401
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Griffiths P, Clarke C, Richards M. Family outbreak of rubella with encephalopathy occurring in sibling with maternal HLA crossover. Lancet 1980; 1:1143. [PMID: 6103484 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)91597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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402
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Clarke C, Whitfield AG. Rhesus immunisation during pregnancy: the case for antenatal anti-D. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1980; 280:903-4. [PMID: 6770941 PMCID: PMC1601041 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.280.6218.903-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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403
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Clarke C, Whitfield AG. Deaths from rhesus haemolytic disease in England and Wales in 1977: accuracy of records and assessment of anti-D prophylaxis. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1979; 1:1665-9. [PMID: 111758 PMCID: PMC1599222 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6179.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All the death certificates for deaths in 1977 where haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) was the principal, an antecedent, or a contributory cause were obtained from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS). The hospital notes of all 54 of the live-born cases and all of the 101 stillbirths were also obtained. The cause of the death indicated by the notes was compared with the cause and coding on the death certificate. In about a quarter of the cases death was not due to haemolytic disease of any type. The commonest errors arose because the International Classification of Diseases (8th edition) stipulates that hydrops without mention of cause should be coded as HDN and because stillbirths to rhesus-negative mothers tend to be attributed to rhesus HDN automatically. Though deaths from HDN may be overestimated in this way, they are also underestimated because rhesus disease, although mentioned on the certificate, is not selected as the underlying cause, which it may be. These cases were found through multiple coding of all the contributory causes of death, which OPCS performs on a 25% sample of all death certificates for research purposes. These two sources of inaccuracy tend to cancel each other out, but statistics from death certificates give a misleading picture of the efficacy of anti-D prophylaxis because anti-D can never prevent cases which are not in fact due to rhesus HDN. Most of the mothers studied had become immunised before anti-D became available, but in those who could have been treated 75% had not received prophylaxis. As this was a sample of deaths, however, it would not be accurate to extrapolate this high figure to the population at risk. Nevertheless, the organisation of prophylaxis is clearly deficient and should be remedied before providing antenatal anti-D to supplement postnatal treatment.
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404
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Milby JB, Toro C, Thronton S, Rickert D, Clarke C. Some urine surveillance effects on drug abusers in psychotherapy. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF ADDICTION TO ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS 1979; 74:199-200. [PMID: 287513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1979.tb02429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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405
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Clarke C. Can medical practice be free of risk? J R Soc Med 1979; 72:35-8. [PMID: 399617 PMCID: PMC1436736 DOI: 10.1177/014107687907200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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406
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Adams JB, Archibald L, Clarke C. Adrenal dehydroepiandrosterone and human mammary cancer. Cancer Res 1978; 38:4036-40. [PMID: 151584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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407
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Clarke C. The Urban and Schwarzenberg anatomical illustrations. THE JOURNAL OF AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA IN MEDICINE 1978; 1:178-9. [PMID: 372294 DOI: 10.3109/17453057809153865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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408
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Gardiner A, Clarke C, Cowen J, Finn R, McKendrick O. Spontaneous abortion and fetal abnormality in subsequent pregnancy. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1978; 1:1016-8. [PMID: 638578 PMCID: PMC1604018 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6119.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In a prospective survey neural tube defects and other congenital abnormalities were studied in the babies born to 510 mothers ascertained during pregnancy. The women were divided into two groups according to the outcome of their immediately preceding pregnancy. Those whose preceding pregnancy had resulted in a spontaneous abortion (256 women) formed the index cases; those in whom the outcome had been a normal baby (254 women) served as controls. There was a highly significant increased number of congenital abnormalities in the index cases. This may possibly be explained by the trophoblastic "rest" hypothesis and suggests that spontaneous abortions are more relevent to congenital abnormalities than has been thought.
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409
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Clarke C, Wills ED. The activation of lymphoid tissue lysosomal enzymes by steroid hormones. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:135-9. [PMID: 642506 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(78)90074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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410
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Milby JB, Garrett C, English C, Fritschi O, Clarke C. Take-home methadone: contingency effects on drug-seeking and productivity of narcotic addicts. Addict Behav 1978; 3:215-20. [PMID: 735908 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4603(78)90022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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411
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Whittle PD, Clarke C, Sheppard PM, Bishop JA. Further studies on the industrial melanic moth Biston betularia (L.) in the northwest of the British isles. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1976; 194:467-80. [PMID: 12512 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1976.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The frequencies of the three phenotypes
carbonaria, insularia
and typical of the moth
Biston betularia
are given for a number of new localities and new samples from old localities in northwest England and the Isle of Man. In one locality (Caldy) the frequency of
carbonaria
has been decreasing at the rate of 1% per three years since 1959, probably due to the introduction of smokeless zones. Two methods have been used to measure the relative degree of camouflage at Caldy, where the melanic is common, and in the Isle of Man where it is much rarer. In Caldy
carbonaria
was the better camouflaged, but there was no evidence for this on the Isle of Man. One possible selective agent not previously reported is the bat,
P. pipistrellus
The rôle of moth movement over land and water is discussed in relation to the maintenance of the polymorphism and the steepness of the clines between North Wales and Liverpool.
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412
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Clarke C, Wills ED. Lysosomal enzyme activation in irradiated mammary tumors. Radiat Res 1976; 67:435-46. [PMID: 959487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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413
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Clarke C, Harrison M. Fluorescein retinal angiography at the bedside. Lancet 1976; 2:478. [PMID: 73788 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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414
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Clarke C, Duff J. Mountain sickness, retinal haemorrhages, and acclimatisation on Mount Everest in 1975. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1976; 2:495-7. [PMID: 953646 PMCID: PMC1687995 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.6034.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the 1975 British Everest Expedition, which made the first ascent of the south-west face, observations were made in relation to mountain sickness and the appearance of retinal changes. Two Sherpas with cerebral oedema and one Briton with pulmonary oedema were treated. Retinal haemorrhages occurred in four out of six Britons who were newcomers to altitudes over 6000 m (19 685 ft) but in only two out of 14 Britons who had previously visited these altitudes. Intraocular pressures during ascent to 6000 m were within normal limits. The relevance of the ocular findings to acclimatisation in previous years was examined, the results supporting the hypothesis of a "carry-over" effect from previous visits to high altitude.
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415
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Clarke C. Medical Care for Mountain Climbers. West J Med 1976. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.6031.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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416
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Clarke C, Goodwin JF. Medical services for coronary care. Lancet 1976; 2:196. [PMID: 73811 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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417
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Abstract
Five members of the British Everest Expedition 1975 were equipped with hydrogel contact lenses. Some clinical observations are made about the performance of these lenses. Two men were able to use them up to an altitude of 24,000 ft, where the ambient oxygen tension is of the order of 55 mmHg.
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418
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Woodfield DG, Endo Y, Clarke C. Alpha fetoprotein in liver disease in Papua New Guinea. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1976; 6:117-20. [PMID: 61751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A radioimmunoassay method was used for the detection of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in the sera of 112 Papua New Guinean patients who had undergone liver biopsy. Sera from 69 normal subjects and 20 hospital patients were also tested. Alpha fetoprotein was found to be elevated above normal levels in many of these subjects, but particularly in those suffering from viral hepatitis, cirrhosis and primary liver cell carcinoma (PLC). The highest values were found in patients with PLC. It is concluded that because of the elevation of AFP values in all these different types of liver disease the RIA test is not of great value in Papua New Guinea, except in the follow-up of some patients with cirrhosis who are at risk of developing PLC and in those who have undergone treatment for PLC.
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419
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Clarke C. Milestones in medical genetics. Proc R Soc Med 1976; 69:91-3. [PMID: 817290 PMCID: PMC1864472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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420
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421
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Abstract
A case is described of prolonged ocular bobbing with survival after subarachnoid haemorrhage from a pontine arteriovenous malformation. Hitherto, this sign has usually been associated with a rapidly fatal outcome.
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422
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Clarke C, Hobson D, McKendrick OM, Rogers SC, Sheppard PM. Spina bifida and anencephaly: miscarriage as possible cause. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1975; 4:743-6. [PMID: 764943 PMCID: PMC1675494 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5999.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In two retrospective Liverpool surveys the domestic, family, dietary, and medical environments of the mothers of children affected by anencephaly or spina bifida, or both (ASB) were examined. None seemed to be of more than minor importance and the findings of others were therefore examined to see if they suggested a major factor. The most promising lead came from the hypothesis that ASB is usually due to an interaction between twin fetuses or between a fetus and residual trophoblastic material from the previous normal pregnancy, particularly when this is of the opposite sex to the propositus. The sex finding was not confirmed. It was noted that hydatidiform moles, like children with ASB, were usually female and that moles and choriocarcinomas on the one hand and children with ASB on the other occurred in mothers of similar ages, but were to some extent reciprocal in geographical incidence. This suggested that trophoblastic disease might be a factor common to all three and if so then one would expect the frequency of miscarriages to be higher immediately before than immediately after the birth of an ASB child, since mole and choriocarcinoma seldom follow a normal pregnancy. An analysis of published data confirmed that this was almost certainly so. Hence residual pathological trophoblastic material from either a previous miscarriage or a co-twin may interact unfavourably with another fetus to produce ASB and this may be the primary cause of the condition. The hypothesis is consistent with the observed lack of concordance in twins, the high incidence in females, the maternal age effect, and the greater prevalence in social classes IV and V.
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423
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Clarke C, Sheppard PM. The genetics of the mimetic butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (L.). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1975; 272:229-65. [PMID: 4830 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1975.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypolimnas bolina is a Nymphalid butterfly having a west to east distribution from Madagascar to Easter Island, and a north to south one from Japan to Australasia. It is highly migratory in some areas. In much of the western part of its range the female is both monomorphic and a mimic of Euploea. Further east it is frequently polymorphic with the majority of the forms being non-mimetic. The polymorphism is sex-limited to the female and controlled by two unlinked loci, one with two allelomorphs, E and e, determining the extent of the dark pigmentation, the other with three allelomorphs, P, Pn and p, determining the presence and distribution of orange-brown. Only butterflies of the genotypes EEpp and to a lesser extent Eepp are satisfactory Batesian mimics of their Euploea models. The details of the mimetic pattern are under multifactorial control, following those of their local model, as is much of the variation within the non-mimetic forms, particularly with regard to the distribution of white and blue scaling.
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424
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425
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Clarke C. Lionel Penrose: some aspects of his life and work. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF LONDON 1974; 8:237-50. [PMID: 4596423 PMCID: PMC5366543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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