Possible role of pyrophosphate linkage in the active transport of sodium ions

Based upon the observation that the pyrophosphate group has a greater affinity for sodium ion than for potassium ion, and that both of these ions catalyze transphosphorylation, a simple molecular mechanism is formulated for the active transport of sodium ions across biological membranes. It is assumed that the active transport takes place along a chain of phosphomonoester groups in the membrane. Pyrophosphate linkages are synthesized at the inner boundary of the membrane by a sodium-activated kinase and hydrolyzed at the outer boundary of the membrane by a potassium-activated pyrophosphatase. It is shown that in such a model the pyrophosphate linkages can diffuse across the membrane and carry sodium ions in the direction of increasing sodium ion concentration.

Directional character of proton transfer in enzyme catalysis

Hydrogen bonding can facilitate proton transfer in certain directions and retard proton transfer in certain other directions. By assuming that directed proton transfer along strategically oriented hydrogen bonds in the enzyme-substrate complex plays an important role in determining the efficiency and specificity of the enzyme, we present a unified interpretation for the reported observations on carbonic anhydrase and alpha-chymotrypsin.

Synthesis of amodel system for the primary energy conversion reactions in photosynthesis

A model system is constructed which, like the photosynthetic apparatus of green plants, can convert light to chemical free energy through pigment-sensitized photooxidation of water. The system has two light-harvesting subunits connected electrically in series. Each subunit is made of a multimolecular layer of Zn(II)-tetraphenylporphyrin deposited on a clean aluminum surface and immersed in an aqueous mixture of potassium ferri- and ferrocyanide. Upon illumination by amber light, charge transfer takes place across more than 70 molecular layers of the pigment with a photoelectromotive force of 1.1 to 1.3 volts per subunit. With NADP as the electron acceptor and NADP-reductase as a mediator, the system can photooxidize water to oxygen gas. With these model experiments as a guide, a molecular mechanism for the primary energy conversion reactions in photosynthesis is formulated that offers a unified interpretation of most of the relevant observations reported in the literature.

The influence of growth phase and ionic environment on the dissociation of Escherichia coli ribosomes by p-chloromercuribenzoate

The effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) on the structure of polysomes and ribosomes isolated from early log phase and stationary phase cells of Escherichia coli B has been studied in the presence and absence of K+. At 0° no breakdown of polysomes was observed in the presence of 0.5 mM PCMB. The 100S dimer, however, both at 0° and 25°, was readily dissociated under all conditions tested. The dissociation of 70S particles was much more sluggish and was most apparent in ribosomes isolated from early log phase cells in buffer containing K+. These results indicate that the sulfhydryl groups involved in 100S dissociation are more accessible to PCMB than those involved in the dissociation of 70S particles.