bone loss) and pathologic skeletal changes (e.g. osteopetrosis, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, periodontal disease, bone metastases, Paget's disease, hyperparathyroidism, and rheumatoid arthritis).

Thrombospondin-1 inhibits TCR-mediated T lymphocyte early activation

Biological activities of the matrix glycoprotein thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) are cell type specific and depend on the relative expression or activation of several TSP1 receptors. Although engaging individual TSP1 receptors in T lymphocytes can elicit costimulating signals, in this study we show that intact TSP1 inhibits TCR-mediated T cell activation, assessed globally using cDNA microarrays. TSP1 signaling suppressed expression of several genes induced in Jurkat T cells, including the T cell activation markers CD69, early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1), and phosphatase of activated cells (PAC-1). TCR-stimulated and CD47-costimulated IL-2 secretion and cell surface CD69 expression were also inhibited by TSP1. The specific inhibitory effect of TSP1 was verified in freshly isolated human PBMCs. TSP1 inhibited TCR-mediated but not protein kinase C-mediated T cell activation. Using CD69 expression as a marker, we demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of TSP1 depended on two TSP1 receptors, CD47 and integrin-associated protein heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Signals from these receptors inhibited TCR signaling downstream of ZAP70, but upstream of NF-AT. Therefore, the expression of TSP1 induced during wound repair and in tumor stroma may limit T cell activation at these sites.

Presynaptic neuronal antigens expressed by a small cell lung carcinoma cell line

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is a tumour of neuroendocrine origin often found in association with autoimmune paraneoplastic neurological disorders. We established a SCLC cell line from a woman with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) who developed antibodies to both the P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) and the muscle acetycholine receptor (AChR). We used a range of techniques to establish which neuronal antigens were expressed in her tumour cell line. The results show that many proteins involved in exocytosis are present in the SCLC cells, and that depolarisation-dependent release of [(3)H]-serotonin is linked to calcium influx through P/Q-type VGCCs. In addition, some of the subunits encoding the AChR and both agrin and ARIA, molecules released from the motor nerve during development, were expressed. These results suggest that many potential antigenic targets are present in SCLC, and indicate a surprising 'motor nerve terminal'-like characteristic of this line.

Pulmonary tumor embolism as a presenting feature of cavoatrial hepatocellular carcinoma

Pulmonary tumor embolism as a presenting feature of hepatocellular carcinoma is rare. It has been reported only once previously. In that case, other signs and symptoms of liver disease were present. We report the case of a patient with cavoatrial hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with isolated pulmonary tumor embolism, without any clinical or laboratory evidence of liver disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis as a rare cause of pulmonary tumor embolism.

Elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions at square root(S)NN = 130 GeV

Elliptic flow from nuclear collisions is a hadronic observable sensitive to the early stages of system evolution. We report first results on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at square root(S)NN = 130 GeV using the STAR Time Projection Chamber at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The elliptic flow signal, v2, averaged over transverse momentum, reaches values of about 6% for relatively peripheral collisions and decreases for the more central collisions. This can be interpreted as the observation of a higher degree of thermalization than at lower collision energies. Pseudorapidity and transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow are also presented.

Antidepressant versus placebo for depressed elderly

BACKGROUND

Depression warranting intervention is found in ten percent of people over the age of 60. Older depressed people are more likely to die than non-depressed. Relatively few receive therapeutic interventions, and those that do, tend to receive low dose antidepressant therapy. Depression in older people is thought to differ in terms of aetiology, presentation, treatment and outcome than in younger people. Concomitant physical illness and increasing social, physical and neurophysiological diversity are associated with the ageing process. Consequently drug treatment of older patients is often carried out in institutions and on patients suffering from multiple physical problems.

OBJECTIVES

To determine the efficacy of antidepressant medication compared with placebo in the treatment of depression in older patients.

SEARCH STRATEGY

The search strategy incorporated: electronic literature searches of databases held by the Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Review Group (CCDAN) (see Collaborative Review Group Search Strategy). Reference lists of related reviews and references of located studies. Contact was made with authors working in the field.

SELECTION CRITERIA

All randomised, placebo controlled trials using antidepressants in the treatment of the presenting episode of depression in patients described as elderly, geriatric senile or older adult.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two types of data were extracted (if available) from each study. The first type of data was dichotomous data, this consisted of recovered/not recovered. The second, continuous data,included: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Montgomery-Asberg Rating Scale (MADRS) and other depression rating scale scores. An analysis using Peto Odds ratios for the dichotomous data and weighted mean difference for continuous data was performed using RevMan 3.1. The presence of heterogeneity of treatment effect was assessed.

MAIN RESULTS

Seventeen trials contributed data to the analyses comparing the efficacy of antidepressant treatment and placebo. Analyses of efficacy was based on 245 patients treated with TCAs (223 with placebo), 365 patients treated with SSRIs (372 with placebo) and 58 patients treated with MAOIs (63 with placebo). The standardised effect size for the three groups respectively were: TCAs; OR: 0.32 (0.21,0.47), SSRIs; OR; 0.51 (0.36,0.72), MAOIs: 0.17 (0.07,0.39).

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS

TCAs, SSRIs and MAOIs are effective in the treatment of older community patients and inpatients likely to have severe physical illness. At least six weeks of antidepressant treatment is recommended to achieve optimal therapeutic effect. There is little evidence concerning the efficacy of low dose TCA treatment. Further trials are required before low dose TCA treatment is routinely recommended.

Validation of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Montgommery and Asberg Rating Scales in terms of AGECAT depression cases

OBJECTIVE

To validate the Hamilton Depression (17) and Montgommery and Asberg Depression Scales as research instruments in older depressed community residents.

DESIGN

External validation against GMS/AGECAT case level in the recruitment of older community residents for an antidepressant trial.

ANALYSES

Receiver operator curves were generated for each rating scale, using GMS/AGECAT case level in external criterion. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of both rating instruments were examined in the whole sample and age and gender subgroups. MADRS and HAM-D cut-off scores differentiating GMS/AGECAT cases from subcases were identified.

RESULTS

HAM-D cut-off score of 16 and MADRS score of 21 were identified as differentiating case from sub-case. Diagnostic accuracy of both instruments was good, reflecting good sensitivity and specificity across both genders and sub-age groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Both scales performed well in this population. These scores provide researchers with externally validated and clinically relevant cut-off scores in designing trials in the management of older depressed community residents.

Prayer in medicine: a survey of primary care physicians

Prayer and spirituality have been shown to have a significant impact on several health variables. Additionally, studies have shown that patients think prayer is important to their health. Very little research, however, has been done to determine primary care physicians' opinions regarding prayer and spirituality as it pertains to healthcare. We surveyed primary care physicians in Mississippi to assess their use of prayer in medical practice. Ninety-one percent of respondents considered prayer an important treatment modality, but 50.6% rarely or never discussed prayer with patients. Most who excluded prayer from clinical practice did so to avoid imposing their beliefs upon patients. A majority of primary care physicians in Mississippi recognize prayer as an important psychosocial variable in assessing and treating patients, but many are hesitant to incorporate this variable into the doctor-patient encounter.

Changing demographic characteristics of women veterans: results from a national sample

Women veterans are a small but growing percentage of the U.S. veteran population. There are some indications that, along with this increase, the characteristics and military experiences of younger women veterans differ considerably from those of older colleagues. Many of these characteristics are not well defined, but they could have implications for women's health care needs and health policy initiatives. Using the first sample drawn from the Department of Veterans Affairs' new National Registry of Women Veterans, we designed and administered a telephone survey to a representative sample of women veterans across several major age groups. Groups approximated primary eras of military and wartime service based on the assumption that different eras might be associated with differing military experiences. We found a number of age-related similarities and differences in women veterans' demographic characteristics, military experiences, physical health symptoms, and functional outcomes. Women veterans in general also differed from female civilian counterparts on exposure to sexual trauma. Trends in the population of women veterans are likely to have implications for the variety of health care systems that treat women veterans.

Effects of L-dopa treatment on methylation in mouse brain: implications for the side effects of L-dopa

The effects of L-dopa on methylation process in the mouse brain were investigated. The study is based on recent findings that methylation may play an important role in Parkinson's disease (PD) and in the actions of L-dopa. The methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and a product of SAM, methyl beta-carboline, were shown to cause PD-like symptoms, when injected into the brain of animals. Furthermore, large amounts of 3-O-methyl dopa, the methyl product of L-dopa, are produced in PD patients receiving L-dopa treatment, and L-dopa induces methionine adenosyl transferase, the enzyme that produces SAM. The results show that, at 0.5 hr, L-dopa (100 mg/kg) decreased the methyl donor, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) by 36%, increased its metabolite S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) by 89% and increased methylation (SAH/SAM) by about 200%. All parameters returned to control values within 4 hr. But 2, 3 and 4 consecutive injections of L-dopa, given at 45 min intervals, depleted SAM by 60, 64 and 76% and increased SAM/SAH to 818, 896, and 1524%. L-dopa (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) dose-dependently depleted SAM from 24.9 +/- 1.7 nmol/g to 13.0 +/- 0.8, 14.7 +/- 0.8 and 7.7 +/- 0.7 nmol/g, and increased SAH from 1.88 +/- 0.14 to 3.43 +/- 0.26, 4.22 +/- 0.32 and 6.21 +/- 0.40 nmol/g. Brain L-dopa was increased to 326, 335 and 779%, dopamine to 138, 116 and 217% and SAH/SAM to 354, 392 and 1101%. The data show that L-dopa depletes SAM, and increases methylation 4-5 times more than dopamine, therefore, methylation may play a role in the actions of L-dopa. This and other studies suggest that the high level of utilization of methyl group by L-dopa leads to the induction of enzymes to replenish SAM and to increase the methylation of L-dopa as well as DA. These changes may be involved in the side effects of L-dopa.

Idiopathic calcinosis of the tongue

Idiopathic calcinosis of the tongue is very rare. We report a case of idiopathic calcinosis of the tongue in a 19-year-old female.

Visualism in community nursing: implications for telephone work with service users

This article explores the potential effects of visualism (a prejudice in favor of the seen) on the perceived legitimacy of telephone work in community nursing. It discusses data from an exploratory study on telephone work, which used guided interviews with a purposive sample of 14 community nurses. Interviewees expressed both positive and negative ideas about telephone work and had particular concerns about the assessment of people, context, problems, and comprehension by telephone. These issues are discussed with reference to publications on visualism, metaphor, communication, and nursing work. The authors conclude that an awareness of the possible effects of visualism on ideas and practice could lead to improvements in both communication and assessment, whether carried out by telephone or face to face.

Risk of acquiring Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from blood transfusions: systematic review of case-control studies

OBJECTIVE

To determine the strength of association between history of blood transfusion and development of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

DATA SOURCES

English and non-English language articles published from January 1966 to January 1999 were retrieved using a keyword search of Medline and Embase. These were supplemented by handsearching key journals and searching bibliographies of reviews.

STUDY SELECTION

Two independent reviewers selected the relevant abstracts and articles. Articles were chosen that reported the results of case-control studies trying to identify rates of prior blood transfusion in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in controls.

DATA EXTRACTION

Odds ratios and information on study quality were extracted from the selected articles by two independent reviewers.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Five studies containing data on 2479 patients were included. Three of the five studies used medical or neurological patients as controls, the other two used population controls. Odds ratios for developing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from blood transfusion ranged from 0.54 to 0.89. Four of the five studies had confidence intervals that crossed 1.0. The combined odds ratio was 0.70 (95% confidence interval 0.54 to 0.89).

CONCLUSIONS

Case-control studies do not suggest a risk of developing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from blood transfusion. Rather, a trend seems to exist towards a lower frequency of previous blood transfusion in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease than in controls. However, it is important to be aware of these studies' methodological limitations-primarily the choice of control population and reliability of recall of transfusion status.

Gender, poverty and location: how much difference do they make in the geography of health inequalities?

It is often said that women live longer than men, but suffer more illnesses throughout their lives. It has also been demonstrated in various studies of women's health that measures of health and health behaviour vary over different geographic scales. Added into this mix is the fact that historically more women than men in relative terms are found on the lower rungs of the socio-economic ladder. What has not been so well-developed is our understanding of the connections among health, gender, poverty and especially location. In 1998, Statistics Canada released the second wave of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS-2). Included with the NPHS-2 public use microdata file are measures of health status, gender, income and location which can be analyzed in the form of logistic regression models. Results are reported which provide a better understanding of the relative roles that gender, poverty and location play in the geography of inequalities.

The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean Penaeus monodon: are malacostracan crustaceans more closely related to insects than to branchiopods?

The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon (Arthropoda, Crustacea, Malacostraca), is presented. The gene content and gene order are identical to those observed in Drosophila yakuba. The overall AT composition is lower than that observed in the known insect mitochondrial genomes, but higher than that observed in the other two crustaceans for which complete mitochondrial sequence is available. Analysis of the effect of nucleotide bias on codon composition across the Arthropoda reveals a trend with the crustaceans represented showing the lowest proportion of AT-rich codons in mitochondrial protein genes. Phylogenetic analysis among arthropods using concatenated protein-coding sequences provides further support for the possibility that Crustacea are paraphyletic. Furthermore, in contrast to data from the nuclear gene EF1alpha, the first complete sequence of a malacostracan mitochondrial genome supports the possibility that Malacostraca are more closely related to Insecta than to Branchiopoda.

Identifying male college students' perceived health needs, barriers to seeking help, and recommendations to help men adopt healthier lifestyles

Seven focus groups at a university campus were formed to identify college men's health concerns, barriers to seeking help, and recommendations to help college men adopt healthier lifestyles. Content analysis was used to identify and organize primary patterns in the focus-group data. Results of the study revealed that the college men were aware that they had important health needs but took little action to address them. The participants identified both physical and emotional health concerns. Alcohol and substance abuse were rated as the most important issues for men. The greatest barrier to seeking services was the men's socialization to be independent and conceal vulnerability. The most frequently mentioned suggestions for helping men adopt healthier lifestyles were offering health classes, providing health information call-in service, and developing a men's center. Implications of the results are discussed.