Abstract P3-10-26: Predicting benefit from HER2-targeted therapies in patients with ER+/HER2+ breast cancer

Background: ER+/HER2+ accounts for up to 10% of all breast cancers (BCs) and most are treated with endocrine therapy (ET) after surgery to reduce the recurrence risk. We developed and validated an immunohistochemistry (IHC) based test (EA2Clin) that incorporates baseline IL6ST, clinical variables and on-treatment measurement of MCM4. Responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs) to ET are identified and it accurately estimates recurrence-free survival (RFS) and BC-specific overall survival (BCSS). The aim was to determine if EA2Clin could accurately predict ER+/HER2+ patients likely to benefit from ET and to determine if it can identify those for whom HER2-targeted therapies are required.

Methods: 3 cohorts were studied:

A: 32 post-menopausal women (PMW) with large ER+/HER2+ BC treated with neoadjuvant (3-6 months) then adjuvant letrozole. 5 also received adjuvant chemotherapy plus Herceptin. Neoadjuvant clinical response was assessed by changes in tumour volume. Tumour core biopsies were taken at 0, 14 days and 3 months. Gene expression analysis using Illumina HT12 whole-genome beadarrays was performed on a subset (n=17) where fresh tissue was available.

B: 13 PMW with ER+/HER2+ BC who were treated by surgery without neoadjuvant therapy. RNA was extracted from excision tissues and analysed using whole-genome Affymetrix U133A microarrays.

C: 15 PMW with ER+/HER2+ BC treated with 2-weeks of pre-operative letrozole (n=7) or anastrozole (n=8). All received adjuvant letrozole. Tissues were collected at pre-treatment and at surgery. None received Herceptin or chemotherapy.

All patients were followed-up after surgery (median follow-up = 6.4 years).

Results: In cohort A, half (16/32) of the patients responded to ET with tumour volume reductions of >70% with neoadjuvant treatment. Innate resistance was apparent in 3 patients with continued tumour growth on ET, whereas 13 patients developed resistance after a period of response. EAClin2 predicted neoadjuvant response with a 92% accuracy. There was increased expression of phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK in NRs, not seen in Rs. Half (8/16) of the NR cancers expressed phospho-ER; but was not seen in any responsive cancer. Gene expression analysis in 17 patients showed increased MAPK and PI3K pathway activity in the 9 NR compared with the 8 R tumours. These results were recapitulated in cohort B where MAPK and PI3K activity were associated with low levels of IL6ST.

In the 16/32 patients who responded well to neoadjuvant ET the actuarial recurrence rate was 0% at 5 and 10 years. The rate of recurrence in the NR was 30% at both 5 and 10 years. Of the 5 patients who received chemotherapy plus Herceptin, none recurred despite a poor response to neoadjuvant letrozole (median length to last follow-up was 6.1 years). Initial data suggest that in cohort B EA2Clin identifies a group of ER+/HER2+ cancers that can be managed by ET alone.

Conclusions:

· The EA2Clin test identifies ER+/HER2+ BCs who respond well to ET alone and those with a poor clinical response who have higher risk of recurrence.

· NR to ET have increased expression of PI3K and MAPK pathways, consistent with active HER2 signalling.

· There is potential role for EA2Clin in selecting ER+/HER2+ patients that require and benefit from HER2-targeted therapies.

Citation Format: Turnbull AK, Webber V, McStay D, Arthur L, Martinez-Perez C, Fernando A, Renshaw L, Keys J, Clarke R, Sims AH, Dixon JM. Predicting benefit from HER2-targeted therapies in patients with ER+/HER2+ breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-10-26.

Abstract P3-06-17: Unlocking the transcriptomic potential of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded breast cancer tissues for high-throughput genomic analysis

Background: Transcriptomic analyses of clinical samples can help improve our understanding of disease aetiology, drug effectiveness, assign molecular subtypes and derive prognostic signatures for clinical decision-making. The success of early microarray studies relied heavily on sample quality and predominantly fresh frozen (FF) tissues to generate reliably robust data. The emergence of next-generation microarray and sequencing-based technologies from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues provides an opportunity to study archival clinical tissues with long-term follow-up. Here we assess 9 technologies, which vary in resolution, cost and RNA requirements, with matched FF and FFPE tissues from the same patient.

Methods: Sequential tumour biopsies were taken pre-treatment and on-treatment (at 14-days and 3-months) from 11 postmenopausal patients with oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer treated with 3 months of neoadjuvant letrozole. Half of each sample was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and half was FFPE, RNA was extracted from both. Transcriptomic analyses were performed using 9 technologies: Illumina Beadarray, Affymetrix U133A, Affymetrix Clariom S, NanoString nCounter, AmpliSeq Transcriptome, Lexogen QuantSeq and IonXpress RNAseq, Tempo-Seq BioSpyder and Qiagen UPX3'.

Results: Success rates for generating robust expression profiles from FFPE tissues were 100% all except the Illumina BeadChip (22%) and AmpliSeq Transcriptome (83%) , which varied by the age of tissue. With the total number and position of probes/primers/counts varying widely between approaches, in total 7305 genes were represented across all of the whole-genome technologies tested.

Clear batch effects were evident when comparing data from FF and FFPE tissues and when comparing between different technologies. Standard batch correction approaches such as XPN and ComBat minimised technical bias effect and increased the correlations between matched samples (FF and FFPE) to R>0.9, irrespective of the technology used.

When analysed by multi-dimensional scaling following batch correction, samples clustered by treatment time-point. When ranked by expression of 60 proliferation genes, reported by us to change with letrozole treatment, samples ordered again by time-point, consistent with our previous findings, and paired samples clustered together.

Conclusions:

· Robust gene expression profiles can be reliably generated from FFPE tissues and are comparable to those derived from FF tissue using established transcriptomic approaches.

· A range of new technologies are available for the study of FFPE tissues; these vary in cost, resolution and RNA requirements to fit the user's needs.

· Gene expression data from biologically similar studies, generated using different technologies, can be reliably integrated for robust meta-analysis, subject to appropriate batch correction analysis.

Citation Format: Turnbull AK, Selli C, Martinez-Perez C, Fernando A, Renshaw L, Keys J, Figueroa JD, He X, Tanioka M, Munro A, Murphy L, Fawkes A, Clark R, Coutts A, Perou CM, Carey LA, Dixon JM, Sims AH. Unlocking the transcriptomic potential of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded breast cancer tissues for high-throughput genomic analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-06-17.

Abstract P5-11-03: Measurement of on-treatment proliferation biomarkers in nodal metastasis improves prediction of endocrine therapy response using the EA2CliN test

Background: The majority of patients with early-stage estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) are treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence. Recently, we have developed and validated an immunohistochemistry (IHC) based assay (EndoAdjuvant2 Clinical; EA2Clin) that measures pre-treatment IL6ST level together with clinical variables and on-treatment MCM4 to assess proliferation. We have previously shown that it can accurately identify responders and non-responders to ET and predicts recurrence-free survival (RFS) and BC-specific overall survival (BCSS). We postulated that measuring on-treatment proliferation in lymph node metastases (LN+) rather in the primary cancer might further improve the accuracy of the test for these patients. The aim was to test and validate this in cohorts of pre- and post-menopausal women (preMW & PMW) treated with preoperative ET (tamoxifen (T), fulvestrant (F), letrozole (L) or anastrozole (A)) and subsequent adjuvant ET.

Methods: Cohorts: (1) 137 PMW with ER+ BC, 59 were LN+, treated with neoadjuvant L (median duration 4.8 months, range 1-33), then surgery followed by adjuvant L (n=109) or other ET (n=28); (2) 148 PMW with ER+ BC, 55 were LN+, treated with 2 weeks of preoperative L (n=76) or A (n=72), then surgery followed by adjuvant L (n=69) or T (n=79); (3) 52 preMW with ER+ BC, 24 were LN+, treated with 2 weeks of preoperative T (n=26) or 1x750mg dose of F (n=26), then surgery followed by adjuvant T. All LN+ patients had sentinel node biopsies or clearance. The median follow-up was 6.5 years (cohort 1), 6.3 years (cohort 2) and 10.2 years (cohort 3).

EA2Clin: Patients are classified as:

· Low risk: ER+ and LN-negative and <2cm or pre-treatment IL6ST 2+/3+ (IHC) and post-treatment MCM4 in the primary has <20% positive nuclear staining.

· High risk: ER+ LN+ grade 3 BCs >2cm or pre-treatment IL6ST is 0 or 1+, or IL6ST is 2+ or 3+ and MCM4 in the primary has >10% positive nuclear staining.

EA2CliN uses the post-treatment level of MCM4 in the nodes, rather than the primary cancer.

Results: In cohort 1, EA2Clin (using primary tumour MCM4) was significantly associated with both RFS (P=0.0003, HR=13.17, 95%CI=5.48-13.61) and BCSS (P=0.005, HR=11.91, 95%CI=8.73-31.42). The 5 and 10 year actuarial recurrence rates were 5%/5% and 48%/64% for the low and high-risk groups respectively.

In the same cohort, using the MCM4 level in the node (EA2CliN) there was an even more significant association with both RFS (P<0.00009, HR=18.16, 95%CI=12.59-19.46) and BCSS (P=0.002, HR=12.93, 95%CI=5.43-25.62). The 5 and 10 year actuarial recurrence rates were 0%/0% and 48%/72% for the low and high-risk groups respectively. Further validation of EA2CliN in cohorts 2 and 3 is underway.

Discussion:

· Direct measurement of on-treatment proliferation biomarkers in LN metastases improves prediction of outcomes to ET in women with BC.

· This tests identifies a group of low risk women that are node negative and node positive with a 100% RFS and BCSS.

· This is the most impressive predictive test for patients with ER+ breast cancer yet developed.

Citation Format: Turnbull AK, Mok S, Martinez-Perez C, Fernando A, Renshaw L, Keys J, Sims AH, Dixon JM. Measurement of on-treatment proliferation biomarkers in nodal metastasis improves prediction of endocrine therapy response using the EA2CliN test [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-11-03.

Abstract P4-08-03: EA2Clin: A novel immunohistochemical prognostic and predictive test for patients with estrogen receptor-Positive breast cancer

Background: The majority of patients with early-stage estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) are treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) after primary surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence. A variety of tests are available to predict outcomes on ET but most require gene-level measurements and are expensive. Recently, we developed an immunohistochemistry (IHC) based test (EA2Clin) using levels of pre-treatment IL6ST together with clinical variables and on-treatment proliferation. The aim was to validate this test in cohorts of both pre- and post-menopausal women treated with two weeks of a variety of endocrine treatments (tamoxifen, fulvestrant or an aromatase inhibitor) prior to surgery.

Methods: The cohorts are: (A) 186 post-menopausal women (PMW) with ER+ BC treated with at least 2 weeks of preoperative or neoadjuvant letrozole or anastrozole, then surgery followed by adjuvant letrozole (n=132) or tamoxifen (n=54); (B) 51 pre-menopausal women (preMW) with ER+ BC treated with 2 weeks of either neoadjuvant tamoxifen (n=24) or one 750mg dose of faslodex (n=27), then surgery followed by adjuvant tamoxifen. The median follow-up was 5.4 years for cohort A and 10.2 years for cohort B. IHC analysis was performed using a Leica BOND III autostainer and the EA2Clin algorithm was used to stratify patients in binary high or low-risk groups.

Results: In the cohort of PMW, EA2Clin was highly significantly associated with both recurrence-free survival (RFS) (P<0.0001, HR=13.26, 95%CI=5.59-13.46) and breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) (P<0.0001, HR=12.93, 95%CI=4.43-37.72). The 5 and 10 year actuarial recurrence rates were 7%/22% and 46%/73% for the low and high risk groups, respectively. The actuarial breast cancer-related death rate for the low risk group was 5% at both 5 and 10 years, whereas for the high risk group was 33%/38%. Confounding factors were not found to be significant.

In the cohort of preMW, our test was significantly associated with both RFS (P=0.002, HR=5.71, 95%CI=1.91-17.05) and BCSS (P=0.016, HR=4.81, 95%CI=1.34-17.26). The 5 and 10 year actuarial recurrence rates were 12%/29% and 27%/77% for the low and high risk groups, respectively. The 5 and 10 year actuarial breast cancer-related death rates were 7%/19% and 9%/58% for low and high risk groups, respectively.

Discussion:

· This study has validated EA2Clin as the first predictive tool to incorporate clinical data with pre and on-treatment immunohistochemical biomarkers to predict accurately the outcome of patients with ER positive breast cancer treated with adjuvant ET.

· This test predicts both RFS and BCSS in pre- and PMW treated with a variety of endocrine agents.

· Because this test incorporates clinical variables with simple IHC, it can be performed locally in any pathology lab.

Citation Format: Turnbull AK, Fernando A, Renshaw L, Keys J, Thomas JS, Sims AH, Dixon JM. EA2Clin: A novel immunohistochemical prognostic and predictive test for patients with estrogen receptor-Positive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-03.

Abstract P5-11-02: Predicting local recurrence in patients treated for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS)

Background: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast represents a heterogeneous group of precursor, non-invasive breast lesions. Currently we lack accurate tools to stratify DCIS patients according to inherent risk of in breast tumour recurrence (IBTR) or progression to invasive breast cancer (IBC).Most DCIS patients are treated by breast-conversing surgery (BCS), followed by whole-breast radiotherapy (RT) for the majority of high-grade DCIS. The aim of this study was to identify novel biomarkers which predict recurrence after BCS +/- RT.

Methods: A single institution study of 466 consecutive patients (median age 61, range 35-94) with DCIS treated by BCS between 2000 and 2010 was carried out. 271 patients with grade 3 DCIS received RT and 155 with grade 1/2 DCIS did not receive RT.

For biomarker discovery, a case-control matched series of 200 patients (mean age = 61, range = 36-84) from the above audit that met the following criteria was selected:

· 120 with low/intermediate-grade DCIS treated with BCS alone: 30 have recurred, 90 patients matched 3:1 have not recurred by 10 years.

· 80 with high-grade DCIS treated by BCS plus RT: 20 have recurred, 60 patients matched 3:1 have not recurred by 10 years.

Median follow-up was 7.4 years. RNA has been extracted and Affymetrix Clariom S whole-genome analysis has been performed and is currently being analysed.

Results:

In the cohort of 466 patients, 271 patients with high grade DCIS had BCS plus RT. Actuarial IBTR and IBC-IBTR in this group were 10% and 4% at 5 years and 18% and 6% at 10 years, respectively. 155 patients with low/intermediate grade DCIS had BCS alone. Actuarial overall IBTR and IBC-IBTR in this group were 6% and 2% at 5 years and 13% and 2% at 10 years respectively.

In the high-grade, RT treated group, lesion size (P<0.001, P=0.003), presence of comedo necrosis (P=0.018, P=0.025) and the Van Nuys Prognostic Index (VNPI) (P=0.02, P=0.004) were significantly associated with overall IBTR and DCIS-IBTR. No factor was significantly associated with IBS-IBTR in the high grade group and no factor predicted for any IBTR in the low/intermediate group.

Full genomic analysis of the 240 patient case-control matched cohort is underway and will be presented.

Discussion:

· This is the first DCIS biomarker discovery study using whole genome analysis and the matched cohort design looking separately at BCS + RT for high-grade DCIS and BCS only for low/intermediate grade DCIS.

· Clinical parameters alone may have insufficient sensitivity to identify high-grade, RT-treated patients at risk of developing IBC-IBTR.

· While recurrence rates in the low/intermediate grade DCIS group are lower than in the high-grade group, some patients do recur and there is a need to develop new tools which can identify low grade patients with a sufficiently high risk of recurrence to warrant additional treatment.

Citation Format: Martinez-Perez C, Turnbull AK, Ekatah GE, Arthur LM, Fernando A, Sims AH, Thomas JS, Dixon JM. Predicting local recurrence in patients treated for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-11-02.

Abstract P4-08-02: Understanding the mechanisms of action underlying the role of IL6ST, a key biomarker for prediction of response to endocrine therapy

Introduction: IL6ST is regarded as a putative ER target gene. Recently it has been recognised as a key biomarker for prediction of response to endocrine therapy (ET), having been included as the primary biomarker in our EA2Clin test and as an ER-signalling gene in the EndoPredict test. In both tests higher IL6ST expression is associated with a better response to ET and better prognosis. Despite its importance as a biomarker, little is known about its functional role in breast cancer (BC).

Methods: Pre- and on-treatment (at 14-days and at surgery) samples were collected from 102 post-menopausal women with ER+ BC, treated with 3-6 months of neoadjuvant ET. RNA was extracted for whole-genome expression analysis. From a subset with available fresh frozen tissue (28 patients, 83 samples) protein was extracted and proteome analysis using mass spectrometry is currently underway – results available for SABCS 2017. Immunohistochemistry was performed on FFPE tissue microarrays (TMAs) comprising pre-treatment samples from 102 patients. Cytoplasmic/membrane staining was scored using a graduated scale (0-3+) and nuclear staining was graded using an Immunoscore.

Results: IL6ST exists in membrane-bound and soluble forms of varying size. The full-length membrane bound molecule comprises 8 domains: 6 extracellular, 1 transmembrane and 1 cytoplasmic. In the EA2Clin test, pre-treatment BC tissues are stained for IL6ST with an antibody specific for a region spanning the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. TMAs were stained for IL6ST with both this and a second antibody binding the extracellular part, detecting both full-length and most soluble isoforms. Levels of both were correlated (R=0.82, P<0.0001).

IL6ST is known to mediate the action of cytokines including IL6, OSM and LIF via downstream regulation of pathways such as JAK/STAT. TMAs were stained for antibodies against IL6ST, OSM, IL6, total STAT3, pSTAT3 (Tyr705) and pSTAT3 (Ser727). IL6ST was scored as low (0/1+) or high (2+/3+). There was a positive association between levels of IL6ST and IL6 (P=0.02) and total STAT3 (P=0.003). There was no association between IL6ST and OSM or either pSTAT3.

Supervised gene expression analysis comparing pre-treatment samples with high and low IL6ST levels revealed increased levels of STAT3-regulated genes: cell cycle (CEBPD, CDKN1B), apoptosis (NFIL3, ATF3, BCL2), extracellular matrix remodelling (ADM, SEPRINE1-3) and interferon signalling (IFIT1, IFI44, IFI27). Unsupervised gene enrichment analysis revealed increased expression of genes involved with JAK/STAT, PI3K, mTOR and ERBB1 signalling in tumours expressing higher IL6ST levels. Lower levels were associated with increased energy generation, cellular metabolism and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Conclusions:

• This is the first matched whole-genome and mass spectrometry proteome analysis of sequential ET-treated BC patients

• IL6ST predicts response to ET – it is used in2 independent assays

• Levels of full-length IL6ST appear to be the most important for ET response prediction

• IL6ST may have an active role in BC cells, mediating signalling of cytokines such as IL6 through the JAK/STAT pathway and subsequent downstream transcriptional regulation.

Citation Format: Turnbull AK, Fernando A, Martinez-Perez C, Finch AJ, von Kriegsheim A, Wills J, Quinn N, Selli C, Mosley D, Langdon SP, Sims AH, Dixon JM. Understanding the mechanisms of action underlying the role of IL6ST, a key biomarker for prediction of response to endocrine therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-02.

Abstract P4-04-02: Characterising the effects of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy on primary cancers and nodal metastasis

Background: Approximately 40% of ER+ breast cancer present with nodal metastasis. To date, there has been no comparison of the molecular response of primary cancers and metastases to ET. Recent evidence suggests that nodal metastases have different clones and subclones compared to the primary tumour. The aim of this study is to characterise the molecular response of primaries and nodal metastases to ET.

Methods: A unique set of 7 post-menopausal women with ER-positive breast cancer had biopsies taken from the primary tumour and a positive lymph node at diagnosis and at surgery following 3-12 months of neoadjuvant letrozole. 14-day and 3-6 month on-treatment biopsies from the primary tumour and involved nodes were also taken from the same patients, giving a total of 75 samples. Lymph node FFPE blocks were stained for cytokeratin and macro-dissected to enrich for tumour tissue. RNA and DNA were extracted and Ribo0-RNAseq, DNA exome sequencing and somatic mutation detection using UNCeqR performed. Whole-transcriptome AmpliSeq targeted-sequencing has been analysed for 4 patients.

Results: Multi-dimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering analysis based on all transcripts and the 500 most variably expressed genes revealed that primaries and nodal metastases are strongly associated at diagnosis but some nodes diverge during ET treatment. Analysis of estrogen-responsive proliferation-associated genes (n=60) in nodal metastasis revealed a reduction in expression of the majority of genes with ET. However, the expression levels of some remained high in the on-treatment node samples in all 4 patients analysed compared with the matched primary tumour on treatment. In particular, expression of genes involved in DNA replication and regulation of cell cycle including MCM6 and RRM2 (DNA replication), ASPM and CEP55 (mitosis) and CDKN3 (regulation of cell cycle) persisted at high levels in nodal metastases, but reduced in the primary cancers. Similarly, primary tumours had increased levels of ECM remodeling genes (n=60) as treatment continued, while levels in the nodal metastasis were heterogeneous on-treatment. Full genome sequencing results will be available by December 2017.

Discussion

· This is the first study to investigate genomic and transcriptomic changes with ET in both primary cancers and nodal metastases.

· On-treatment changes in nodal disease are heterogeneous between patients and within the same patient.

· Nodal metastases do respond to ET with reduced levels of proliferation-associated genes.

· Some proliferation-associated genes appear to maintain higher expression in nodal disease.

· Patterns of gene expression observed in some nodal metastases are consistent with profiles previously described by us for ET resistance and recurrent disease.

· Nodal metastases may accumulate mutations during treatment with ET and on-going analysis will clarify this.

Citation Format: Dixon JM, Turnbull AK, Tanioka M, Parker J, He X, Fernando A, Renshaw L, Keys J, Thomas JS, Sims AH, Carey LA, Perou CM. Characterising the effects of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy on primary cancers and nodal metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-04-02.

The response to Typhi Vi vaccination is compromised in individuals with primary immunodeficiency

Measurement of an individuals ability to respond to polysaccharide antigens is a crucial test to determine adaptive immunity. Currently the response to Pneumovax^® is utilized but with the success of Prevnar^®, measurement of the response to Pneumovax may be challenging. The aim of the study was to assess the response to Typhi Vi vaccination in both children and adult control groups and patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID). In the control groups, >95% of the individuals had pre Typhi Vi vaccination concentrations <100 U/mL and there was significant increase in concentration post Typhi Vi vaccination (p<0.0001) with>94% achieving ≥3 fold increase in concentration (FI). The response to Typhi Vi vaccination was significantly lower in both children (p = 0.006) and adult (p = 0.002) PID groups when compared to their control groups. 11% and 55% of the children and adult PID groups respectively did not obtain a response >3FI. There were no significant differences between the responses obtained in the children and adult PID groups. When all individuals with PID were separated into those with either hypogammaglobulinemia (HYPO) or common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), both groups had a significantly lower median FI than the control group (19, 95%CI 5–56 vs 59, 95%CI 7–237; p = 0.01 and 1, 95%CI 1–56 vs 32, 95%CI 5–136; p = 0.005). Further, a >3FI differentiated the antibody responses between both the CVID and HYPO groups and their control groups (AUC: 0.83, 95%CI: 0.65–1.00, p = 0.005 and 0.81, 95% CI: 0.65–0.97, p = 0.01). The data suggests that measurement of the response to Typhi Vi vaccination could represent a complementary assay for the assessment of the response to a polysaccharide vaccine.

Abstract P6-01-21: Novel CD146-downstream signaling pathway involved in breast tumor suppression

This abstract was not presented at the symposium.

Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of brimonidine following ocular and dermal administration of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution and gel in patients with moderate-to-severe facial erythema associated with rosacea

BACKGROUND

Persistent facial erythema is the most common primary pathological feature of rosacea, the only treatment for which is brimonidine tartrate (BT) gel.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the relative bioavailability of topical BT gel in comparison with the ophthalmic BT solution.

METHODS

A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to compare intraindividual systemic exposures after dermal application of BT gel (0·07%, 0·18% and 0·5%) under maximal use conditions in patients with moderate-to-severe facial erythema associated with rosacea, and administration of BT ophthalmic solution 0·2%.

RESULTS

Patients who received BT ophthalmic solution 0·2% three times a day for 1 day had a mean Cmax of 54 ± 28 pg mL(-1) and a mean 0-24-h area under the curve (AUC0-24 h ) of 568 ± 277 pg h mL(-1) . Topical application of BT gel for 29 days resulted in quantifiable systemic exposure in 22%, 48%, 71% and 79% of patients who received BT gel 0·07% twice daily, 0·18% once daily, 0·18% twice daily and 0·5% once daily, respectively. The mean Cmax values for the BT gels ranged between 13 and 25 pg mL(-1) , and mean AUC0-24 h values ranged between 42 and 290 pg h mL(-1) . Systemic exposure increased with applied dose, with no drug accumulation for the duration of treatment. The systemic exposure observed with the highest dose of BT gel (0·5% once daily) was significantly lower than the systemic levels observed for the ophthalmic solution. 0·2% apply for all the concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

The systemic safety profile of BT gel may be considered better than that of the ophthalmic solution.

Divergent effects of D₂/₃ receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens core and shell on impulsivity and locomotor activity in high and low impulsive rats

RATIONALE

Previously we demonstrated reduced D2/3 receptor availability in the ventral striatum of hyper-impulsive rats on the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). However, the anatomical locus of D2/3 receptor dysfunction in high impulsive (HI) rats is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

In the present study, we investigated whether D2/3 receptor dysfunction in HI rats is localised to the core or shell sub-regions of the nucleus accumbens (NAcb).

METHODS

Rats were selected for low (low impulsive, LI) and high impulsivity on the 5-CSRTT and implanted with guide cannulae targeting the NAcb core and shell. The D2/3 receptor agonist quinpirole was locally injected in the NAcb (0.1, 0.3 and 1 μg per infusion) and its effects investigated on the performance of LI and HI rats on the 5-CSRTT as well as spontaneous locomotor activity in an open field.

RESULTS

Intra-NAcb core quinpirole increased premature responding in HI rats but not in LI rats. In contrast, intra-NAcb shell quinpirole strongly increased locomotor activity in HI rats, unlike LI rats. This effect was blocked by intra-NAcb shell infusions of the D2/3 receptor antagonist nafadotride (0.03 μg). However, nafadotride was ineffective in blocking the effects of intra-NAcb core quinpirole on premature responding in HI rats.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that impulsivity and hyperactivity are separately regulated by core and shell sub-regions of the NAcb and that HI rats show an enhanced response to D2/3 receptor activation in these regions. These results suggest that the symptom clusters of hyperactivity and impulsivity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder may be neurally dissociable at the level of the NAcb.

Abstract P4-06-14: CD146-suppresses breast tumor invasion via a novel transcription target TIMPv

The function of the cell adhesion receptor CD146, a recently discovered marker of endothelial cells and a tumor promoter of melanoma and other cancers, is controversial in breast cancer (BC). However several lines of evidence supports its role as a tumor suppressor in BC. Further, the molecular mechanisms underpinning this suppression are unknown, neither has the ligand for CD146 been identified. Using a novel validated Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP)-inducible systems of CD146 expression both in vitro and in vivo, we provide here molecular and functional evidence of CD146 and its novel transcriptional target TIMPv (a variant of tissue inhibitor of metallo-proteinases) in underpinning the suppression of BC invasion.

Tetracycline (tet-on) CD146 system was developed in both MCF-7 and MDA-231 BC founder cell lines, and validated using time course RT-PCR and western blot analyses, and fluorescent microscopy. In functional experiments, induction of CD146 inhibited BC cell migration and invasion. TIMPv, the only endogenous protein inhibitor known for metallocarboxypeptidases, was identified by expression profiling as a novel transcriptional target of CD146-signaling, an association validated by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting experiments in a range of breast and melanoma cancer cells. However, siRNA inhibition of CD146 in the SKMel-28 melanoma cell line increased TIMPv expression, suggesting that while TIMPv is a positive transcriptional target of CD146 in BC cells, it is negatively regulated in melanoma cells. Furthermore, using invasion assay, the functional relevance of TIMPv to CD146-suppressed metastasis was demonstrated by selective suppression of TIMPv in CD146-expressing BC inducible cells using RNAi. More interestingly, induction of CD146 expression in vivo, using the tet-on CD146 expression system in BC Xenograft model resulted in suppression of breast tumor growth. Further, Clinical analysis of breast tissue samples by Immunohistochemistry showed that TIMPv expression patterns paralleled those of CD44s during breast tumor progression. Pharmacological and molecular approaches revealed that the activation of NFκB via Akt pathway couples CD146 to the transcription of TIMPv in BC cells.

Our study is the first report to provide a functional molecular link of a novel transcriptional target of CD146, TIMPv, to cancer via a unique axis that underpin CD146-suppressed BC progression; TIMPv is a potential target for guiding the development of novel therapeutic strategies for BC.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-14.

P2-01-26: TIMPv: a novel downstream transcriptional target gene that underpins CD146-suppressed breast tumor invasion

Background: CD146, a marker of endothelial cells, promotes tumor progression of many cancers including melanoma and prostate. Strikingly, several lines of evidence suggest that it is a suppressor of breast cancer (BC) progression. Not only the ligand(s) has not been identified, but CD146-downstream signaling mechanisms remain unknown.

Material and Methods: Here, we report the functional importance of CD146 and that of a novel transcriptional target of CD146-signaling, variant of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPv) identified by microarray analysis, in underpinning the suppression of BC invasion, using novel validated Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP)-inducible systems of CD146 expression both in vitro and in vivo. Results: In functional experiments, induction of CD146 inhibited BC cell migration and invasion. TIMPv was identified by expression profiling as a novel transcriptional target of CD146-signaling, an association validated by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting experiments in a range of breast and melanoma cancer cells. However, siRNA inhibition of CD146 in the SKMel-28 melanoma cell line increased TIMPv expression, suggesting that while TIMPv is a positive transcriptional target of CD146 in BC cells, it is negatively regulated in melanoma cells. Furthermore, the functional relevance of TIMPv to CD146-suppressed metastasis was demonstrated by selective suppression of TIMPv in CD146-expressing BC inducible cells using RNAi. More interestingly, induction of CD146 expression in vivo using mouse EGFP-inducible system of CD146 expression resulted in suppression of breast tumor growth.

Discussion: Our study is the first report to provide a functional molecular link of TIMPv to cancer via unique axis that underpin CD146-suppressed BC progression, thus identifying TIMPv as a potential target for guiding the development of novel therapeutic strategies for BC.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-01-26.

Health status of primary schoolchildren in Sri Lanka

OBJECTIVE

To assess health status of 9-10-year old school children in Sri Lanka.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional, descriptive study. Schools were selected to obtain a sample representative at national and provincial levels and 20 children were randomly selected from Grade 5 classes in each school.

MEASUREMENTS

Children were examined for Bitot's spots and goitre. Height, weight, and visual acuity were measured according to standard procedures. Haemoglobin level was measured using finger-prick blood and a HemoCue meter. Geohelminth infections were quantified by faecal examination using the modified Kato-Katz technique. Height for age Z-scores (HAZ) and body mass index (BMI) were calculated as indicators of nutritional status.

RESULTS

Two thousand five hundred and twenty eight children (1351 boys) from 144 schools (140 state schools and four private schools) were examined. Nationally, 15.5% of children were stunted (HAZ lower than -2.0 SD); 52.6% were thin (BMI < 5th centile of age- and sex-matched reference population); 3.1% were overweight (BMI > 85th centile); 12.1% were anaemic; 0.3% had Bitot's spots; 3% had a visible or palpable goitre; 4.6% were shortsighted; and 6.9% had one or more soil-transmitted nematode infection. Among children on whom anthropometry, haemoglobin and faecal examinations were all done, 64.6% (1332/2063) were thin, stunted, anaemic or infected with worms. A much higher proportion of children in the Northern and Eastern provinces had health problems when compared to the other provinces.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of older primary schoolchildren in Sri Lanka are undernourished. Anaemia, vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency and soil-transmitted nematode infections affect a much smaller proportion of them.