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Cassanelli C, Marchese A, Cagnacci S, Debbia EA. Alteration of Membrane Permeability of Bacteria and Yeast by High Frequency Alternating Current (HFAC). Open Microbiol J 2008; 2:32-7. [PMID: 19088909 PMCID: PMC2593037 DOI: 10.2174/1874285800802010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Endox® Endodontic System (Endox) is used for endodontic treatment by a high frequency alternating current (HFAC). This device damaged the envelopes of spores and vegetative organisms. If the integrity of the envelope is compromised, the transit of compounds in the two directions is possible. This latter aspect was investigated here. Methods: The instrument delivered a 60ms pulse at a frequency 300 kHz, and power 800 KV/m. DNA transfer was verified using Escherichia coli K-12 strain carrying a non conjugative plasmid pBP517 (gyrA+) as donor and a rifampicin and nalidixic acid resistant recipient. 0.2 ml of mixture of donor and recipient strains in saline was exposed to HFAC and plated on selective media. Uptake of antimicrobials and a delay in re-growth was assessed exposing the strains to HFAC. Results: Plasmid transfer was detected under different experimental conditions. From 9 to 27 recombinants were found. Representative recombinants cured from plasmid showed the original phenotype. HFAC promoted the uptake of ineffective antibiotics, and induces a 1 h of delay in re-growth on the strains. Conclusions: Endox exhibited an effect on microrganisms which is reminiscent with that occuring in electroporation, but with a mode of action that saved materials and time.
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Debbia EA, Maioli E, Roveta S, Marchese A. Effects of rifaximin on bacterial virulence mechanisms at supra- and sub-inhibitory concentrations. J Chemother 2008; 20:186-94. [PMID: 18467244 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2008.20.2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed rifamycin derivative, exhibited time-dependent bactericidal activity and at concentrations as low as 1/32 of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) caused morphological alterations in both susceptible and resistant bacterial strains. Spontaneous rifaximin-resistant clones appeared with an incidence of 2.6 x 10(-7). The percentage of Escherichia coli cells cured of various plasmids ranged from: 4.5-70% (Flac), 0-18% (pBP507), 7.7-43.8% (plasmid carrying ESBL genes) and 22.4-41.6% (plasmid encoding toxin from ETEC mex264). 8.4-18.2 and <0.1-18% of Staphylococcus aureus cells were cured (plasmid-mediated penicillinase), 9.5-58.6% of Morganella morganii (ESBL), 10.6-47.1% Citrobacter freundii (ESBL), 2.3-38.7% of Proteus mirabilis (ESBL) and 14.3-66.6% of Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL). Rifaximin reduced plasmid transfer from donor to recipient strains by >99%. The MIC of ceftazidime was reduced (2-4 dilutions) in the presence of rifaximin (0.5 x MIC) in ESBL producing strains. Rifaximin lowered the viability and virulence of the bacteria even though they developed resistance to the compound. In conclusion, the present findings add new features to the microbiological characteristics of rifaximin and suggest that if in vivo pathogens are exposed to sub-MICs of the drug, not only are their physiological functions compromised, but gene virulence and antibiotic resistance are not fully expressed.
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Concia E, Novelli A, Schito GC, Marchese A. Ideal microbiological and pharmacological characteristics of a quality antimicrobial agent: comparing original and generic molecules. J Chemother 2008; 19:609-19. [PMID: 18230541 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2007.19.6.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This article critically evaluates the main in vitro and in vivo studies published which compare generic with the original molecules, both those administered orally and parenterally. The authors indicate that caution should be used in assuming bioequivalence of the generic drug with its clinical efficacy in clinical practice. In fact, mild differences in the content of the active ingredient, less relevant in healthy volunteers, may have an impact in the actual population, which is heterogeneous for age, sex, weight, concomitant risk factors and severity of the underlying disease, as in critically ill patients, with consequences for the patient and ecosystem. Nowadays the requirements for authorization to commercialize a generic antimicrobial agent are focused on demonstration of bioequivalence to the original molecule, with a range variability of +/-20%. However this kind of trial is not sufficient to predict the actual profile in clinical practice, particularly in critically ill patients. Thus while generics can represent an opportunity for physicians, patients and healthcare systems the regulatory procedures do not seem exhaustive, and it is probably necessary to define an ad hoc technical standard of quality before their commercialization and to perform adequate clinical trials regarding efficacy and safety of the "equivalent molecule", especially for drugs used in critically ill patients.
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Roveta S, Marchese A, Schito GC. Activity of daptomycin on biofilms produced on a plastic support by Staphylococcus spp. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31:321-8. [PMID: 18201873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether the novel lipopeptide daptomycin might be capable of disrupting or inhibiting the synthesis of biofilms produced by staphylococci. Fourteen recently isolated slime-producing methicillin-susceptible (MET-S) and methicillin-resistant (MET-R) strains (three MET-S Staphylococcus aureus, three MET-R S. aureus, three MET-S Staphylococcus epidermidis, three MET-R S. epidermidis and two vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)) were tested. Slime formation on polystyrene plates was quantified spectrophotometrically. Daptomycin (2-64 mg/L) inhibited slime synthesis by > or =80% in MET-S strains, by 60-80% in MET-R S. aureus and by 70-95% in MET-R S. epidermidis. At 64 mg/L, biofilm synthesis decreased by 80% in the VISA isolates. Daptomycin also disrupted pre-formed biofilm: >50% breakdown of initial biofilm (5h) was observed in all strains. Disruption of mature biofilms (48 h), in terms of percentage, was more variable depending on the strain, ranging from ca. 20% in a MET-R S. epidermidis strain to almost 70% in two MET-S strains (one S. aureus and one S. epidermidis). Daptomycin at concentrations achievable during therapy promoted a statistically significant inhibition of slime synthesis (preventing biofilm building) and induced slime disruption (disaggregating its structure) both in initial and mature biofilms on a plastic support in all staphylococcal strains studied.
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Roveta S, Marchese A, Debbia E, Bandettini R. In vitro synergism between rokitamycin and co-trimoxazole against Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and staphylococci. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31:185-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Roveta S, Marchese A, Debbia E. Tigecycline in vitro Activity against Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Pathogens Collected in Italy. Chemotherapy 2007; 54:43-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000112415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Marchese A, Schito GC. [Recent results of multinational studies on antibiotic resistance: should we have "PROTECTion" against these resistances?]. Med Mal Infect 2007; 37 Spec No 1:2-5. [PMID: 18376502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Roveta S, Schito AM, Marchese A, Schito GC. Activity of moxifloxacin on biofilms produced in vitro by bacterial pathogens involved in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30:415-21. [PMID: 17768034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether moxifloxacin is able to inhibit the synthesis of and to disrupt biofilms produced in vitro by bacterial pathogens involved in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Three strains each of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli recently isolated from clinical respiratory specimens and capable of slime production were used. Biofilm formation on polystyrene plates was quantified spectrophotometrically by established methodologies. Moxifloxacin (0.5 mg/L) inhibited slime synthesis by >70% in S. aureus, H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, 45-70% in E. coli and 35-70% in M. catarrhalis. Disruption of pre-formed structures was also promoted by moxifloxacin both for initial (5h) and mature (48 h) biofilms. Drug concentrations reached during therapy (0.5-4 mg/L) resulted in a breakdown of initial biofilm of 60-80% in H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, 48-86% in S. aureus, 37-69% in M. catarrhalis and 51-71% in E. coli. Mature biofilms were less susceptible to degradation. Moxifloxacin at concentrations that can be achieved in the bronchial mucosa during therapy therefore promotes a significant inhibition of biofilm synthesis and induces slime disruption, a feature that may be instrumental in reducing the exacerbations so frequently observed in this condition.
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Marchese A, Delcour A, Demarche M, Rausin L. [Image of the month. Pelvic abscess in appendicitis]. REVUE MEDICALE DE LIEGE 2007; 62:651-652. [PMID: 18217638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Nicoletti G, Schito G, Fadda G, Boros S, Nicolosi D, Marchese A, Spanu T, Pantosti A, Monaco M, Rezza G, Cassone A, Garaci E. Bacterial Isolates from Severe Infections and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Italy: a Nationwide Study in the Hospital Setting. J Chemother 2007. [DOI: 10.1179/joc.2007.19.5.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Regola E, Vito G, Croxatto D, Bandettini R, Revello R, Illiberi O, Caliguri P, Dallera M, Pescarollo A, Morelli P, Annovazzi G, Devoto G, Perfumo M, Graziani A, Pescetto L, Usiglio D, Capuzzo R, Battola E, Borreanaz T, Marchese A, Debbia E. DISTRIBUZIONE DELLA SENSIBILITÀ E DELLE CLASSI DI RESISTENZA SIMULTANEA AGLI ANTIBIOTICI IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. MICROBIOLOGIA MEDICA 2007. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2007.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Regola E, Vito G, Croxatto,Andreotti M, Bandettini R, Bona R, Bottaro L, Brunetti R, Dono M, Dusi A, Massucco F, Mazzarello M, Marangoni M, Mori M, Piatti G, Reali S, Ricagni L, Ronca A, Santoriello L, Serra D, Marchese A, Debbia E. EPIDEMIOLOGIA DI ENTEROBACTERIACEAE E NON FERMENTANTI, ISOLATI NELL’AREA LIGURE. MICROBIOLOGIA MEDICA 2007. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2007.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Maioli E, Marchese A, Roveta S, Cagnacci S, Cavallini F, Cassanelli C, Gualco L, Debbia EA. In vitro activity of ceftibuten at sub-inhibitory concentrations in comparison with other antibiotics against respiratory and urinary tract pathogens. J Chemother 2007; 19:152-60. [PMID: 17434823 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2007.19.2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Some new features of the in vitro activity of ceftibuten, an oral third generation cephalosporin, have been studied in reference to respiratory and urinary tract pathogens included in its antibacterial spectrum. At 0.25XMIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and 0.5XMIC levels, ceftibuten was able to affect the biofilm production in 2/3 of both Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis strains, and reduced the number of strains capable of adhering to epithelial cells by about 35% in comparison to the control. Surface hydrophobicity was also influenced by ceftibuten and the other drugs at 0.25-0.5XMIC. In general, no marked variation in the virulence traits of the pathogens studied were found by exposing bacteria to sub-MICs of ceftibuten. Plasmid loss (from 1.8 to 37.2%), and Flac transfer inhibition (about 30-50% reduction in the number of recombinants) were detected under the experimental conditions used. This study confirms the excellent antibacterial properties of ceftibuten by adding new information about the effects of this antibiotic against pathogens often involved in respiratory and urinary tract infections that may be treated with this compound, supporting the appropriate use of this cephalosporin.
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Gualco L, Schito AM, Schito GC, Marchese A. In vitro activity of prulifloxacin against Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections and the biological cost of prulifloxacin resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:679-87. [PMID: 17363225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) of prulifloxacin against 30 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections as well as the 'biological cost' related to acquisition of resistance to the same drug in 10 uropathogenic E. coli were assessed. In terms of MIC(90), prulifloxacin was more potent than ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Prulifloxacin produced lower or equal MPC values than the other two fluoroquinolones (93.3% and 73.3% compared with levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively). Compared with susceptible strains, prulifloxacin-resistant mutants showed a reduced rate of growth (ranging from 20.0% to 98.0% in different culture media and incubation conditions) and a decreased fitness index (ranging from 0.959 to 0.999). They were also impaired in their ability to adhere to uroepithelial cells and urinary catheters (11.7-66.4% and 16.3-78.3% reduction, respectively) and showed a lower surface hydrophobicity (51.2-76.0%). They were more susceptible to ultraviolet irradiation (30.6-93.8% excess mortality), showed increased resistance to colicins and diminished transfer of plasmids (<1-8.5x10(-8) vs. 3.3x10(-7)-2.4x10(-4)). Synthesis of haemolysin and type I fimbriae and production of flagella were also adversely affected. This study demonstrates a strict relationship between acquisition of prulifloxacin resistance and loss of important virulence traits. In this transition, E. coli pays a severe biological cost that entails a general reduction of fitness, thus compromising competition with susceptible wild-type strains in the absence of the drug.
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Rossi L, Cagnacci S, Tavella E, Muratore O, Corvò R, Marchese A, Debbia E. P628 Response of Candida albicans biofilms to bacterial factors. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(07)70470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Roveta S, Marchese A, Schito G. P619 Activity of daptomycin on biofilms produced on plastic support by Staphylococcus species. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(07)70462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cassanelli C, Roveta S, Marchese A, Debbia E. P605 Bactericidal effect and diminution of biofilm using Endox endodontic system. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(07)70448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cassanelli C, Roveta S, Marchese A, Debbia E. R2169 Persistent suppression of bacterial growth after exposure to high-frequency alternated current. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(07)72008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gualco L, Debbia EA, Bandettini R, Pescetto L, Cavallero A, Ossi MC, Schito AM, Marchese A. Antifungal resistance in Candida spp. isolated in Italy between 2002 and 2005 from children and adults. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 29:179-84. [PMID: 17175140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The activity of amphotericin B, fluconazole, flucytosine, itraconazole and voriconazole was tested in vitro against 618 clinical Candida spp. isolates, using the broth microdilution or the disk diffusion method (voriconazole). Amphotericin B and voriconazole were the most potent antifungal agents assayed (100% of susceptible strains). Resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole was detected in three (0.7%) and 11 (2.7%) isolates of Candida albicans and in four (3.7%) isolates of Candida glabrata. Flucytosine intermediate, resistant strains, or both, were observed in C. albicans (0.3% and 0.7%), C. glabrata (2.8% intermediate) and C. tropicalis (15.2% and 15.2%). C. krusei was the least susceptible species to azoles. No statistically significant differences in the rates of resistant isolates depending on site of infection and age of the patient were observed, with the exception of C. albicans and itraconazole (higher percentage of resistance in children). At present, acquired antifungal resistance represents an uncommon finding in most Candida spp. circulating in Northern Italy.
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Marchese A, Gualco L, Bandettini R, Peri C, Cavallero A, Ossi M, Schito G. RESISTENZA AGLI ANTIFUNGINI IN STIPITI DI CANDIDA SPP. ISOLATI DA PAZIENTI ADULTI E PEDIATRICI. MICROBIOLOGIA MEDICA 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Maioli E, Andreotti M, Annovazzi G, Bandettini R, Battolla E, Bona R, Borreanaz T, Bottaro L, Brunetti R, Capuzzo R, Devoto G, Dono M, Dusi A, Fedele M, Ferro G, Giusto G, Graziani A, Intra E, Lacitignola G, Mannelli S, Marangoni M, Massucco F, Mazzarello M, Mori M, Perfumo M, Pescetto L, Piatti G, Reali S, Ricagni L, Ronca A, Santoriello L, Serra D, Usiglio D, Marchese A, Debbia E. INDAGINE SULLA DIFFUSIONE DI STAFILOCOCCHI RESISTENTI ALLA METICILLINA IN LIGURIA. MICROBIOLOGIA MEDICA 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Cassanelli C, Ferri G, Roveta S, Marchese A, Debbia E. SCOMPOSIZIONE DI UN CAMPO ELETTROMAGNETICO IN CAMPO MAGNETICO E RADIOFREQUENZA: CONFRONTO DEL POTERE BATTERICIDA. MICROBIOLOGIA MEDICA 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Piatti G, Bandettini R, Mentasti M, Dono M, Battolla E, Santoriello L, Lemmi-Casini M, Ronca A, Serra D, Intra E, Cavallini F, Debbia E, Marchese A. EVOLUZIONE DI STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE VERSO LA RESISTENZA ALLA PENICILLINA. MICROBIOLOGIA MEDICA 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Maioli E, Marchese A, Debbia E. PROFILO MICROBIOLOGICO DI RIFAXIMINA. MICROBIOLOGIA MEDICA 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Roveta S, Cavallini F, Marchese A, Debbia E. ATTIVITÀ IN VITRO DI TIGECICLINA SU 200 CEPPI (TIGECYCLINE EVALUATION AND SURVEILLANCE TRIAL -T.E.S.T.- PROGRAM). MICROBIOLOGIA MEDICA 2006. [DOI: 10.4081/mm.2006.3389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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