A new non-uremic rat model of long-term peritoneal dialysis

Together with the development of peritoneal dialysis (PD), appropriate animal models play an important role in the investigation of physiological, pathophysiological and clinical aspects of PD. However, there is still not an ideal experimental PD animal model. In this study, 45 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 (n=15) was receiving daily peritoneal injection through the catheter connected to the abdominal cavity, using PD solution containing 3.86 % D-glucose. Group 2 (n=15) was receiving daily peritoneal injection of 0.9 % physiological saline through a catheter. Group 3 (n=15), which was subjected to sham operation, served as controls. Our results showed that WBC counts in peritoneal effluent of Group 1 were slightly higher than those of Group 2 and control group, respectively (p<0.05). However, there was no episode of infection in any group. In addition, there was no significant difference in neutrophils fractions among these three groups. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining demonstrated a dramatic increase in thickness of the mesothelium-to-muscle layer of peritoneum exposed to high glucose (Group 1) compared to Group 2 and controls (p<0.01). These data indicated that we established a novel rat model of PD with a modified catheter insertion method. This model is more practical, easy to operate, not too expensive and it will facilitate the investigate of long-term effects of PD.

Genetic Etiology and Dental Pulp Cell Deficiency of Hypophosphatasia

Hypophosphatasia is caused by mutations of the tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase ( TNSALP) gene with deficiency of dentin structure. The aim of this study was to examine whether TNSALP mutation in dental pulp cells contributes to dentin dysplasia in hypophosphatasia. Mutation analysis showed that compound heterozygous mutations of TNSALP were identified in three hypophosphatasia patients, including 3 novel mutation sites. Exfoliated teeth from the patients showed abnormal dentin mineralization and loss of cementum, as assessed by ground sections and scanning electron microscope analysis. Dental pulp cells isolated from one of the patients showed a significantly reduced TNSALP activity and mineralization capacity when compared with those in dental pulp cells from the unaffected individuals. Our results suggested that dentin dysplasia in hypophosphatasia may be associated with the decreased mineralization ability of dental pulp cells.

Hepatitis B virus transfusion risk in China: proficiency testing for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen

Because of the high prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), HBsAg tests play an extremely significant role in donor screening in China. In our multicentre study, the HBsAg assays used in blood screening were evaluated for their analytical sensitivity and the ability to detect mutants. A panel of eight samples was sent to 85 blood banks. The panel included four HBsAg-positive serum samples at concentrations of 0·16, 0·46, 0·9 and 1·73 IU mL(-1) ; three recombinant HBsAg mutants (G145R, T131I and K141E) with defined concentrations and one negative sample. All laboratories were required to detect the samples with their routine procedures.All the 85 blood banks reported their results before the closing date, and 170 data sets were submitted. The wild-type samples at concentrations of 1·73 and 0·9 IU mL(-1) were correctly identified as positive in all data sets, whereas the other two samples (at concentrations 0·16 and 0·46 IU mL(-1) ) were not consistently detected as positive. Regarding the mutants, significantly different results were reported among all the assays involved. All users of Hepanostika HBsAg Ultra and most users (16/17) of Abbott Murex HBsAg Version 3 detected all mutant samples, whereas some of the commercial assays failed to detect any of the three mutant samples. Some HBsAg assays with unsatisfactory sensitivities and capabilities of mutant detection were used by a large percentage of blood banks, which might lead to a high transfusion risk in China. A list of assays of high sensitivity and good ability of mutant detection should be recommended for use in blood screening.

QSAR classification of estrogen receptor binders and pre-screening of potential pleiotropic EDCs

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are suspected of posing serious threats to human and wildlife health through a variety of mechanisms, these being mainly receptor-mediated modes of action. It is reported that some EDCs exhibit dual activities as estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) binders. Indeed, such compounds can affect the normal endocrine system through a dual complex mechanism, so steps should be taken not only to identify them a priori from their chemical structure, but also to prioritize them for experimental tests in order to reduce and even forbid their usage. To date, very few EDCs with dual activities have been identified. The present research uses QSARs, to investigate what, so far, is the largest and most heterogeneous ER binder data set (combined METI and EDKB databases). New predictive classification models were derived using different modelling methods and a consensus approach, and these were used to virtually screen a large AR binder data set after strict validation. As a result, 46 AR antagonists were predicted from their chemical structure to also have potential ER binding activities, i.e. pleiotropic EDCs. In addition, 48 not yet recognized ER binders were in silico identified, which increases the number of potential EDCs that are substances of very high concern (SVHC) in REACH. Thus, the proposed screening models, based only on structure information, have the main aim to prioritize experimental tests for the highlighted compounds with potential estrogenic activities and also to design safer alternatives.

Development and implementation of guidelines in allergic rhinitis – an ARIA-GA2LEN paper

The links between asthma and rhinitis are well characterized. The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines stress the importance of these links and provide guidance for their prevention and treatment. Despite effective treatments being available, too few patients receive appropriate medical care for both diseases. Most patients with rhinitis and asthma consult primary care physicians and therefore these physicians are encouraged to understand and use ARIA guidelines. Patients should also be informed about these guidelines to raise their awareness of optimal care and increase control of the two related diseases. To apply these guidelines, clinicians and patients need to understand how and why the recommendations were made. The goal of the ARIA guidelines is to provide recommendations about the best management options for most patients in most situations. These recommendations should be based on the best available evidence. Making recommendations requires the assessment of the quality of available evidence, deciding on the balance between benefits and downsides, consideration of patients’ values and preferences, and, if applicable, resource implications. Guidelines must be updated as new management options become available or important new evidence emerges. Transparent reporting of guidelines facilitates understanding and acceptance, but implementation strategies need to be improved.

Dissection of corticotropin-releasing factor system involvement in locomotor sensitivity to methamphetamine

Sensitivity to the euphoric and locomotor-activating effects of drugs of abuse may contribute to risk for excessive use and addiction. Repeated administration of psychostimulants such as methamphetamine (MA) can result in neuroadaptive consequences that manifest behaviorally as a progressive escalation of locomotor activation, termed psychomotor sensitization. The present studies addressed the involvement of specific components of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system in locomotor activation and psychomotor sensitization induced by MA (1, 2 mg/kg) by utilizing pharmacological approaches, as well as a series of genetic knockout (KO) mice, each deficient for a single component of the CRF system: CRF-R1, CRF-R2, CRF, or the CRF-related peptide Urocortin 1 (Ucn1). CRF-R1 KO mice did not differ from wild-type mice in sensitization to MA, and pharmacological blockade of CRF-R1 with CP-154,526 (15, 30 mg/kg) in DBA/2J mice did not selectively attenuate either the acquisition or expression of MA-induced sensitization. Deletion of either of the endogenous ligands of CRF-R1 (CRF, Ucn1) either enhanced or had no effect on MA-induced sensitization, providing further evidence against a role for CRF-R1 signaling. Interestingly, deletion of CRF-R2 attenuated MA-induced locomotor activation, elucidating a novel contribution of the CRF system to MA sensitivity, and suggesting the participation of the endogenous urocortin peptides Ucn2 and Ucn3. Immunohistochemistry for Fos was used to visualize neural activation underlying CRF-R2-dependent sensitivity to MA, identifying the basolateral and central nuclei of the amygdala as neural substrates involved in this response. Our results support further examination of CRF-R2 involvement in neural processes associated with MA addiction.

Genetic correlation of blood pressure responses to dietary sodium and potassium intervention and cold pressor test in Chinese population

We examined the genetic association between blood pressure (BP) responses to dietary sodium and potassium intervention and to cold pressor test (CPT) in a large family-based dietary feeding study. The dietary intervention and CPT were conducted among 1906 participants in rural China. The dietary intervention included three 7-day periods of low-sodium feeding (51.3 mmol per day), high-sodium feeding (307.8 mmol per day) and high-sodium feeding plus potassium supplementation (60 mmol per day). BP responses to high-sodium intervention had strong genetic correlations (ρ(G)) with both BP responses to low sodium (ρ(G)=-0.43 to -0.54, P-values=0.0005 to 0.03) and to potassium supplementation (ρ(G)=-0.41 to -0.49, P-values=0.001 to 0.005) interventions. Most environmental correlations between BP responses to various dietary interventions were significant. The ρ(G) between BP responses to CPT and to high-sodium intervention and potassium supplementation were statistically significant. For example, the ρ(G) between maximum BP responses to CPT and BP responses to high-sodium intervention was 0.37 (P=0.006) for systolic BP (SBP) and 0.41 (P=0.002) for diastolic BP (DBP). The ρ(G) between maximum BP responses to CPT and BP responses to potassium intervention was -0.42 (P=0.001) for SBP and -0.46 (P=0.001) for SBP. Our study suggests that there are common genetic determinants that influence BP responses to dietary sodium and potassium interventions and to CPT.

A randomized, controlled comparative study of the wrinkle reduction benefits of a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen

Background

Tretinoin is considered the benchmark prescription topical therapy for improving fine facial wrinkles, but skin tolerance issues can affect patient compliance. In contrast, cosmetic antiwrinkle products are well tolerated but are generally presumed to be less efficacious than tretinoin.

Objectives

To compare the efficacy of a cosmetic moisturizer regimen vs. a prescription regimen with 0·02% tretinoin for improving the appearance of facial wrinkles.

Methods

An 8-week, randomized, parallel-group study was conducted in 196 women with moderate to moderately severe periorbital wrinkles. Following 2 weeks washout, subjects on the cosmetic regimen (n=99) used a sun protection factor (SPF) 30 moisturizing lotion containing 5% niacinamide, peptides and antioxidants, a moisturizing cream containing niacinamide and peptides, and a targeted wrinkle product containing niacinamide, peptides and 0·3% retinyl propionate. Subjects on the prescription regimen (n=97) used 0·02% tretinoin plus moisturizing SPF 30 sunscreen. Subject cohorts (n=25) continued treatment for an additional 16 weeks. Changes in facial wrinkling were assessed by both expert grading and image analysis of digital images of subjects’ faces and by self-assessment questionnaire. Product tolerance was assessed via clinical erythema and dryness grading, subject self-assessment, and determinations of skin barrier integrity (transepidermal water loss) and stratum corneum protein changes.

Results

The cosmetic regimen significantly improved wrinkle appearance after 8 weeks relative to tretinoin, with comparable benefits after 24 weeks. The cosmetic regimen was significantly better tolerated than tretinoin through 8 weeks by all measures.

Conclusions

An appropriately designed cosmetic regimen can improve facial wrinkle appearance comparably with the benchmark prescription treatment, with improved tolerability.

A rare case of Gerbode defect associated with double orifice mitral valve

Gerbode defect is an unusual cardiac defect; its association with a double orifice mitral valve has not been previously reported. We present a case of a 45-year-old woman who complained of palpitation and dyspnea on exertion. Echocardiography revealed an abnormal communication between the left ventricle and the right atrium, but misinterpreted a double orifice mitral valve as fusion of the anterolateral commissure. The Gerbode defect was closed during cardiopulmonary bypass, while the double orifice mitral valve was left untouched. The patient was discharged 16 days postoperatively.

Molecular characterization of Ramie mosaic virus isolates detected in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, China

Virus isolates were obtained from three ramie samples (Boehmeria nivea L.) showing yellow mosaic symptoms collected in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, China. Comparison of partial DNA-A fragments amplified with begomovirus universal primers PA/PB revealed that these viral isolates shared a high sequence identity. The complete DNA-A sequences of two isolates J4 and Z1 were determined to be 2736 and 2737 nts, respectively, sharing 94.7% nucleotide sequence identity with each other. Also, the DNA-B components were identified for J4 and Z1 isolates and comprised 2717 and 2719 nts, respectively, sharing 88.6% nucleotide sequence identity with each other. Furthermore, sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that J4 and Z1 isolates had the highest sequence identities (93.6-94.7%) with isolates of Ramie mosaic virus (RamMV) for DNA-A. These molecular data suggested that J4 and Z1 may be two different isolates of RamMV. This is the first report about the occurrence of a bipartite begomovirus in these regions of China.

The dendritic cell mannose receptor mediates allergen internalization and maturation involving notch 1 signalling

Dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown recently to play a key role in inducing and mediating T helper type 2 (Th2) responses associated with atopic disease. These responses are mediated in part by ligation to different Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectins, e.g. the mannose receptor (MR), depending upon the DC subset involved and the respective microenvironments. Because ovalbumin (OVA) (which is structurally related to various allergens) can engage the MR, we can use OVA stimulation as a model for understanding the roles of both TLRs and the MR in allergic inflammatory responses. We examined TLR- and MR-mediated responses from mouse bone marrow-derived DCs in the context of antigen recognition and presentation in addition to examining the relationship between notch 1, TLRs and MR signalling pathways. This work demonstrated that OVA-mediated signalling up-regulated both TLR-2 and MR and that MR RNA interference (RNAi) but not TLR2 RNAi inhibited DC internalization of fluorescein isothiocyanate-OVA. Furthermore, MR RNAi inhibited OVA- and house dust mite allergen extract-induced DC maturation and MR RNAi and TLR2 RNAi influenced DC interleukin-12 production independently. Finally, we demonstrated that blocking notch 1 signalling inhibited both notch 1 and TLR-2 expression but not MR expression levels. However, MR RNAi inhibited the expression of MR, TLR-2 and notch 1. These results indicate that MR is the primary receptor mediating the internalization of environmental allergen glycoproteins. In addition, TLR-2 and notch 1 play important roles in DC maturation and antigen presentation and signals originating from the MR and TLR-2 receptors converge with the notch 1 signalling pathway.

Search for a low mass particle decaying into μ+ μ- in B0 → K*0 X and B0 → ρ0 X at Belle

We search for dimuon decays of a low mass particle in the decays B0→K*0 X and B0→ρ0 X using a data sample of 657×10(6)BB events collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e+ e- collider. We find no evidence for such a particle in the mass range from 212  MeV/c2 to 300  MeV/c2 for lifetimes below 10(-12)  s, and set upper limits on its branching fractions. In particular, we search for a particle with a mass of 214.3  MeV/c2 reported by the HyperCP experiment, and obtain upper limits on the products B(B0→K*0 X)×B(X→μ+ μ- )<2.26(2.27)×10(-8) and B(B0→ρ0 X)×B(X→μ+ μ-)<1.73(1.73)×10(-8) at 90% C.L. for a scalar (vector) X particle.

Two polymorphisms in the TIM-4 gene are associated with asthma in a Chinese Han population

The gene family of the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) proteins encodes cell surface receptors that are involved in the regulation of Th1- and Th2-cell-mediated immunity. TIM-1 gene has been found to be associated with asthma in several populations. TIM-4, the natural ligand for TIM-1, may influence the susceptility to asthma.To investigate the association of the TIM-4 gene polymorphisms with asthma in a Chinese Han population. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TIM-4 gene, rs6882076, rs12658558 and rs4702747, were genotyped in 551 unrelated asthma patients and 549 healthy controls. We found that two SNPs of the TIM-4 gene, rs6882076 and rs4702747, were associated with asthma susceptibility in our study population (with P-values = 0.009 and 0.005 respectively). No association was observed between asthma and rs12658558. Our results suggest that TIM-4 gene polymorphisms are associated with asthma in a Chinese Han population.

The relationship between the TGF-beta1 gene -509C/T polymorphism and tubulointerstitial damage resulting from primary nephrotic syndrome

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 gene -509C/T polymorphism and the susceptibility to primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), and in particular to the severe degree of tubulointerstitial damage (TID) seen in Chinese.

METHODS

Ninety-eight PNS patients and 128 normal controls were studied. The extent of tubulointerstitial changes was evaluated and patients were divided into two groups according to the severe or mild degree of TID. The TGF-beta1gene -509C/T polymorphism was detected with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique, and the serum level of TGF-beta1 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

No statistical differences in genotype or allele frequency of the TGF-beta1 gene -509C/T were found between PNS and normal subjects. However, T allele and CT + T T genotype frequency were higher in the PNS with severe TID than the mild TID and controls. Additionally, the serum concentration of TGF-beta1 was significantly higher in the PNS with severe TID group than the other two groups and in the T T genotype individuals than the CC and CT genotype individuals. A logistic regression analysis demonstrated that TGF-beta1 gene -509C/T genotype was the risk factor of TID in PNS patients [OR (odd ratio) 2.34, confidence interval (CI) 0.98-3.46, p = 0.012]. CONCLUSION. TGF-beta1 gene -509C/T polymorphism was associated with severe TID. The higher value in serum concentration of TGF-beta1 was also associated with severe TID and the T T genotype/T allele. T allele gene might be the important risk factor for susceptibility.

Brain death disrupts structure and function of pig liver

OBJECTIVE

To observe the effects of brain death on hepatic structure and function in pigs and to assess the role of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twelve healthy pigs were randomly allocated to 2 groups of 6 each: a control group with Foley balloon catheter placement intracalvarium only, and a group with brain death established for 24 hours. Serum and hepatic tissue were obtained at 6, 12, and 24 hours after initial confirmation of brain death. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentrations were determined using automated biochemistry analysis. Interleukin-1beta was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The NF-kappaB messenger RNA was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and NF-kappaB p65 using immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and interleukin-1beta in serum, and NF-kappaB messenger RNA and NF-kappaB p65 in hepatic tissue were higher in the brain-dead group compared with the control group, and all increased over time (P<.05).

CONCLUSION

The NF-kappaB activated by brain death promotes synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators, resulting in hepatic dysfunction.

Pregnancies and piglets from large white sow recipients after two transfer methods of cloned and transgenic embryos of different pig breeds

The aim of this study was to report from a larger study with pregnancy and delivery results after transfer of cloned transgenic/non-transgenic Large White or minipig embryos to Large White sow recipients. The effect of both total numbers of transferred embryos as well as site of their deposition (uni- vs. bi-lateral) was studied. Four to five days after natural heat, 85 Large White (LW) sows received Day 5 or 6 handmade cloned embryos. Large White embryos were non-transgenic and were transferred to 36 recipients, while 49 recipients each received Minipig embryos, either non-transgenic or with 1 of 4 types of transgenes. Furthermore, the number of embryos transferred was in two categories, as 46 recipients received 40-60 embryos while 39 received 60-120 embryos. Finally, in 59 of the recipients embryos were transferred to one of the uterine horns (unicornual) while 26 other recipients had embryos transferred to both uterine horns (bicornual). The overall pregnancy rate was 55% with an abortion rate of 26% resulting in 41% deliveries with no difference between LW and Minipig embryos and no difference between transgenic and non-transgenic Minipig embryos. Transfer of 60-120 embryos resulted in more pregnancies and deliveries (62%) than <60 embryos (24%). The mean litter size was 5.1 ± 0.5 and after transfer of 60-120 embryos significantly higher (6.0 ± 0.5) than after transfer of <60 embryos (3.5 ± 0.8). Also, the bicornual transfer resulted in significantly higher delivery rate (74% vs. 44%) and mean litter size (6.1 ± 0.7 vs. 4.2 ± 0.6) than the unicornual. The mean rate of piglets/transferred embryos was 7.3 ± 0.6% while the mean rate of piglets/reconstructed embryos was 179/18,000 = 1% with no difference between breeds or number of embryos transferred. The overall perinatal mortality rate was 49%, and it was significantly lower in LW piglets (20/59 = 34%) than in Minipiglets (67/120 = 56%) (vs. 10-15% in normal piglets at the farm) and the total rate of piglets with one or more malformation was 22%, and lower in LW (12%) than in Minipiglets (28%). This study demonstrate that although the perinatal mortality was rather high, an acceptable birth rate can be achieved after transfer to LW recipients of cloned LW embryos as well as cloned, transgenic/non-transgenic Minipig embryos. Furthermore, the pregnancy rate and litter size were correlated to the number of embryos transferred and to bicornual transfer.