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Rosenholm JM, Meinander A, Peuhu E, Niemi R, Eriksson JE, Sahlgren C, Lindén M. Targeting of porous hybrid silica nanoparticles to cancer cells. ACS Nano 2009; 3:197-206. [PMID: 19206267 DOI: 10.1021/nn800781r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized by surface hyperbranching polymerization of poly(ethylene imine), PEI, were further modified by introducing both fluorescent and targeting moieties, with the aim of specifically targeting cancer cells. Owing to the high abundance of folate receptors in many cancer cells as compared to normal cells, folic acid was used as the targeting ligand. The internalization of the particles in cell lines expressing different levels of folate receptors was studied. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the mean number of nanoparticles internalized per cell. Five times more particles were internalized by cancer cells expressing folate receptors as compared to the normal cells expressing low levels of the receptor. Not only the number of nanoparticles internalized per cell, but also the fraction of cells that had internalized nanoparticles was higher. The total number of particles internalized by the cancer cells was, therefore, about an order of magnitude higher than the total number of particles internalized by normal cells, a difference high enough to be of significant biological importance. In addition, the biospecifically tagged hybrid PEI-silica particles were shown to be noncytotoxic and able to specifically target folate receptor-expressing cancer cells also under coculture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rosenholm
- Center for Functional Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Abo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-2500 Turku, Finland
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Jin S, Hansson EM, Tikka S, Lanner F, Sahlgren C, Farnebo F, Baumann M, Kalimo H, Lendahl U. Notch Signaling Regulates Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-β Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Circ Res 2008; 102:1483-91. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.167965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is critically important for proper architecture of the vascular system, and mutations in NOTCH3 are associated with CADASIL, a stroke and dementia syndrome with vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction. In this report, we link Notch signaling to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling, a key determinant of VSMC biology, and show that PDGF receptor (
PDGFR
)-β is a novel immediate Notch target gene.
PDGFR
-β expression was upregulated by Notch ligand induction or by activated forms of the Notch receptor. Moreover, upregulation of
PDGFR
-β expression in response to Notch activation critically required the Notch signal integrator CSL. In primary VSMCs,
PDGFR
-β expression was robustly upregulated by Notch signaling, leading to an augmented intracellular response to PDGF stimulation. In newborn
Notch3
-deficient mice, PDGFR-β expression was strongly reduced in the VSMCs that later develop an aberrant morphology. In keeping with this, PDGFR-β upregulation in response to Notch activation was reduced also in
Notch3
-deficient embryonic stem cells. Finally, in VSMCs from a CADASIL patient carrying a NOTCH3 missense mutation, upregulation of
PDGFR
-β mRNA and protein in response to ligand-induced Notch activation was significantly reduced. In sum, these data reveal a hierarchy for 2 important signaling systems, Notch and PDGF, in the vasculature and provide insights into how dysregulated Notch signaling perturbs VSMC differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Jin
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.J., E.M.H., F.L., C.S., F.F., U.L.), Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Protein Chemistry Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy (S.T., M.B.), University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Pathology (S.T., H.K.), University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emil M. Hansson
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.J., E.M.H., F.L., C.S., F.F., U.L.), Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Protein Chemistry Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy (S.T., M.B.), University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Pathology (S.T., H.K.), University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Tikka
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.J., E.M.H., F.L., C.S., F.F., U.L.), Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Protein Chemistry Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy (S.T., M.B.), University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Pathology (S.T., H.K.), University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fredrik Lanner
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.J., E.M.H., F.L., C.S., F.F., U.L.), Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Protein Chemistry Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy (S.T., M.B.), University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Pathology (S.T., H.K.), University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.J., E.M.H., F.L., C.S., F.F., U.L.), Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Protein Chemistry Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy (S.T., M.B.), University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Pathology (S.T., H.K.), University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filip Farnebo
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.J., E.M.H., F.L., C.S., F.F., U.L.), Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Protein Chemistry Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy (S.T., M.B.), University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Pathology (S.T., H.K.), University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.J., E.M.H., F.L., C.S., F.F., U.L.), Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Protein Chemistry Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy (S.T., M.B.), University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Pathology (S.T., H.K.), University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Kalimo
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.J., E.M.H., F.L., C.S., F.F., U.L.), Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Protein Chemistry Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy (S.T., M.B.), University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Pathology (S.T., H.K.), University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urban Lendahl
- From the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (S.J., E.M.H., F.L., C.S., F.F., U.L.), Medical Nobel Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Protein Chemistry Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy (S.T., M.B.), University of Helsinki, Finland; and Department of Pathology (S.T., H.K.), University and University Hospital of Helsinki, Finland
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Vaittinen S, Lukka R, Sahlgren C, Hurme T, Rantanen J, Lendahl U, Eriksson JE, Kalimo H. The expression of intermediate filament protein nestin as related to vimentin and desmin in regenerating skeletal muscle. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:588-97. [PMID: 11398835 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.6.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins show specific spatial and temporal expression during development of skeletal muscle. Nestin, the least known muscle IF, has an important role in neuronal regeneration. Therefore, we analyzed the expression pattern of nestin as related to that of vimentin and desmin during skeletal muscle regeneration. Nestin and vimentin appear at 6 h post-injury in myoblasts, with maximum expression around day 3-5 post-injury. Thereafter, vimentin expression ceases completely, whereas that of nestin is downregulated to remain only in the sarcoplasm next to neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions. Desmin appears at 6-12 h post-injury and becomes the predominant IF in myofibers simultaneously with the appearance of cross-striations. The expression pattern and colocalization of nestin and vimentin, known to form heteropolymers, suggests that they are essential during the early dynamic phase of the myofiber regeneration when migration, fusion, and structural modeling of myogenic cells occurs, whereas desmin is responsible for keeping myofibrils in register in mature myofibers. In conclusion, the expression of nestin is dynamically orchestrated with that of vimentin and desmin during skeletal muscle regeneration and recapitulates that seen during myogenesis, i.e. these IFs have key functional roles in the construction and restoration of skeletal myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vaittinen
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Finland
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Eliasson C, Sahlgren C, Berthold CH, Stakeberg J, Celis JE, Betsholtz C, Eriksson JE, Pekny M. Intermediate filament protein partnership in astrocytes. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:23996-4006. [PMID: 10446168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.34.23996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are general constituents of the cytoskeleton. The function of these structures and the requirement for different types of intermediate filament proteins by individual cells are only partly understood. Here we have addressed the role of specific intermediate filament protein partnerships in the formation of intermediate filaments in astrocytes. Astrocytes may express three types of intermediate filament proteins: glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin. We used mice with targeted mutations in the GFAP or vimentin genes, or both, to study the impact of loss of either or both of these proteins on intermediate filament formation in cultured astrocytes and in normal or reactive astrocytes in vivo. We report that nestin cannot form intermediate filaments on its own, that vimentin may form intermediate filaments with either nestin or GFAP as obligatory partners, and that GFAP is the only intermediate filament protein of the three that may form filaments on its own. However, such filaments show abnormal organization. Aberrant intermediate filament formation is linked to diseases affecting epithelial, neuronal, and muscle cells. Here we present models by which the normal and pathogenic functions of intermediate filaments may be elucidated in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eliasson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Vaittinen S, Lukka R, Sahlgren C, Rantanen J, Hurme T, Lendahl U, Eriksson JE, Kalimo H. Specific and innervation-regulated expression of the intermediate filament protein nestin at neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions in skeletal muscle. Am J Pathol 1999; 154:591-600. [PMID: 10027416 PMCID: PMC1850010 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intermediate filament proteins nestin, vimentin, and desmin show a specific temporal expression pattern during the development of myofibers from myogenic precursor cells. Nestin and vimentin are actively expressed during early developmental stages to be later down-regulated, vimentin completely and nestin to minimal levels, whereas desmin expression begins later and is maintained in mature myofibers, in which desmin participates in maintaining structural integrity. In this study we have analyzed the expression levels and distribution pattern of nestin in intact and denervated muscle in rat and in human. Nestin immunoreactivity was specifically and focally localized in the sarcoplasm underneath neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and in the vicinity of the myotendinous junctions (MTJs), ie, in regions associated with acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). This association prompted us to analyze nestin in neurogenically and myogenically denervated muscle. Immunoblot analysis disclosed a marked overall increase of accumulated nestin protein. Similar to the extrajunctional redistribution of AChRs in denervated myofibers, nestin immunoreactivity extended widely beyond the NMJ region. Re-innervation caused complete reversion of these changes. Our study demonstrates that the expression levels and distribution pattern of nestin are regulated by innervation, ie, signal transduction into myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vaittinen
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Finland
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