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Baraldi S, Fantin G, Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Brandolese A, Massi A, Bortolini O, Marchetti N, Giovannini PP. Enzymatic synthesis of biobased aliphatic–aromatic oligoesters using 5,5′-bis(hydroxymethyl)furoin as a building block. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29044-29050. [PMID: 35528403 PMCID: PMC9071804 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06621g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
5,5′-Dihydroxymethyl furoin (DHMF) is a novel biobased difuranic polyol scaffold, achievable from the benzoin condensation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which has recently been employed as a monomer for the preparation of cross-linked polyesters and polyurethane. Its upgrading by means of enzymatic reactions has not yet been reported. Here we demonstrated that Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is a suitable biocatalyst for the selective esterification of the primary hydroxyl groups of DHMF. Exploiting this enzymatic activity, DHMF has been reacted with the diethyl esters of succinic and sebacic acids obtaining fully biobased linear oligoesters with number-average molecular weight around 1000 g mol−1 and free hydroxyl groups on the polymer backbone. The structures of the DHMF-diacid ethyl ester dimers and of the oligomers were elucidated by NMR and MS analyses. Fully bio-based linear oligoesters were obtained by the unprecedented enzymatic polymerization of 5,5′-bis(hydroxymethyl)furoin with succinic and sebacic acid diethyl esters.![]()
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Di Carmine G, Bortolini O, Massi A, Müller M, Bernacchia G, Fantin G, Ragno D, Giovannini PP. Enzymatic Cross‐Benzoin‐Type Condensation of Aliphatic Aldehydes: Enantioselective Synthesis of 1‐Alkyl‐1‐hydroxypropan‐2‐ones and 1‐Alkyl‐1‐hydroxybutan‐2‐ones. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Warias R, Zaghi A, Heiland JJ, Piendl SK, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH, Massi A, Belder D. An Integrated Lab‐on‐a‐chip Approach to Study Heterogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts at the Microscale. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Massarenti C, Bortolini O, Fantin G, Cristofaro D, Ragno D, Perrone D, Marchesi E, Toniolo G, Massi A. Fluorous-tag assisted synthesis of bile acid-bisphosphonate conjugates via orthogonal click reactions: an access to potential anti-resorption bone drugs. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:4907-4920. [PMID: 28548149 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00774d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a small collection of novel bile acid-bisphosphonate (BA-BP) conjugates as potential drug candidates is reported. The disclosed methodology relied on the installation of azide and thiol functionalities at the head and tail positions, respectively, of the BA scaffold and its subsequent decoration by orthogonal click reactions (copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, thiol-ene or thiol-yne coupling) to introduce BP units and a fluorophore. Because of the troublesome isolation of the target conjugates by standard procedures, the methodology culminated with the functionalization of the BA scaffold with a light fluorous tag to rapidly and efficiently purify intermediates and final products by fluorous solid-phase extraction.
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Di Carmine G, Ragno D, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Mazzanti A, Massi A, Fogagnolo M. Enantioselective Dearomatization of Alkylpyridiniums by N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Acylation. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2050-2057. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ragno D, Brandolese A, Urbani D, Di Carmine G, De Risi C, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Massi A. Esterification of glycerol and solketal by oxidative NHC-catalysis under heterogeneous batch and flow conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00143j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous NHC-catalysis in batch and flow modes is an effective synthetic platform for the production of monoacylglycerols.
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Ragno D, Di Carmine G, Brandolese A, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Massi A. Immobilization of Privileged Triazolium Carbene Catalyst for Batch and Flow Stereoselective Umpolung Processes. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zaghi A, Ragno D, Di Carmine G, De Risi C, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Fantin G, Massi A. Electron-transfer-initiated benzoin- and Stetter-like reactions in packed-bed reactors for process intensification. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 12:2719-2730. [PMID: 28144342 PMCID: PMC5238549 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient heterogeneous continuous-flow procedure for the polarity reversal of aromatic α-diketones is presented. Propaedeutic batch experiments have been initially performed to select the optimal supported base capable to initiate the two electron-transfer process from the carbamoyl anion of the N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent to the α-diketone and generate the corresponding enediolate active species. After having identified the 2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethylperhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine on polystyrene (PS-BEMP) as the suitable base, packed-bed microreactors (pressure-resistant stainless-steel columns) have been fabricated and operated to accomplish the chemoselective synthesis of aroylated α-hydroxy ketones and 2-benzoyl-1,4-diones (benzoin- and Stetter-like products, respectively) with a good level of efficiency and with a long-term stability of the packing material (up to five days).
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Di Carmine G, Ragno D, De Risi C, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Fantin G, Massi A. Synthesis of functionalized imidazolidine-2-thiones via NHC/base-promoted aza-benzoin/aza-acetalization domino reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8788-8801. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02259j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Benzylidene thioureas were generated in situ from α-sulfonylamines and used as novel umpolung acceptors in aza-benzoin/aza-acetalization domino reactions giving 5-hydroxy-imidazolidine-2-thiones.
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Bortolini O, Chiappe C, Fogagnolo M, Massi A, Pomelli CS. Formation, Oxidation, and Fate of the Breslow Intermediate in the N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2016; 82:302-312. [PMID: 27966944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction paths and intermediate structures related to the formation of the Breslow intermediate and its oxidation along the oxidative/oxygenative lanes have been studied from a mechanistic point of view, with the support of gas-phase and computational studies. The results confirm the occurrence of a single-electron transfer from the Breslow intermediate to the molecular oxygen with formation of a radical couple that recombines either as a peroxide anion 7' to afford the aldehyde-to-carboxylic acid product or as a hydroperoxy derivative 7″ that evolved into an electrophilic acyl azolium, opening to the aldehyde-to-ester conversion. Steric factors enter into determining the different reactivity. All of the intermediates of both catalytic paths have been observed and characterized under mass spectrometric conditions. In particular, for the imidazoline catalyst, the (+)ESI-MS/(MS) detection of the genuine Breslow intermediate was made possible in virtue of its limited reactivity. Mechanistic aspects of the N-heterocyclic carbenes catalyzed aerobic oxidation of aldehydes shares important similarities with that one of the recently revisited benzoin condensation.
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Giovannini PP, Lerin LA, Müller M, Bernacchia G, Bastiani MD, Catani M, Di Carmine G, Massi A. (S
)-Selectivity in Phenylacetyl Carbinol Synthesis Using the Wild-Type Enzyme Acetoin:Dichlorophenolindophenol Oxidoreductase from Bacillus licheniformis. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Giovannini PP, Bortolini O, Massi A. Thiamine-Diphosphate-Dependent Enzymes as Catalytic Tools for the Asymmetric Benzoin-Type Reaction. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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De Sá DS, Marinkovic BA, Romani EC, Del Rosso T, de Souza ROMA, Massi A, Pandoli O. Prototyping of meso- and microfluidic devices with embedded TiO2photocatalyst for photodegradation of an organic dye. J Flow Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1556/1846.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Greco R, Caciolli L, Zaghi A, Pandoli O, Bortolini O, Cavazzini A, De Risi C, Massi A. A monolithic 5-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)tetrazole flow microreactor for the asymmetric aldol reaction in water–ethanol solvent. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5re00017c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic polystyrene monolithic column produces chiral β-hydroxyketones under benign, continuous-flow conditions with high long-term stability.
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Ragno D, Zaghi A, Di Carmine G, Giovannini PP, Bortolini O, Fogagnolo M, Molinari A, Venturini A, Massi A. Cross-benzoin and Stetter-type reactions mediated by KOtBu-DMF via an electron-transfer process. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9823-9835. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01868h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The KOtBu-DMF system promotes benzoin- and Stetter-like reactions of alpha-diketone donors through a double electron-transfer-based mechanism.
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Zaghi A, Bernardi T, Bertolasi V, Bortolini O, Massi A, De Risi C. One-Pot, Four-Step Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized Nitrocyclopropanes. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9176-84. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bernacchia G, Bortolini O, De Bastiani M, Lerin LA, Loschonsky S, Massi A, Müller M, Giovannini PP. Enzymatic Chemoselective Aldehyde-Ketone Cross-Couplings through the Polarity Reversal of Methylacetoin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7171-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bernacchia G, Bortolini O, De Bastiani M, Lerin LA, Loschonsky S, Massi A, Müller M, Giovannini PP. Enzymatic Chemoselective Aldehyde-Ketone Cross-Couplings through the Polarity Reversal of Methylacetoin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ragno D, Bortolini O, Fantin G, Fogagnolo M, Giovannini PP, Massi A. Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Double Aroylation of Chalcones with Benzils Promoted by the Dimsyl Anion as a Route to All Carbon Tetrasubstituted Olefins. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1937-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502582e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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45
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Lerin LA, Catani M, Oliveira D, Massi A, Bortolini O, Cavazzini A, Giovannini PP. Continuous ion-exchange resin catalysed esterification of eugenol for the optimized production of eugenyl acetate using a packed bed microreactor. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08457a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A green scalable flow-synthesis process for the production of eugenyl acetate, an eugenol derivative with potential applications in food and medicinal chemistry, was developed.
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Bortolini O, Chiappe C, Ghilardi T, Massi A, Pomelli CS. Dissolution of Metal Salts in Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide-Based Ionic Liquids: Studying the Affinity of Metal Cations Toward a “Weakly Coordinating” Anion. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:5078-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507437g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bortolini O, Chiappe C, Fogagnolo M, Giovannini PP, Massi A, Pomelli CS, Ragno D. An insight into the mechanism of the aerobic oxidation of aldehydes catalyzed by N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2008-11. [PMID: 24413829 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc48929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene catalysis for the aerobic oxidation and esterification of aromatic aldehydes was monitored by ESI-MS (MS/MS) and the key intermediates were intercepted and characterized using the charge-tag strategy.
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Pandoli O, Del Rosso T, Aucélio RQ, Massi A, Xiang C, Hysing SR. Novel Compact Mesh Structure Micromixer with Multiple Outlets for Generation of Concentration Gradients. J Flow Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-13-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Ciogli A, Simone P, Villani C, Gasparrini F, Laganà A, Capitani D, Marchetti N, Pasti L, Massi A, Cavazzini A. Revealing the Fine Details of Functionalized Silica Surfaces by Solid-State NMR and Adsorption Isotherm Measurements: The Case of Fluorinated Stationary Phases for Liquid Chromatography. Chemistry 2014; 20:8138-48. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ragno D, Bortolini O, Giovannini PP, Massi A, Pacifico S, Zaghi A. One-pot, two-step desymmetrization of symmetrical benzils catalyzed by the methylsulfinyl (dimsyl) anion. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:5733-44. [PMID: 24967946 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00759j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Symmetrical-to-unsymmetrical benzil conversion is realized by a one-pot two-step procedure involving a chemoselective cross-benzoin reaction followed by microwave-assisted oxidation of the benzoylated benzoin intermediate.
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