326
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Tian BH. [Correlation between the neuroretinal rim area, the C/D ratio and the retinal nerve fiber layer defect in glaucoma]. [ZHONGHUA YAN KE ZA ZHI] CHINESE JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1990; 26:10-4. [PMID: 2373026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The neuroretinal rim area (NRA), the C/D ratio, and the retinal nerve fiber layer defects in primary open-angle glaucoma, suspected glaucoma and normal subjects were determined and studied. The results indicated that the NRA had a higher specificity for POAG than the C/D ratio did. Both the NRA and the C/D ratio were highly correlated with the semi-quantitative score of diffuse RNFLD, while weakly correlated with that of localized RNFLD.
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327
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Stürmer J, Schaer-Stoller F, Gloor B. [Measuring the optic papilla with planimetry and the optic nerve head analyzer in glaucoma and suspected glaucoma. I. Comparison of the 2 measuring methods]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 1989; 195:297-307. [PMID: 2601275 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional planimetric measurement of the neuroretinal rim using the method described by Betz has proved to be one of the most objective parameters in evaluating the optic nerve head. Using a three-dimensional stereoscopic measuring procedure (ONHA) described by Cornsweet, the volume of the papillary excavation can be quantified. The two methods were compared in a study involving 67 eyes with confirmed and suspected glaucoma. In agreement with published data, the correlation between the two measuring procedures was good as regards the disk surface (r2 = 0.73), the surface of the excavation (r2 = 0.90), and the cup/disk ratio (r2 = 0.63), although the last-mentioned parameter is calculated differently. While the disk surface as measured by planimetry was significantly greater than with ONHA, the cup surface measurements were almost exactly the same. In contrast to the results of other authors, the measurements of the neuroretinal rim surface correlated poorly (r2 = 0.09). The difference between the two methods in measuring the rim surfaces depends to a great extent on their absolute size and on the cup surface. The different procedures for defining the boundary of the excavation (in planimetry horizontal boundary definition, with the ONHA 150 micrometers below the retinal surface) are considered responsible for this. Advantages and drawbacks of these two clinical measuring methods are discussed. Once the currently excessive variability in the measurements has been reduced, measurement of the excavation volume could prove to be an important parameter for assessing the development of the optic nerve head in confirmed or suspected glaucoma cases.
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328
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Varma R, Douglas GR, Steinmann WC, Wijsman K, Mawson D, Spaeth GL. A comparative evaluation of three methods of analyzing optic disc topography. OPHTHALMIC SURGERY 1989; 20:813-9. [PMID: 2616130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Topographical evaluations of the optic discs of 17 eyes obtained using a clinical planimeter, the Rodenstock video-ophthalmograph, and the IS 2000 image analyzer were compared. The parameters studied were vertical and horizontal cup-to-disc ratios, cup volumes, rim areas, disc areas, and rim area-to-disc area ratios. There was good correlation between the measurements obtained by the three methods (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.46 to 0.88). For various parameters, the correlations between clinical planimetry and image analysis were higher than either those between image analysis and video-ophthalmography, or those between clinical planimetry and video-ophthalmography. The mean horizontal cup-to-disc ratios and rim areas as measured by clinical planimetry were significantly higher than those measured by image analysis. Image analysis measured significantly higher disc area and rim areas and lower cup volumes than video-ophthalmography.
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329
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Abstract
To measure retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness, three sets of simultaneous stereophotographs of the optic disc, taken with the Donaldson fundus camera, were measured at 5 degrees intervals in a stereoplotter (Kern PG2) at the surface of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) along the disc margin. The NFL thickness was expressed as a ratio of the vertical disc radius. The reproducibility of the method showed that the percent coefficients of variation (CV%) for 15 normal, 10 ocular hypertensive, and 10 glaucomatous subjects were 5.2%, 6.0%, and 3.9%, respectively. The presence of a halo or scleral crescent had no significant effect on reproducibility. The photogrammetric technique for measuring NFL thickness appears to be highly reproducible and sensitive and may be a valuable quantitative method for: (1) early detection of optic nerve damage from glaucoma and other optic neuropathies and (2) monitoring progression of retinal NFL defects.
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330
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Siebert M, Gramer E, Leydhecker W. [Pallor of the optic papilla--an early sign of glaucoma. A clinical controlled study of optic disk pallor and papillar cupping in glaucoma simplex, ocular hypertension and normal eyes with the optic nerve head analyzer]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 1989; 194:433-6. [PMID: 2761191 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1046397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Double examinations of 99 eyes (34 healthy, 12 with ocular hypertension, 53 with primary open-angle glaucoma) were performed with the Optic Nerve Head Analyzer to evaluate whether an increase in disk pallor or in the cup-disk ratio (CDR) is the earlier sign of glaucoma. In eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma the CDR and the mean optic disk pallor value are significantly higher than in healthy eyes. There is no significant difference in the CDR of patients with ocular hypertension as compared to normals. However, the mean pallor value is significantly higher in eyes with ocular hypertension than in healthy eyes. Therefore, an increase in pallor may precede a significant increase in the CDR or detectable visual field defects.
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331
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Airaksinen PJ. Retinal nerve fiber layer and neuroretinal rim changes in ocular hypertension and early glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 1989; 33 Suppl:413-4; discussion 421-2. [PMID: 2749508 DOI: 10.1016/0039-6257(89)90066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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332
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Liu S. [Effects of elevated intraocular pressure on the morphology and function of the corneal endothelium in rabbits]. [ZHONGHUA YAN KE ZA ZHI] CHINESE JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1989; 25:104-7. [PMID: 2507252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The intraocular pressure in 40 rabbits (80 eyes) was experimentally raised by injection of balanced salt solution into posterior vitreous. The corneal endothelia were studied by slit-lamp, vital staining, compound staining, electron microscopy and corneal pachymetry. The results indicated that elevation of intraocular pressure induced morphological changes and functional disorders of the corneal endothelium in rabbits. The mechanism involved was discussed.
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333
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Buus DR, Anderson DR. Peripapillary crescents and halos in normal-tension glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology 1989; 96:16-9. [PMID: 2919047 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(89)32930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In normal-tension glaucoma ("low-tension" glaucoma), 21 of 33 eyes (64%) had a peripapillary chorioscleral crescent or halo, compared with 13 of 38 eyes (34%) with ocular hypertension. The average area of bared choroid and sclera was greater in normal-tension glaucoma (5.8 arbitrary units of area) than in ocular hypertension (1.4 units). Myopic eyes were prevalent among the normal-tension glaucoma group. When eyes with more than 4 diopters (D) of myopia were excluded from the analysis, the difference in prevalence and size of chorioscleral crescents and halos remained. Thus, the presence of a crescent correlates with disc damage, but further work is needed to determine if the correlation represents peripapillary atrophy that accompanies glaucomatous nerve atrophy or represents a greater susceptibility of discs with preexisting peripapillary abnormality.
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334
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Honrubia F, Calonge B. Evaluation of the nerve fiber layer and peripapillary atrophy in ocular hypertension. Int Ophthalmol 1989; 13:57-62. [PMID: 2744956 DOI: 10.1007/bf02028639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A study has been performed with the Canon retinographic equipment on 549 eyes belonging to 3 different groups: normal population, ocular hypertension and glaucoma. The study included the evaluation of the optic disk with special attention to the presence of choroidal peripapillary atrophy, and the distribution and defects in the RNFL. A highly significant association was observed between the presence of peripapillary atrophy and the presence of defects in the RNFL, as well as between the intensity of choroidal atrophy and defects in the RNFL. This association was statistically significant in the population of ocular hypertensives (P = 0.0360) but not in the population of eyes considered normal.
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335
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Nanba K, Schwartz B. Nerve fiber layer and optic disc fluorescein defects in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology 1988; 95:1227-33. [PMID: 3211501 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(88)33024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photographs of the optic discs and fluorescein angiograms of 31 patients with open-angle glaucoma and 43 patients with ocular hypertension were evaluated for nerve fiber layer (NFL) defects and absolute fluorescein filling defects. All of the glaucomatous eyes showed both defects. Of the 43 ocular hypertensive eyes, in which both NFL and absolute fluorescein filling defects were evaluated, 9% had only NFL defects, 19% had only fluorescein filling defects, 14% had both defects, and 58% had neither defect. The percent area of fluorescein defect in the optic disc increased with severity of NFL defect in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. This study confirms the relationship of fluorescein filling defects and NFL defects to glaucomatous abnormalities and thus the association between vascular damage to the optic nerve and axon loss in glaucoma. The earliest objective evidence of glaucomatous damage can be detected with a combination of NFL evaluation and optic disc fluorescein angiography.
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336
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Farinelli AC, Mikelberg FS, Drance SM, Douglas GR, Schulzer M, Wijsman K. Effect of acute medical reduction of intraocular pressure on the visual field and optic disc in ocular hypertension. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1988; 23:216-8. [PMID: 3179828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of acute reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) through oral administration of glycerol was assessed in 15 eyes of 15 patients with ocular hypertension by means of automated perimetry, Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue testing, measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity with a laser interferometer and automated optic disc analysis. There was no significant relation between the absolute or relative change in IOP and the corresponding changes in any of the visual field or optic disc indices studied. The colour vision score increased significantly as the IOP decreased (p = 0.03). There was a significant reduction in the logarithm of spatial contrast sensitivity at grating sizes of 3 (p = 0.007) and 7.5 (p = 0.05) cycles per degree as the IOP decreased.
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337
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Yamamoto T, Yamagami J, Shirato S, Kitazawa Y. [Correlation between optic nerve and visual field changes among ocular hypertensives and glaucoma suspects]. NIPPON GANKA GAKKAI ZASSHI 1988; 92:1369-74. [PMID: 3195394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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338
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Bertoni G, Blini M, Somazzi L, Marcinno G, Gusmeroli M, Belloli V. [Very early neuroretinal and functional changes in ocular hypertension]. OPHTALMOLOGIE : ORGANE DE LA SOCIETE FRANCAISE D'OPHTALMOLOGIE 1988; 2:209-11. [PMID: 3247169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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339
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Tielsch JM, Katz J, Quigley HA, Miller NR, Sommer A. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement in measurement of optic disc characteristics. Ophthalmology 1988; 95:350-6. [PMID: 3174002 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(88)33177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable measures of optic nerve status are important parameters for epidemiologic and clinical studies of glaucoma. Stereo fundus photography has been used to reduce interobserver variation, but little data have been reported quantifying the level of agreement in these situations. This article examines chance-corrected intraobserver and interobserver agreement for horizontal and vertical cup:disc ratios and width of the narrowest remaining neuroretinal rim on stereo, color, fundus photographs. Intraobserver agreement was substantial to almost perfect for both readers (kappas between 0.82 and 0.86 for horizontal and vertical cup:disc ratios and 0.71 for the neuroretinal rim). Interobserver agreement was also substantial (kappas of 0.71 for horizontal cup:disc ratio, 0.74 for vertical cup:disc ratio, and 0.58 for the neuroretinal rim). Both intraobserver and interobserver agreement were best for glaucoma patients followed by ocular hypertensives and controls. Dichotimizing cup:disc ratios into suspicious or not suspicious using a range of cutoff points (greater than or equal to 0.5, greater than or equal to 0.6, and greater than or equal to 0.7 disc diameters [DD]) had little effect on agreement levels. Estimation of the status of the optic nerve is complex, requiring judgment about the shape and structure of the cup. Agreement is optimized by using stereo photographs, using the same observer and, when evaluating progression, comparing photographs from different points in time at a single sitting.
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340
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Xu Y. [Effect of ocular hypertension on the retinal vessels and tissues in the cat]. [ZHONGHUA YAN KE ZA ZHI] CHINESE JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1988; 24:37-40. [PMID: 3142749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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341
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Trux E, Feher J. [Anatomo-pathologic findings in ocular hypertension caused by retinal vascular lesions]. OPHTALMOLOGIE : ORGANE DE LA SOCIETE FRANCAISE D'OPHTALMOLOGIE 1987; 1:513-4. [PMID: 3153931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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342
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Tuulonen A, Nagin P, Schwartz B, Wu DC. Increase of pallor and fluorescein-filling defects of the optic disc in the follow-up of ocular hypertensives measured by computerized image analysis. Ophthalmology 1987; 94:558-63. [PMID: 3601372 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(87)33411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 24 ocular hypertensive patients, two optic disc fluorescein angiograms were obtained a mean of 3.9 years apart. Using computerized image analysis, we measured the area of pallor and the fluorescein-filling defect area within the disc and the fluorescein circulation parameters representing the filling rates of optic disc, choroid, and retinal vessels. The results indicated that increase in pallor and fluorescein-filling defect areas, as well as a slowed filling rate of the retinal veins, correlated with glaucomatous progression.
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343
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Werner EB. The cup-disc ratio and ocular hypertension. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 1987; 105:612. [PMID: 3619722 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1987.01060050030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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344
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Tawara A, Inomata H. Histological study on transient ocular hypertension after laser iridotomy in rabbits. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1987; 225:114-22. [PMID: 3582994 DOI: 10.1007/bf02160342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed argon-laser iridotomy on pigmented rabbits and examined histologically the tissue of the anterior chamber angle, the iris, and the ciliary body. After laser iridotomy, 9/10 eyes showed an elevation in transient intraocular pressure. Deposits of blood plasma with fibrin were observed in the tissue of the circumferential anterior chamber angle from eyes enucleated at a period of high intraocular pressure. In the eyes in which ocular pressures returned to the baseline, the quantity of blood plasma was small. In the laser-irradiated iris and iris processes, cells constructing the vessel wall were degenerated, and blood plasma and fibrin exuded. In and around the ciliary body, fibrin was not demonstrated. These observations suggest that argon-laser irradiation to the iris leads to a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier mainly in the laser-treated iris, and that deposition of blood plasma with fibrin in the anterior chamber angle tissue may cause transient intraocular pressure elevations after laser iridotomy in rabbits.
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345
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Abstract
Argon laser energy was applied to the trabecular meshwork of pigmented rabbits in an attempt to develop an animal model of 'glaucoma'. Laser energy was varied to determine the optimal level needed to produce sustained ocular hypertension. An initial response of ocular hypertension followed by hypotension was observed in all of the animals tested. Approximately half of the laser-treated rabbits developed a secondary buphthalmus and sustained ocular hypertension. In these animals outflow facility was decreased by approximately 60%. Histologic examination at 4- and 8 weeks after laser treatment demonstrated a wound-healing response resulting in closure of the intertrabecular spaces and obstruction of outflow to injected carbon particles. Optic nerve cupping and a loss of ganglion cells were also observed. Topical application of L-timolol (0.5%), pilocarpine (2.0%) and forskolin (1.0%) were found to be effective in decreasing intraocular pressure in the laser-treated, hypertensive eye with no significant effect in control non-laser-treated eyes, suggesting that this model can be a useful tool for screening potential antiglaucoma medications.
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346
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Abstract
Anterior chamber depth was measured in patients with primary open angle glaucoma, low tension glaucoma, pigmentary dispersion syndrome, and glaucoma suspects. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that anterior chamber depth is a function of sex, age, and refractive error. Values for anterior chamber depth corrected for age and refractive error were greater in patients with pigmentary dispersion syndrome than in patients with other forms of open angle glaucoma or in glaucoma suspects.
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347
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Minckler DS. Correlations between anatomic features and axonal transport in primate optic nerve head. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1986; 84:429-52. [PMID: 2438840 PMCID: PMC1298746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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348
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349
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Henry C, Krupin T. Management of ocular hypertension. ANNALS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1985; 17:672-4. [PMID: 4083655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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350
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Phelps CD. In response to Johnson and Zimmerman. Re: A revisit: ocular hypertension, glaucoma suspect, preglaucoma, or glaucoma? ANNALS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1985; 17:598-600. [PMID: 4073711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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