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Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent pancreas carcinogen in rats. The biliary excretion of NNK was therefore studied in anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats following i.p. administration of 0.7 mumol/kg [carbonyl-14C]NNK. The concentration of radioactivity peaked within 30 min and decreased thereafter exponentially. Cumulative excretion of radioactivity reached a plateau at 6-9% of the total dose. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric acid (hydroxy acid), 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)-butyric acid (keto acid), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butyl beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (NNAL Glu), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and NNK. NNAL Glu was the major metabolite contributing 34 +/- 4% of total radioactivity in bile at 30 min and 58 +/- 4% at 5 h. The percentage of acidic metabolites remained constant at approximately 20%. In contrast, the percentage of NNK and NNAL decreased within the first 2 h to < 5% and < 10% respectively. The elimination kinetics of NNK and its metabolites fitted into a one-compartment model with a half-life of 37 min for NNK, 52 min for NNAL and 110 min for NNAL Glu and acidic metabolites. In three rats dosed with 240 mumol/kg NNK i.p., the concentration of radioactivity peaked after 1-2 h and decreased very slowly thereafter. After 5-8 h a total of 12-17% of the dose has been excreted in the bile with no indication of a plateau. At all time points NNAL Glu was the major metabolite contributing up to 95% of total radioactivity in bile. The percentage of acidic metabolites was < 5% throughout the experiment. Whereas NNK contributed one-third of the radioactivity at 30 min and decreased rapidly, the percentage of NNAL in bile remained rather constant at approximately 5-10%. In conclusion, the detection of NNK, NNAL and NNAL Glu gives support to the hypothesis that tobacco-specific carcinogens could reach the pancreas retrograde from the bile, especially at high NNK concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schulze
- Walther Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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Akrawy MZ, Alexander G, Allison J, Allport PP, Anderson KJ, Armitage JC, Arnison GTJ, Ashton P, Azuelos G, Baines JTM, Ball AH, Banks J, Barker GJ, Barlow RJ, Batley JR, Beck A, Becker J, Behnke T, Bell KW, Bella G, Bethke S, Biebel O, Binder U, Bloodworth IJ, Bock P, Breuker H, Brown RM, Brun R, Buijs A, Burckhart HJ, Capiluppi P, Carnegie RK, Carter AA, Carter JR, Chang CY, Charlton DG, Chrin JTM, Clarke PEL, Cohen I, Collins WJ, Conboy JE, Couch M, Coupland M, Cuffiani M, Dado S, Dallavalle GM, Debu P, Deninno MM, Dieckmann A, Dittmar M, Dixit MS, Duchovni E, Duerdoth IP, Dumas DJP, Elcombe PA, Estabrooks PG, Etzion E, Fabbri F, Farthouat P, Fischer HM, Fong DG, French MT, Fukunaga C, Gaidot A, Ganel O, Gary JW, Gascon J, Geddes NI, Gee CNP, Geich-Gimbel C, Gensler SW, Gentit FX, Giacomelli G, Gibson V, Gibson WR, Gillies JD, Goldberg J, Goodrick MJ, Gorn W, Granite D, Gross E, Grunhaus J, Hagedorn H, Hagemann J, Hansroul M, Hargrove CK, Harrus I, Hart J, Hattersley PM, Hauschild M, Hawkes CM, Heflin E, Hemingway RJ, Heuer RD, Hill JC, Hillier SJ, Ho C, Hobbs JD, Hobson PR, Hochman D, Holl B, Homer RJ, Hou SR, Howarth CP, Hughes-Jones RE, Humbert R, Igo-Kemenes P, Ihssen H, Imrie DC, Janissen L, Jawahery A, Jeffreys PW, Jeremie H, Jimack M, Jobes M, Jones RWL, Jovanovic P, Karlen D, Kawagoe K, Kawamoto T, Kellogg RG, Kennedy BW, Kleinwort C, Klem DE, Knop G, Kobayashi T, Kokott TP, K�pke L, Kowalewski R, Kreutzmann H, Kroll J, Kuwano M, Kyberd P, Lafferty GD, Lamarche F, Larson WJ, Layter JG, Du P, Leblanc P, Lee AM, Lehto MH, Lellouch D, Lennert P, Lessard L, Levinson L, Lloyd SL, Loebinger FK, Lorah JM, Lorazo B, Losty MJ, Ludwig J, Ma J, Macbeth AA, Mannelli M, Marcellini S, Maringer G, Martin AJ, Martin JP, Mashimo T, M�ttig P, Maur U, McMahon TJ, McNutt JR, Meijers F, Menszner D, Merritt FS, Mes H, Michelini A, Middleton RP, Mikenberg G, Mildenberger J, Miller DJ, Milstene C, Minowa M, Mohr W, Montanari A, Mori T, Moss MW, Murphy PG, Murray WJ, Nellen B, Nguyen HH, Nozaki M, O'Dowd AJP, O'Neale SW, O'Neill BP, Oakham FG, Odorici F, Ogg M, Oh H, Oreglia MJ, Orito S, Pansart JP, Patrick GN, Pawley SJ, Pfister P, Pilcher JE, Pinfold JL, Plane DE, Poli B, Pouladdej A, Prebys E, Pritchard TW, Quast G, Raab J, Redmond MW, Rees DL, Regimbald M, Riles K, Roach CM, Robins SA, Rollnik A, Roney JM, Rossberg S, Rossi AM, Routenburg P, Runge K, Runolfsson O, Sanghera S, Sansum RA, Sasaki M, Saunders BJ, Schaile AD, Schaile O, Schappert W, Scharff-Hansen P, Schreiber S, Schwarz J, Shapira A, Shen BC, Sherwood P, Simon A, Singh P, Siroli GP, Skuja A, Smith AM, Smith TJ, Snow GA, Springer RW, Sproston M, Stephens K, Stier HE, Stroehmer R, Strom D, Takeda H, Takeshita T, Taras P, Thackray NJ, Tsukamoto T, Turner MF, Tysarczyk-Niemeyer G, plas D, VanDalen GJ, Vasseur G, Virtue CJ, Schmitt H, Krogh J, Wagner A, Wahl C, Walker JP, Ward CP, Ward DR, Watkins PM, Watson AT, Watson NK, Weber M, Weisz S, Wells PS, Wermes N, Weymann M, Wilson GW, Wilson JA, Wingerter I, Winterer VH, Wood NC, Wotton S, Wuensch B, Wyatt TR, Yaari R, Yang Y, Yekutieli G, Yoshida T, Zeuner W, Zorn GT. A study of the recombination scheme dependence of jet production rates and of ? s ( $$M_{Z^0 } $$ ) in hadronicZ 0 decays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01549689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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53
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Alexander G, Allison J, Allport PP, Anderson KJ, Arcelli S, Armitage JC, Ashton P, Astbury A, Axen D, Azuelos G, Bahan GA, Baines JTM, Ball AH, Banks J, Barker GJ, Barlow RJ, Batley JR, Beaudoin G, Beck A, Becker J, Behnke T, Bell KW, Bella G, Bethke S, Biebel O, Binder U, Bloodworth IJ, Bock P, Bosch HM, Bougerolle S, Brabson BB, Breuker H, Brown RM, Brun R, Buijs A, Burckhart HJ, Capiluppi P, Carnegie RK, Carter AA, Carter JR, Chang CY, Charlton DG, Chrin JTM, Clarke PEL, Cohen I, Collins WJ, Conboy JE, Cooper M, Couch M, Coupland M, Cuffiani M, Dado S, Dallavalle GM, Jong S, Debu P, Deninno MM, Dieckmann A, Dittmar M, Dixit MS, Duchovni E, Duckeck G, Duerdoth IP, Dumas DJP, Eckerlin G, Elcombe PA, Estabrooks PG, Etzion E, Fabbri F, Fincke-Keeler M, Fischer HM, Fong DG, Fukunaga C, Gaidot A, Ganel O, Gary JW, Gascon J, McGowan RF, Geddes NI, Geich-Gimbel C, Gensler SW, Gentit FX, Giacomelli G, Gibson V, Gibson WR, Gillies JD, Goldberg J, Goodrick MJ, Gorn W, Grandi C, Gross E, Hagemann J, Hanson GG, Hansroul M, Hargrove CK, Harrison PF, Hart J, Hattersley PM, Hauschild M, Hawkes CM, Heflin E, Hemingway RJ, Heuer RD, Hill JC, Hillier SJ, Hinshaw DA, Ho C, Hobbs JD, Hobson PR, Hochman D, Holl B, Homer RJ, Hou SR, Howarth CP, Hughes-Jones RE, Humbert R, Igo-Kemenes P, Ihssen H, Imrie DC, Janissen L, Jawahery A, Jeffreys PW, Jeremie H, Jimack M, Jobes M, Jones RWL, Jovanovic P, Karlen D, Kawagoe K, Kawamoto T, Keeler RK, Kellogg RG, Kennedy BW, Kleinwort C, Klem DE, Kobayashi T, Kokott TP, Komamiya S, Köpke L, Kowalewski R, Kreutzmann H, Krogh J, Kroll J, Kuwano M, Kyberd P, Lafferty GD, Lamarche F, Larson WJ, Layter JG, Du P, Leblanc P, Lee AM, Lehto MH, Lellouch D, Lennert P, Leroy C, Lessard L, Levegrün S, Levinson L, Lloyd SL, Loebinger FK, Lorah JM, Lorazo B, Losty MJ, Lou XC, Ludwig J, Mannelli M, Marcellini S, Maringer G, Martin AJ, Martin JP, Mashimo T, Mättig P, Maur U, McMahon TJ, McNutt JR, Meijers F, Menszner D, Merritt FS, Mes H, Michelini A, Middleton RP, Mikenberg G, Mildenberger J, Miller DJ, Milstene C, Mir R, Mohr W, Moisan C, Montanari A, Mori T, Moss MW, Mouthuy T, Murphy PG, Nellen B, Nguyen HH, Nozaki M, O'Neale SW, O'Neill BP, Oakham FG, Odorici F, Ogg M, Ogren HO, Oh H, Oram CJ, Oreglia MJ, Orito S, Pansart JP, Panzer-Steindel B, Paschievici P, Patrick GN, Pawley SJ, Pfister P, Pilcher JE, Pinfold JL, Plane DE, Poffenberger P, Poli B, Pouladdej A, Prebys E, Pritchard TW, Przysiezniak H, Quast G, Redmond MW, Rees DL, Riles K, Robins SA, Robinson D, Rollnik A, Roney JM, Rossberg S, Rossi AM, Routenburg P, Runge K, Runolfsson O, Rust DR, Sanghera S, Sasaki M, Schaile AD, Schaile O, Schappert W, Scharff-Hansen P, Schenk P, Schmitt H, Schreiber S, Schwarz J, Scott WG, Settles M, Shen BC, Sherwood P, Shypit R, Simon A, Singh P, Siroli GP, Skuja A, Smith AM, Smith TJ, Snow GA, Sobie R, Springer RW, Sproston M, Stephens K, Stier HE, Strom D, Takeda H, Takeshita T, Taras P, Tarem S, Teixeira-Dias P, Thackray NJ, Tsukamoto T, Turner MF, Tysarczyk-Niemeyer G, plas D, Kooten R, Dalen GJ, Vasseur G, Virtue CJ, Wagner A, Wahl C, Walker JP, Ward CP, Ward DR, Watkins PM, Watson AT, Watson NK, Weber M, Weisz S, Wells PS, Wermes N, Weymann M, Whalley MA, Wilson GW, Wilson JA, Wingerter I, Winterer VH, Wood NC, Wotton S, Wyatt TR, Yaari R, Yangh Y, Yekutieli G, Zacharov I, Zeuner W, Zorn GT. Measurement of theZ 0 line shape parameters and the electroweak couplings of charged leptons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01560437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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54
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Akrawy MZ, Alexander G, Allison J, Allport PP, Anderson KJ, Armitage JC, Arnison GTJ, Ashton P, Azuelos G, Baines JTM, Ball AH, Banks J, Barker GJ, Barlow RJ, Batley JR, Becker J, Behnke T, Bell KW, Bella G, Bethke S, Biebel O, Binder U, Bloodworth LJ, Bock P, Breuker H, Brown RM, Brun R, Buijs A, Burckhart HJ, Capiluppi P, Carnegie RK, Carter AA, Carter JR, Chang CY, Charlton DG, Chrin JTM, Cohen I, Collins WJ, Conboy JE, Couch M, Coupland M, Cuffiani M, Dado S, Dallavalle GM, Debu P, Deninno MM, Dieckmann A, Dittmar M, Dixit MS, Duchovni E, Duerdoth IP, Dumas D, Mamouni H, Elcombe PA, Estabrooks PG, Etzion E, Fabbri F, Farthouat P, Fischer HM, Fong DG, French MT, Fukunaga C, Gaidot A, Ganel O, Gary JW, Gascon J, Geddes NI, Gee CNP, Geich-Gimbel C, Gensler SW, Gentit FX, Giacomelli G, Gibson V, Gibson WR, Gillies JD, Goldberg J, Goodrick MJ, Gorn W, Granite D, Gross E, Grosse-Wiesmann P, Grunhaus J, Hagedorn H, Hagemann J, Hansroul M, Hargrove CK, Hart J, Hattersley PM, Hauschild M, Hawkes CM, Heflin E, Hemingway RJ, Heuer RD, Hill JC, Hillier SJ, Ho C, Hobbs JD, Hobson PR, Hochman D, Holl B, Homer RJ, Hou SR, Howarth CP, Hughes-Jones RE, Igo-Kemenes P, Ihssen H, Imrie DC, Jawahery A, Jeffreys PW, Jeremie H, Jimack M, Jobes M, Jones RWL, Jovanovic P, Karlen D, Kawagoe K, Kawamoto T, Kellogg RG, Kennedy BW, Kleinwort C, Klem DE, Knop G, Kobayashi T, Kokott TP, K�pke L, Kowalewski R, Kreutzmann H, Krogh J, Kroll J, Kuwano M, Kyberd P, Lafferty GD, Lamarche F, Larson WJ, Lasota MMB, Layter JG, Du P, Leblanc P, Lee AM, Lellouch D, Lennert P, Lessard L, Levinson L, Lloyd SL, Loebinger FK, Lorah JM, Lorazo B, Losty MJ, Ludwig J, Lupu N, Ma J, Macbeth AA, Mannelli M, Marcellini S, Maringer G, Martin AJ, Martin JP, Mashimo T, M�ttig P, Maur U, McMahon TJ, McPherson AC, Meijers F, Menszner D, Merritt FS, Mes H, Michelini A, Middleton RP, Mikenberg G, Miller DJ, Milstene C, Minowa M, Mohr W, Montanari A, Mori T, Moss MW, Murphy PG, Murray WJ, Nellen B, Nguyen HH, Nozaki M, O'Dowd AJP, O'Neale SW, O'Neill BP, Oakham FG, Odorici F, Ogg M, Oh H, Oreglia MJ, Orito S, Pansart JP, Patrick GN, Pawley SJ, Pfister P, Pilcher JE, Pinfold JL, Plane DE, Poli B, Pouladdej A, Pritchard PW, Quast G, Raab J, Redmond MW, Rees DL, Regimbald M, Riles K, Roach CM, Robins SA, Rollnik A, Roney JM, Rossberg S, Rossi AM, Routenburg P, Runge K, Runolfsson O, Sanghera S, Sansum RA, Sasaki M, Saunders BJ, Schaile AD, Schaile O, Schappert W, Scharff-Hansen P, Schmitt H, Schreiber S, Schwarz J, Shapira A, Shen BC, Sherwood P, Simon A, Siroli GP, Skuja A, Smith AM, Smith TJ, Snow GA, Spreadbury EJ, Springer RW, Sproston M, Stephens K, Stier HE, Str�hmer R, Strom D, Takeda H, Takeshita T, Tsukamoto T, Turner MF, Tysarczyk-Niemeyer G, plas D, VanDalen GJ, Vasseur G, Virtue CJ, Wagner A, Wahl C, Ward CP, Ward DR, Waterhouse J, Watkins PM, Watson AT, Watson NK, Weber M, Weisz S, Wermes N, Weymann M, Wilson GW, Wilson JA, Wingerter I, Winterer VH, Wood NC, Wotton S, Wuensch B, Wyatt TR, Yaari R, Yang Y, Yekutieli G, Yoshida T, Zeuner W, Zorn GT. A measurement of global event shape distributions in the hadronic decays of theZ 0. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01552315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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55
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Albrecht H, Binder U, Harder G, Lembke-Koppitz I, Philipp A, Schmidt-Parzefall W, Schröder H, Schulz HD, Wurth R, Donker JP, Drescher A, Matthiesen U, Scheck H, Spaan B, Spengler J, Wegener AD, Gabriel JC, Schubert KR, Stiewe J, Waldi R, Weseler S, Brown NN, Edwards KW, Frisken WR, Fukunaga C, Gilkinson DJ, Gingrich DM, Goddard M, Kapitza H, Kim PC, Kutschke R, MacFarlane DB, McKenna JA, McLean KW, Nilsson AW, Orr RS, Padley P, Patel PM, Prentice JD, Seywerd HC, Stacey BJ, Yoon T, Yun JC, Ammar R, Coppage D, Davis R, Kanekal S, Kwak N, Kernel G, Pleko M, Jönsson L, Oku Y, Babaev A, Danilov M, Golutvin A, Lubimov V, Matveev V, Nagovitsin V, Ryltsov V, Semenov A, Shevchenko V, Soloshenko V, Sopov V, Tichomirov I. Observation of a new charmed meson. Phys Rev Lett 1986; 56:549-552. [PMID: 10033223 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.56.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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56
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Albrecht H, Binder U, Harder G, Lembke-Koppitz I, Philipp A, Schmidt-Parzefall W, Schröder H, Schulz HD, Wurth R, Drescher A, Gräwe B, Matthiesen U, Scheck H, Spengler J, Wegener D, Schubert KR, Stiewe J, Waldi R, Weseler S, Brown NN, Edwards KW, Frisken WR, Fukunaga C, Gilkinson DJ, Gingrich DM, Goddard M, Kapitza H, Kim PCH, Kutschke R, MacFarlane DB, McKenna JA, McLean KW, Nilsson AW, Orr RS, Padley P, Patel PM, Prentice JD, Seywerd HCJ, Stacey BJ, Yoon TS, Yun JC, Ammar R, Coppage D, Davis R, Kanekal S, Kwak N, Kernel G, Pleško M, Jönsson L, Oku Y, Babaev A, Danilov M, Golutvin A, Lubimov V, Matveev V, Nagovitsin V, Ryltsov V, Semenov A, Shevchenko V, Soloshenko V, Sopov V, Tichomirov I, Zaitsev Y, Childers R, Darden CW, Gennow H. Upper limit for the emission of monoenergetic photons in γ(1S)- and γ(2S)-meson decays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01550813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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57
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Abstract
Hyposensitization was undertaken in 26 children, aged 4-15 years, with proven sensitivity to grass and wheat pollen, in some orally (ten), in others parenterally (16), for two years before the start of the season. The administered cumulative dose with oral hyposensitization was 1,750,000 PNU (protein nitrogen units), corresponding to 3,500,000 NU (Noon units), and on parenteral sensitization 1,550 PNU, corresponding to 3,100 NU. A symptoms score was registered daily during the pollen season. It showed fewer symptoms in those with parenteral hyposensitization, although subjective assessment of the success of treatment did not indicate any difference between the two groups. Oral hyposensitization produced a higher IgE and a lower IgG immune response. Systemic side-effects were noted in half of those after oral but none after parenteral hyposensitization. Measured by side-effects, the cumulative dose and expense, the effectiveness of oral hyposensitization is inferior to parenteral administration.
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Gagiu F, Györfi Z, Binder U. [New steroid compounds with potential anticancerous activity. 3. The N-(thiadiazol-1,3,4-yl-2)-cholesteryl urethanes]. Ann Pharm Fr 1971; 29:285-9. [PMID: 5089209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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59
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Gagiu F, Daicoviciu C, Binder U, Györfi Z. [New compounds with probable cytostatic effect. Trifluoracetyl derivatives of 2-amino-5-alkyl-aryl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles]. Pharmazie 1969; 24:98-9. [PMID: 5771412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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60
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Gagiu F, Suciu T, Henegaru O, Daicoviciu C, Binder U. [Some new compounds of the 2-amino-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole series, with cytostatic activity, and a phytopharmacodynamic test]. Ann Pharm Fr 1969; 7:73-8. [PMID: 5399800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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61
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Gagiu F, Todorutiu C, Daicoviciu C, Mulea R, Binder U. [Phytobiological studies of new derivatives of 2-amino-5-benzyl-1,3,4-thiadiazele with eventual cytostatic effect]. Arzneimittelforschung 1967; 17:1551-3. [PMID: 5632798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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