Using old cartography for the inventory of a forgotten heritage: The hydraulic heritage of the Community of Madrid

Hydraulic heritage is a legacy that has generally been forgotten in territorial management and protective actions. This heritage expresses the way in which inhabitants have used their water resources and related structures for centuries. For proper management, it is necessary to draw up an inventory. Using Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, we have created a spatial and thematic inventory of the hydraulic heritage located in the Community of Madrid. This inventory shows the good conditions, both in abundance (more than 5800 point type entities) and diversity (28 categories in the point entities type layer), of historical hydraulic elements in the region. All the information in this work has been extracted from old maps (1870-1960). A database was designed to provide spatial, thematic and temporal information on this heritage. Element distribution was concentrated mainly in the river plains and the metropolitan areas of the region, and it has been proven how hydraulic elements are endangered due to increasing urban pressure. This phenomenon and agricultural modernisation are the main factors influencing the survival of this type of assets. Thanks to this methodology, it should be possible to analyse the status of the heritage ensemble included in the inventory.

Candidate genes and genome-wide association study of grain protein content and protein deviation in durum wheat

Stable QTL for grain protein content co-migrating with nitrogen-related genes have been identified by the candidate genes and genome-wide association mapping approaches useful for marker-assisted selection. Grain protein content (GPC) is one of the most important quality traits in wheat, defining the nutritional and end-use properties and rheological characteristics. Over the years, a number of breeding programs have been developed aimed to improving GPC, most of them having been prevented by the negative correlation with grain yield. To overcome this issue, a collection of durum wheat germplasm was evaluated for both GPC and grain protein deviation (GPD) in seven field trials. Fourteen candidate genes involved in several processes related to nitrogen metabolism were precisely located on two high-density consensus maps of common and durum wheat, and six of them were found to be highly associated with both traits. The wheat collection was genotyped using the 90 K iSelect array, and 11 stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) for GPC were detected in at least three environments and the mean across environments by the genome-wide association mapping. Interestingly, seven QTL were co-migrating with N-related candidate genes. Four QTL were found to be significantly associated to increases of GPD, indicating that selecting for GPC could not affect final grain yield per spike. The combined approaches of candidate genes and genome-wide association mapping led to a better understanding of the genetic relationships between grain storage proteins and grain yield per spike, and provided useful information for marker-assisted selection programs.

Abstract OT2-08-01: Personalized breast cancer screening in a population based study: Women Informed to Screen Depending On Measures of risk (WISDOM)

Background: WISDOM is a 100,000 healthy women preference-tolerant, pragmatic study comparing annual to personalized risk-based breast screening. The novelty of WISDOM personalized screening is the integration of previously validated genetic and clinical risk factors (age, family history, breast biopsy results, ethnicity, mammographic density) into a single risk assessment model that directs the starting age, timing, and frequency of screening. The goal of WISDOM is to determine if personalized screening, compared to annual screening, is as safe, less morbid, enables prevention, and is preferred by women. The study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02620852.

Methods: Women aged 40-74 years with no history of breast cancer or DCIS, and no previous double mastectomy can join the study online at wisdomstudy.org. Participants can elect randomization or self-select a study arm, and provide electronic consent and Release for Medical Information using DocuSign. For all participants, 5-year risk of developing breast cancer is calculated according to the Breast Cancer Screening Consortium (BCSC) model. Participants in the personalized arm undergo panel-based mutation testing, and their 5-year risk is calculated using the BCSC score combined with a Polygenic Risk Score (BCSC-PRS) that includes 75 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, increase to 229) known to increase breast cancer risk. SNPs and mutations (BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, PTEN, STK11, CDH1, ATM, PALB2, and CHEK2) are assessed by saliva-based testing through Color Genomics. 5-year risk level thresholds are used to stratify for low-, moderate- and high risk. Risk stratification determines age to start, stop, and frequency of screening.

Enrollment: As of July 2018, the WISDOM study is open to all eligible women in California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota and Iowa. To date, 23,329 eligible women have registered and 14,393 women have consented to participate in the trial. We analyzed 3,255 participants who have completed risk assessment in the personalized arm. The median age was 56 years. 82% were Caucasian, 1% African-American, and 6% Asian. 9% self-reported as Hispanic. We are partnering with health insurers and self-insured companies using coverage with evidence progression. To strengthen generalizability, we are expanding to other states. WISDOM enrollment will continue past 2019.

Feasibility: To evaluate the addition of PRS, we used paired statistical tests (McNemar) to compare the distributions of BCSC, and BCSC-PRS risk estimates around low-risk (<1.3%), and very-high risk (>6%) thresholds, the latter corresponding to 5-year risk of a BRCA mutation carrier. The median 5-year risk was 1.5% (IQR 1.0-2.1%) using the BCSC model, and 1.4% (IQR 0.8-2.5%) using the BCSC-PRS model. The BCSC-PRS model classified more women into the low (<1%) and very high (≥6%) risk categories compared to the BCSC model (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that incorporating genetic variants into a validated clinical model is feasible and impacts risk classification compared to a model without genetic risk factors. Results at 5 years will reveal if this classification improves healthcare value by reducing screen volumes and costs without jeopardizing outcomes.

Citation Format: Acerbi I, Shieh Y, Madlensky L, Tice J, Ziv E, Eklund M, Blanco A, DeRosa D, Tong B, Goodman D, Nassereddine L, Anderson N, Harvey H, Layton T, Park HL, Petruse A, Stewart S, Wernisch J, Risty L, Koenig B, Sarrafan S, Firouzian R, Kaplan C, Hiatt R, Parker BA, Wenger N, Lee V, Heditsian D, Brain S, Stover Fiscalini A, Borowsky AD, Anton-Culver H, Naeim A, Kaster A, Talley M, van 't Veer LJ, LaCroix A, Wisdom Study and Athena Breast Health Network Investigators and Advocate Partners, Esserman LJ. Personalized breast cancer screening in a population based study: Women Informed to Screen Depending On Measures of risk (WISDOM) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT2-08-01.

Time-Like Baryon Transitions studies with HADES

The HADES collaboration uses the e+e− production as a probe of the resonance matter produced in collisions at incident energies of 1-3.5 GeV/nucleon at GSI. Elementary reactions provide useful references for these studies and give information on resonance Dalitz decays (R→Ne+e−). Such processes are sensitive to the structure of time-like electromagnetic baryon transitions in a kinematic range where (off-shell) vector mesons play a crucial role. Results obtained in proton-proton reactions and in a commissioning pion-beam experiment are reported and prospects for future pion beam experiments and for first hyperon Dalitz decay measurements are described. The connection with the investigations of medium effects to be continued with HADES in the next years at SIS18 and SIS100 is also discussed.

Highly dense linkage maps from 31 full-sibling families of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) provide insights into recombination patterns and chromosome rearrangements throughout a newly refined genome assembly

Highly dense linkage maps enable positioning thousands of landmarks useful for anchoring the whole genome and for analysing genome properties. Turbot is the most important cultured flatfish worldwide and breeding programs in the fifth generation of selection are targeted to improve growth rate, obtain disease resistant broodstock and understand sex determination to control sex ratio. Using a Restriction-site Associated DNA approach, we genotyped 18,214 single nucleotide polymorphism in 1,268 turbot individuals from 31 full-sibling families. Individual linkage maps were combined to obtain a male, female and species consensus maps. The turbot consensus map contained 11,845 markers distributed across 22 linkage groups representing a total normalised length of 3,753.9 cM. The turbot genome was anchored to this map, and scaffolds representing 96% of the assembly were ordered and oriented to obtain the expected 22 megascaffolds according to its karyotype. Recombination rate was lower in males, especially around centromeres, and pairwise comparison of 44 individual maps suggested chromosome polymorphism at specific genomic regions. Genome comparison across flatfish provided new evidence on karyotype reorganisations occurring across the evolution of this fish group.

Abstract OT3-03-01: Preference-Tolerant randomized trial of risk-based vs. annual breast cancer screening: WISDOM study in progress

Purpose: Women Informed to Screen Depending on Measures of risk (WISDOM) trial is a pragmatic study comparing two real world approaches to clinical care for breast screening: annual screening versus personalized screening. The novelty of the personalized arm of the study is that we are combining known risk factors (age, family history, history of breast disease, ethnicity, BIRADS breast density, and genetics) into a single risk assessment model. All components of the model have been tested and established, but have never been used jointly.

The goal of the WISDOM study is to examine the effectiveness of personalized breast cancer screening and to bring objective recommendations to the current mammography screening debate.

Methods: The WISDOM trial will enroll 100,000 women with a preference-tolerant design that will determine if risk-based screening vs. annual screening, is as safe, less morbid, enables prevention, and is preferred by women. Women 40 - 74 years of age with no history of breast cancer or DCIS, and no previous double mastectomy can join the study from the WISDOM Study website (wisdomstudy.org). All participants sign up, elect randomization or self-select the study arm, provide electronic consent using DocuSign (eConsent), and sign a Medical Release Form. For all participants, 5-year risk of developing breast cancer is calculated according to the Breast Cancer Screening Consortium (BCSC) model. For participants in the personalized arm, the overall 5-year risk BCSC score is combined with a Polygenic Risk Score, based on a genetic test including mutations in 9 genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, PTEN, STK11, CDH1, ATM, PALB2, and CHEK2) and a panel of 75 common single nucleotide polymorphisms known to increase breast cancer risk. Risk stratification will determine frequency of screening. The study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02620852.

Results: As of June 12th 2017, the WISDOM study is live at all UC medical centers and recruitment is open to all eligible women in California. Up to date 4,769 eligible women registered at all sites. 2,823 women have consented in the trial. 64% were randomized and 36% chose their screening arm. A pilot was conducted to test the logistics of online participation and examine the acceptance of the study design and approach. We are partnering with health insurance companies and self-insured companies to reach our recruitment goal.

Conclusions: Enrollment will be completed by end of 2018.

Acknowledgment: support by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), PCS-1402-10749 to L.J.E.

(*) Authors equally contributed to this work.

Citation Format: Acerbi I, Abihider K, Ling J, Layton T, DeRosa D, Madlensky L, Tice J, Shieh Y, Ziv E, Sarrafan S, Firouzian R, Tong B, Blanco A, Lee V, Heditsian D, Brain S, Kaplan C, Borowsky A, Anton-Culver H, Naeim A, Cink T, Stover Fiscalini A, Parker B, van 't Veer L, Wisdom Study and Athena Breast Health Network Investigators and Advocate Partners, LaCroix A, Esserman L. Preference-Tolerant randomized trial of risk-based vs. annual breast cancer screening: WISDOM study in progress [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-03-01.

Recruitment manoeuvres in anaesthesia: How many more excuses are there not to use them?

Pulmonary recruitment manoeuvres (RM) are intended to reopen collapsed lung areas. RMs are present in nature as a physiological mechanism to get a newborn to open their lungs for the first time at birth, and we also use them, in our usual anaesthesiological clinical practice, after induction or during general anaesthesia when a patient is desaturated. However, there is much confusion in clinical practice regarding their safety, the best way to perform them, when to do them, in which patients they are indicated, and in those where they are totally contraindicated. There are important differences between RM in the patient with adult respiratory distress syndrome, and in a healthy patient during general anaesthesia. Our intention is to review, from a clinical and practical point of view, the use of RM, specifically in anaesthesia.

Fasciola hepatica infection reduces Mycobacterium bovis burden and mycobacterial uptake and suppresses the pro-inflammatory response

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has an annual incidence in cattle of 0.5% in the Republic of Ireland and 4.7% in the UK, despite long‐standing eradication programmes being in place. Failure to achieve complete eradication is multifactorial, but the limitations of diagnostic tests are significant complicating factors. Previously, we have demonstrated that Fasciola hepatica infection, highly prevalent in these areas, induced reduced sensitivity of the standard diagnostic tests for BTB in animals co‐infected with F. hepatica and M. bovis. This was accompanied by a reduced M. bovis‐specific Th1 immune response. We hypothesized that these changes in co‐infected animals would be accompanied by enhanced growth of M. bovis. However, we show here that mycobacterial burden in cattle is reduced in animals co‐infected with F. hepatica. Furthermore, we demonstrate a lower mycobacterial recovery and uptake in blood monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM) from F. hepatica‐infected cattle which is associated with suppression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and a switch to alternative activation of macrophages. However, the cell surface expression of TLR2 and CD14 in MDM from F. hepatica‐infected cattle is increased. These findings reflecting the bystander effect of helminth‐induced downregulation of pro‐inflammatory responses provide insights to understand host‐pathogen interactions in co‐infection.