Detoxified bacterial endotoxns. II. Preparation and biological properties of chemically modified crude endotoxins from Salmonella typhimurium

Martin, William J. (University of Utah, Salt Lake City), and Stanley Marcus. Detoxified bacterial endotoxins. II. Preparation and biological properties of chemically modified crude endotoxins from Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 91:1750-1758. 1966.-Chemical modification of a crude endotoxin prepared by the Roschka-Edwards (RE) procedure from a strain of Salmonella typhimurium yielded products which were nontoxic for mice and had reduced fever effects in rabbits. A reduction in rabbit pyrogenicity of approximately 100 times was noted with a potassium periodate-treated RE preparation when compared with the parent RE preparation. Measured in a similar fashion, pyrogenicity of a potassium methylate-treated RE preparation was reduced by a factor of 10 while pyrogenicity of a boron trifluoride RE preparation was unchanged. All of these endotoxoids, including the parent RE preparation, showed little toxicity for mice. Immunogenicity was determined in mice by comparing Boivin, RE, and endotoxoid preparations with a heat-killed, phenol-preserved (HP) vaccine prepared from the same strain of S. typhimurium. Employing a 10 ld(50) challenge, the protective immunogenicity of the respective vaccines was determined by active immunized mouse protection tests. Although two 100 mug immunizing doses of the Boivin, RE, and the respective endotoxoid preparations varied in mouse protection (potassium methylate RE > Boivin > RE > boron trifluoride RE > potassium periodate RE), it was evident that, with the exception of the potassium methylate preparation, the HP vaccine yielded greatest protection against the 10 ld(50) challenge with S. typhimurium. Further mouse protection experiments suggested that the minimal immunogenic dose of the potassium methylate RE vaccine preparation was approximately 50 mug. These data indicated an approximate fivefold difference between the minimal pyrogenic dose (10 mug) and the minimal immunogenic dose (50 mug). These findings further suggest that potassium methylate RE vaccine preparations should be considered in the search for less toxic enteric fever vaccines.

Detoxified bacterial endotoxins. I. Preparation and biological properties of an acetylated crude endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium

Martin, William J. (University of Utah, Salt Lake City), and Stanley Marcus. Detoxified bacterial endotoxins. I. Preparation and biological properties of an acetylated crude endotoxin from Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 91:1453-1459. 1966.-Acetylation of a crude endotoxin prepared by the Roschka-Edwards (RE) procedure from a strain of Salmonella typhimurium yields a product with reduced pyrogenicity in rabbits as well as one which is nontoxic in mice. A reduction in pyrogenicity of approximately 100 times was noted with this acetylated crude endotoxin when compared with the parent RE preparation. A comparison was made of immunogenicity with mice of Boivin, RE, and acetylated Roschka-Edwards (Acet-RE) preparations with a heat-killed, phenol-preserved (HP) vaccine prepared from the same strain of S. typhimurium. Less than pyrogenic doses of all vaccines were not protective. The least pyrogenic preparation (Acet-RE) was immunogenically effective in about five times the minimal pyrogenic dose. The data suggest that the Acet-RE preparation should be considered further in the search for enteric fever vaccines with lowered potential for undesirable systemic responses.

Prophylaxis of recurrent lymphangitis complicating lymphedema

Antibiotic prophylaxis was employed in 21 patients with secondary lymphedema complicated by recurrent episodes of acute lymphangitis. Eighteen were completely free of subsequent attacks; the three others showed a marked reduction in the frequency and severity of subsequent attacks. Follow-up time averaged 30 months.

Relation of pyrogenic and emetic properties of enterobacteriaceal endotoxin and of staphylococcal enterotoxin

Martin, William J. (College of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City), and Stanley Marcus. Relation of pyrogenic and emetic properties of enterobacteriaceal endotoxin and of staphylococcal enterotoxin. J. Bacteriol. 87:1019-1026. 1964.-The pyrogenic, endotoxic fraction of enterobacteriaceal organisms, isolated in a relatively impure or purified state, is both pyrogenic in rabbits and cats as well as emeticogenic in cats in microgram amounts. Employing classical methods for preparation of enterobacteriaceal endotoxin from known enterotoxic strains of Staphylococcus aureus yielded preparations with less than one-hundredth the activity of the enterobacteriaceal material. However, a purified enterotoxin material from an S. aureus strain, with protein-like rather than polysaccharidelike properties, was found to be both pyrogenic and emeticogenic in microgram amounts. These results suggest the probability that the enterobacteriaceal pyrogenemetic substance(s) is a significant part of the whole cell, whereas the staphylococcal enterotoxin is elaborated as a metabolic product which apparently does not accumulate in the whole cell.