Refractive index measurements of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from 0.4-1.6 μm

Using a transmission-spectrum-based method, the refractive index of a 50 μm thick sample of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was measured as a function of wavelength. To mitigate the effects of nonplane-parallel surfaces, the sample was measured at 16 different locations. The technique resulted in the measurement of index at several thousand independent wavelengths from 0.42 to 1.62 μm, with a relative RMS accuracy <0.5×10(-4) and absolute accuracy <2×10(-4).

The national incidence and clinical picture of SLE in children in Australia – a report from the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit

Objectives

The objectives of this paper are to prospectively determine the incidence of paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE) in Australia as well as describe the demographics, clinical presentation and one-year outcome.

Study design

Newly diagnosed cases of pSLE were ascertained prospectively from October 2009 to October 2011 through the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit (a national monthly surveillance scheme for notification of childhood rare diseases) as well as national subspecialty groups. Questionnaires were sent to notifying physicians at presentation and at one year.

Results

The annual incidence rate was 0.32 per 105 children aged less than 16 years. The incidence was significantly higher in children of Asian or Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parents. Approximately one-third of children underwent a renal biopsy at presentation and 7% required dialysis initially although only one child had end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) at one-year follow-up.

Conclusion

The incidence of pSLE in Australia is comparable to that worldwide with a significantly higher incidence seen in children of Asian and Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander backgrounds. Renal involvement is common but progression to ESKD, at least in the short term, is rare.

Abstract P5-04-05: Preclinical modeling of luminal breast cancer: Recapitulating progression to lethal and tamoxifen-resistant lung metastases in novel patient-derived xenotransplant models in prolactin-humanized mice

Seventy to eighty percent of newly diagnosed breast cancer cases are estrogen receptor(ER)-positive and are classified as luminal. Despite hormone therapy, 25-30% of luminal breast cancers will recur within 15 years of surgical removal of the primary tumor, and many of these patients will die from currently incurable distant metastases. Lung and bone are the most common organ sites for distant breast cancer metastases, with either site affected in approximately 70% of patients based on autopsy studies. A major hurdle for therapeutic progress with luminal breast cancer is the historical difficulty to establish xenograft models of human luminal breast cancer in mice. In particular, there is a need for experimental ER-positive breast cancer models that recapitulate distant metastasis formation from orthotopic tumor implants in mammary glands. Such experimental models will allow surgical resection of the primary tumor followed by clinically relevant testing of targeted adjuvant agents against distant residual disease.

We have engineered prolactin-humanized mice that have been backcrossed for ten generations into the Nod-SCOD-IL2Rgamma (NSG) immunodeficient background. These prolactin-humanized mice display improved take rates of patient-derived luminal breast cancer. Using prolactin-humanized mice we have established patient-derived serially transplantable luminal breast cancer models that metastasize to distant sites when grown as primary tumors in the mammary gland. One of the ER-positive lines, PDX2, effectively metastasizes to lungs in 100% of animals within 55 days of grafting into mammary glands. PDX2 lung metastases retain ER and progesterone receptor (PR) expression as well as expression of the luminal marker, GATA3, and display high degree of Ki67 positivity indicating rapidly proliferative lesions. Importantly, metastatic PDX2 lesions show only limited dormancy. In fact, when primary PDX2 tumors are surgically removed at Day 55, mice will die from lung metastases around Day 150. Estrogen supplementation is required for establishment of PDX2 tumors in mice. After primary PDX2 tumors are established in mammary glands in the presence of estradiol, primary tumors respond to tamoxifen with growth suppression but do not undergo tumor regression, and develop resistance to tamoxifen. Treatment of mice with adjuvant tamoxifen following surgical removal of primary PDX2 tumors led to extensive regression of existing lung metastases to barely detectable levels within 30 days of surgery. However, tamoxifen-refractory PDX2 lung metastases regrew during the next 30 day-period in the continued exposure to tamoxifen. Molecular phenotyping of the PDX2 model and other new luminal breast cancer models are ongoing, with the goal of characterizing tamoxifen-responsive and tamoxifen-refractory primary and metastatic lesions. Long-term, our intent is to use the PDX2 and other preclinical xenograft models in prolactin-humanized mice to systematically explore agents for synergy with anti-estrogens to establish curative combination treatments for metastatic luminal breast cancer.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-04-05.

Abstract P1-06-10: Characterization of novel activated human mammary fibroblast lines and their protumorigenic effect on human breast cancer xenotransplants in mice

Human breast cancer is typically characterized by an extensive stromal compartment enriched in fibroblasts. In contrast, xenotransplants of human breast cancer cell lines are typically epithelial-rich and characterized by sparse in-growth of murine fibroblast stroma. Stromal fibroblasts are important for structural integrity of normal tissue and constitute a major element of the stromal microenvironment of invasive cancer. Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) frequently undergo activation as they co-evolve with cancer cells, serving to promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through secretion of multiple paracrine factors. Presence of activated CAFs in solid malignancies is generally associated with higher grade tumors and poor prognosis. Activated CAFs are resistant to apoptosis and display a myofibroblastic phenotype, including expression of a-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). To more accurately model human tumor-stroma interactions in human breast cancer xenograft lines in mice, we aimed to develop immortalized activated human mammary fibroblasts for admixture xenografting with human breast cancer cells. Human mammary fibroblasts (HMFs) were isolated from multiple surgically excised tissues of reduction mammoplasties or mastectomies. Five isolated primary HMF lines were screened for α-SMA expression. HMF1 expressed the highest levels of α-SMA and was immortalized by stable lentiviral-delivered hTERT. Quantitative real-time PCR, anchorage-independent growth assay, and in vivo studies were used to further characterize selected HMFs. hTERT-HMF1 and HMF2, despite lower level of α-SMA expression in HMF2, displayed significantly elevated levels of mRNA of proteins commonly associated with activated fibroblasts, including SDF-α, SDF-β, HGF, IL-6, VEGF and podoplanin, as well as promoted a 10-fold increase in anchorage-independent growth of MCF7 breast cancer cells in vitro. To evaluate the ability of these HMF lines to promote tumor growth in vivo, MCF7 human breast cancer cells were orthotopically injected into murine mammary fat pads in the presence or absence of hTERT-HMF1 or HMF2. Both HMF lines facilitated in vivo MCF7-xenograft growth and induced histological changes, including higher grade and greater stromal development, when compared to pure MCF7 cell xenografts. IHC for SMA and collagen confirmed the presence of activated fibroblasts in all tumors; however HMF/MCF7 xenografts showed a distinct distribution of fibroblast stroma throughout the tumor in contrast to sparser stroma between larger epithelial aggregates in tumors grafted from MCF7 cells alone. hTERT-HFM1 cells promoted tumor growth in vivo more robustly than HFM2 cells. By 60 days post xenografting, hTERT-HMF1/MCF7 tumors were significantly larger (∼4-fold) than control MCF7 tumors. In addition, admixture with hTERT-HMF1 cells promoted increased tumor angiogenesis and cancer cell proliferation as measured by Ki67 expression. hTERT-HMF1 represents a novel mammary myofibroblast line that may be useful for improved preclinical xenotransplant modeling and tumor drug response testing of human breast cancer in vivo.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-06-10.

Abstract S1-8: Prolactin-humanized mice: an improved animal recipient for therapy response-testing of patient-derived breast cancer xenotransplants

Eighty percent of newly diagnosed breast cancer represents estrogen receptor(ER)-positive luminal subtypes. Many patients with luminal breast cancer develop antiestrogen resistant disease. It has historically been particularly difficult to establish ER-positive breast cancer lines from primary breast cancer in the laboratory or in mice. Murine and bovine prolactins, the major lactogens in current laboratory experimental in vivo and in vitro conditions, fail to activate human prolactin receptors because of species incompatibility. In fact, murine prolactin is a potent antagonist for human prolactin receptors. Because ER-positive, luminal breast cancers also express prolactin receptors, we hypothesized that lack of human lactogenic activity under experimental conditions selected against establishment of ER-positive breast cancer in the laboratory. We therefore genetically engineered mice to express physiological levels of human prolactin in place of mouse prolactin and backcrossed the mice for ten generations into the immunodeficient NSG strain. The resulting hPRL.NSG mice have a greatly improved take rate for ER positive, luminal type of breast cancer, suggesting key tumor-promoting roles for prolactin in luminal breast cancer. A panel of novel transplantable human breast cancer lines has been established in hPrl.NSG mice, the majority of which are ER-positive. The transplantable lines maintain key histopathological characteristics and expression of major marker proteins of the primary patient tumors. Intriguingly, initial tumor establishment and growth rates of breast cancer xenografts were consistently greater in the hPrl.NSG mice than in wildtype NSG mice. Furthermore, tumors grown in hPrl.NSG were more responsive to tamoxifen than size-matched tumors grown in wildtype NSG mice. At least two new tumor lines examined so far develop spontaneous distant metastases in hPrl.NSG mice, with evidence of prolactin-dependent progression of ER-positive disease. Collectively, these observations validate the hPrl.NSG mice as an improved recipient for preclinical modeling of human breast cancer in vivo, both for therapeutic targeting of prolactin-pathways and other growth and survival pathways, as well as overcoming anti-estrogen resistance.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr S1-8.

P1-06-24: Nuclear Localization of Stat5a Predicts Response to Antiestrogen Therapy and Prognosis of Clinical Breast Cancer Outcome

Nuclear-localized and tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat5 has been reported as a favorable prognostic marker and predictor of response to antiestrogen therapy in breast cancer. Phospho-Stat5 antibodies do not distinguish between phosphorylated Stat5a and the closely related Stat5b, but Stat5a is considered more critical for normal mammary development than Stat5b. The purpose of this study was to determine whether levels of nuclear-localized Stat5a protein (Nuc-Stat5a) were prognostic of clinical outcome or predictive of antiestrogen response. Stat5a was detected by traditional diaminobenzidine-chromogen immunohistochemistry (IHC) and pathologist scoring or by quantitative immunofluorescence in five archival cohorts of breast cancer. Levels of nuclear-localized Stat5a (Nuc-Stat5a) were evaluated by pathologist scoring of whole tissue sections detected by IHC or automated quantitative analysis (AQUA) of immunofluorescently-labeled tissue microarrays. Levels of Nuc-Stat5a were reduced in invasive breast cancer tissues and lymph node metastases compared to normal tissue and ductal carcinoma in situ when quantified by AQUA (Material I; n=180). Tissues from patients not treated with adjuvant therapy or treated with antiestrogen monotherapy were analyzed according to Nuc-Stat5a status for breast cancer-specific survival (CSS) and time to recurrence (TTR) using univariate and multivariate statistical models, adjusting for clinical features including tumor grade, size, lymph node and ER, PR and Her2 status. In two prognostic cohorts of node-negative breast cancer patients, low expression of Nuc-Stat5a, detected by standard IHC (Material II; n=223) or quantitative analysis (Material III; n=198), was prognostic of poor breast cancer outcome as measured by univariate and multivariate CSS (Material II/III) and TTR (Material II). CSS and TTR analysis of two independent materials of tumors from patients treated with antiestrogen monotherapy and analyzed by standard IHC (Material IV; n=73) or quantitative immunofluorescence (Material V; n=97) indicated that patients whose tumors expressed low levels of Nuc-Stat5a were at a greater than 4-fold risk of antiestrogen therapy failure when adjusted for hormone receptor status and clinical features (multivariate CSS: Material IV HR=4.3 (1.2,15.6), p=0.03; Material V HR=5.0 (1.87,13.06), p=0.001). In conclusion, loss of Nuc-Stat5a is a promising independent marker of poor breast cancer prognosis in node-negative, non-adjuvant treated breast cancer patients. Additionally, Nuc-Stat5a may be a useful clinical tool to predict tumor response to antiestrogen therapy.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-06-24.

Development and characterization of immobilized cannabinoid receptor (CB1/CB2) open tubular column for on-line screening

Cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, are therapeutic targets in the treatment of anxiety, obesity, movement disorders, glaucoma, and pain. We have developed an on-line screening method for CB1 and CB2 ligands, where cellular membrane fragments of a chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, KU-812, were immobilized onto the surface of an open tubular (OT) capillary to create a CB1/CB2-OT column. The binding activities of the immobilized CB1/CB2 receptors were established using frontal affinity chromatographic techniques. This is the first report that confirms the presence of functional CB1 and CB2 receptors on KU-812 cells. The data from this study confirm that the CB1/CB2-OT column can be used to determine the binding affinities (K(i) values) for a single compound and to screen individual compounds or a mixture of multiple compounds. The CB1/CB2-OT column was also used to screen a botanical matrix, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, where preliminary results suggest the presence of a high-affinity phytocannabinoid.

Algorithmic network monitoring for a modern water utility: a case study in Jerusalem

We report on the design, deployment, and use of TaKaDu, a real-time algorithmic Water Infrastructure Monitoring solution, with a strong focus on water loss reduction and control. TaKaDu is provided as a commercial service to several customers worldwide. It has been in use at HaGihon, the Jerusalem utility, since mid 2009. Water utilities collect considerable real-time data from their networks, e.g. by means of a SCADA system and sensors measuring flow, pressure, and other data. We discuss how an algorithmic statistical solution analyses this wealth of raw data, flexibly using many types of input and picking out and reporting significant events and failures in the network. Of particular interest to most water utilities is the early detection capability for invisible leaks, also a means for preventing large visible bursts. The system also detects sensor and SCADA failures, various water quality issues, DMA boundary breaches, unrecorded or unintended network changes (like a valve or pump state change), and other events, including types unforeseen during system design. We discuss results from use at HaGihon, showing clear operational value.