Tamoxifen for breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the common cancers. Hormonal therapy along with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy are vital modalities for the management of breast cancer. Tamoxifen has been the most widely used hormonal therapy for more than two decades. In this article we review the benefits, dose, duration and timing of Tamoxifen therapy in patients with breast cancer.

Clinical profile and antibiotics response in typhoid fever

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical profile and drug response in typhoid fever.

METHODS

This is a retrospective analysis of paediatric patients suffering from typhoid fever who were admitted at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Sinamangal during the period of two years and nine months.

RESULTS

Total numbers of 100 cases of typhoid were studied. Diagnosis of Typhoid fever was based on clinical features, Widal test and blood culture. The sensitivity pattern of drugs in blood culture was recorded. The mode of presentation, treatment history, laboratory investigations reports, antibiotics administered and response to therapy were recorded.

CONCLUSION

Quinolone is still the highly sensitive drug and most widely used for Salmonella typhi. Because of the indiscriminate use of these drugs, resistant to ciprofloxacin has been quite high and the duration of the defeverscence period has also been prolonged. But Ofloxacin is still showed highly effective and widely used with good response.

Quantitation of α_1A and α_1D-adrenoceptor mRNA in prostate tissues from patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background: To treat symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia α1-adrenoceptor antagonists with little antagonism at α1b-adrenoceptor were used to avoid orthostatic hypotension. In benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues α1D-adrenoceptor are thought to predominate, but in the Japanese experience, either α1A- or α1D- adrenoceptor antagonists can alleviate benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms. We hypothesized that prostatic expression of α1A- and α1D-adrenoceptor varies quantitatively between patients. Materials and Methods: We immunohistochemically localized α1A- and α1D-adrenoceptor within benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues, and quantitated mRNA expression for these subtypes by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: Immunohistochemistry detected both subtypes in stromal but not detected epithelial cells. Copy numbers of α1A-adrenoceptor mRNA in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue were significantly higher than those of α1D-adrenoceptor mRNA. Among patients; the ratio of α1A- to α1D-adrenoceptor mRNA ranged from 1.0 to 8.4. Conclusion: An ideal therapeutic antagonist for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms should block both α1A- and α1D-adrenoceptor Keywords: Adrenoceptor subtypes; Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction DOI: 10.3126/jpn.v1i1.4439Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2011) Vol.1, 1-7

VNTR molecular typing of salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates in Kathmandu valley

Background: Typhoid fever continues to be a worldwide health problem, especially in developing countries. Effective epidemiological surveillance is needed to monitor the presence and spread of disease. Materials and Methods: Variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) was performed for Salmonella enterica serovar typhi by multiplex-PCR in 28 Nepalese isolates of sporadic typhoid fever. Results: From all 28 total isolates, we could identify 12 VNTR profiles among the isolates, signifying multiple variants in circulation within the region. Conclusion: The VNTR-based typing assay for serovar typhi isolates can be used during an outbreak of enteric fever. The typing could eventually form the basis of an effective epidemiological surveillance system for developing rational strategies to control typhoid fever. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v2i3.6026 JPN 2012; 2(3): 220-223