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Demuyser T, Deneyer L, Bentea E, Albertini G, Femenia T, Walrave L, Sato H, Danbolt NC, De Bundel D, Michotte A, Lindskog M, Massie A, Smolders I. Slc7a11 (xCT) protein expression is not altered in the depressed brain and system xc- deficiency does not affect depression-associated behaviour in the corticosterone mouse model. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 20:381-392. [PMID: 28882088 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1371332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: The cystine/glutamate antiporter (system xc-) is believed to contribute to nonvesicular glutamate release from glial cells in various brain areas. Although recent investigations implicate system xc- in mood disorders, unambiguous evidence has not yet been established. Therefore, we evaluated the possible role of system xc- in the depressive state. Methods: We conducted a protein expression analysis of the specific subunit of system xc- (xCT) in brain regions of the corticosterone mouse model, Flinders Sensitive Line rat model and post-mortem tissue of depressed patients. We next subjected system xc- deficient mice to the corticosterone model and analysed their behaviour in several tests. Lastly, we subjected additional cohorts of xCT-deficient and wild-type mice to N-acetylcysteine treatment to unveil whether the previously reported antidepressant-like effects are dependent upon system xc-. Results: We did not detect any changes in xCT expression levels in the animal models or patients compared to proper controls. Furthermore, loss of system xc- had no effect on depression- and anxiety-like behaviour. Finally, the antidepressant-like effects of N-acetylcysteine are not mediated via system xc-. Conclusions: xCT protein expression is not altered in the depressed brain and system xc- deficiency does not affect depression-associated behaviour in the corticosterone mouse model.
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Ford CM, Darlow K, Massie A, Gorman DR. Using electronic maternity records to estimate female genital mutilation in Lothian from 2010 to 2013. Eur J Public Health 2019; 28:657-661. [PMID: 29596591 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cky045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Female genital mutilation (FGM) is most commonly encountered in Africa and the Middle East, with migration from FGM-practicing countries meaning it is increasingly seen in Europe. Addressing FGM requires accurate information on who is affected but ascertainment is notoriously difficult. This study estimated FGM prevalence in women presenting for maternity care in the Lothian region of Scotland and compared this with that expected by extrapolation of survey data from women's country of birth. Methods Electronic clinical records were linked to birth registration data to estimate FGM in the obstetric patients in Lothian from 2010 to 2013. Results Among all, 107 women affected by FGM were detected, at a rate of 2.8/1000 pregnancies. Of 487 women from UNICEF-recognized FGM-practicing countries who accessed care, 87 (18%) had documented evidence of FGM (three quarters of whom came from Nigeria, Sudan or The Gambia). The prevalence was 54% of the level expected from the extrapolation method. Country of birth had a sensitivity of 81% for FGM. Conclusion Women from FGM-practicing countries commonly access maternity care in Lothian. This confirms the need for ongoing training and investment in identifying and managing FGM. Matching electronic clinical records with birth registration data was a useful methodology in estimating the level of FGM in the maternity population. In a European country like Scotland with modest migrant numbers, asking country of birth during pregnancy and making sensitive enquiries could detect 81% of women with FGM. Extrapolation from maternal country of birth surveys grossly overestimates the true prevalence.
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Loewen JL, Albertini G, Dahle EJ, Sato H, Smolders IJ, Massie A, Wilcox KS. Genetic and pharmacological manipulation of glial glutamate transporters does not alter infection-induced seizure activity. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:50-60. [PMID: 31022385 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of glial transporters to glutamate movement across the membrane has been identified as a potential target for anti-seizure therapies. Two such glutamate transporters, GLT-1 and system xc-, are expressed on glial cells, and modulation of their expression and function have been identified as a means by which seizures, neuronal injury, and gliosis can be reduced in models of brain injury. While GLT-1 is responsible for the majority of glutamate uptake in the brain, system xc- releases glutamate in the extracellular cleft in exchange for cystine and represents as such the major source of hippocampal extracellular glutamate. Using the Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) model of viral-induced epilepsy, we have taken two well-studied approaches, one pharmacological, one genetic, to investigate the potential role(s) of GLT-1 and system xc- in TMEV-induced pathology. Our findings suggest that the methods we utilized to modulate these glial transporters, while effective in other models, are not sufficient to reduce the number or severity of behavioral seizures in TMEV-infected mice. However, genetic knockout of xCT, the specific subunit of system xc-, may have cellular effects, as we observed a slight decrease in neuronal injury caused by TMEV and an increase in astrogliosis in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Furthermore, xCT knockout caused an increase in GLT-1 expression selectively in the cortex. These findings have significant implications for both the characterization of the TMEV model as well as for future efforts to discover novel and effective anti-seizure drugs.
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Kosztowski M, Garonzik-Wang J, Massie A, Higgins R, Segev D, Kilic A. End Stage Renal Disease after Cardiac Transplantation: An 11-Year National Cohort Study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Lara O, Bentea E, Villers A, Moore C, Funk A, O'Donovan S, Verbruggen L, De Pauw L, Depasquale E, Churchill M, Sato H, Ris L, Meshul C, McCullumsmith R, Massie A. The cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc- as modulator of corticostriatal neurotransmission. Front Neurosci 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2019.96.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Verbruggen L, Bentea E, Agnes V, Lara O, Ates G, De Bundel D, Sato H, Ris L, Massie A. System xc- deficiency extends life-span and prevents age-related hippocampal dysfunction in mice. Front Neurosci 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2019.96.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sprimont L, Nicaise C, Massie A, Bouchat J, Gilloteaux J, Vanbulk M, Rooman I, Sato H, Janssen P. xCT/Slc7a11 deletion accelerates motor recovery and improves histological outcomes following spinal cord injury in mice. Front Neurosci 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2019.96.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Deneyer L, Massie A, Bentea E. Ketamine Does Not Exert Protective Properties on Dopaminergic Neurons in the Lactacystin Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:219. [PMID: 30283309 PMCID: PMC6156534 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative condition characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). A loss of proteasome function participates to the pathogenesis of PD, leading to the development of rodent models in which a proteasome inhibitor is applied to the nigrostriatal pathway. We recently characterized the intranigral lactacystin (LAC) mouse model, leading to nigrostriatal degeneration, motor dysfunction and alpha-synuclein accumulation. In the present study, we compared the effect of two commonly used anesthetics for generating animal models of PD—i.e., ketamine (KET) and isoflurane (ISO)—on the vulnerability of mouse dopaminergic neurons to proteasome inhibition-induced degeneration. Both anesthetics have the potential to affect the susceptibility of the nigrostriatal pathway for toxin-induced degeneration, and are known to modulate dopamine (DA) homeostasis. Yet, their impact on nigrostriatal degeneration in the proteasome inhibition model has not been evaluated. Unilateral injection with LAC in the SNpc of mice induced motor impairment and significantly reduced the number of dopaminergic cells to ~55%, irrespective of the anesthetic used. However, LAC-induced striatal DA depletion was slightly affected by the choice of anesthetic, resulting in a significant increase in DA turnover in the ISO- but not in KET-treated mice. These results suggest that the extent of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neural loss caused by LAC is not influenced by the choice of anesthetic, and that compared to other PD models, KET is not neuroprotective in the LAC model.
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Albertini G, Deneyer L, Ottestad-Hansen S, Zhou Y, Ates G, Walrave L, Demuyser T, Bentea E, Sato H, De Bundel D, Danbolt NC, Massie A, Smolders I. Genetic deletion of xCT attenuates peripheral and central inflammation and mitigates LPS-induced sickness and depressive-like behavior in mice. Glia 2018; 66:1845-1861. [PMID: 29693305 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The communication between the immune and central nervous system (CNS) is affected in many neurological disorders. Peripheral injections of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are widely used to study this communication: an LPS challenge leads to a biphasic syndrome that starts with acute sickness and is followed by persistent brain inflammation and chronic behavioral alterations such as depressive-like symptoms. In vitro, the response to LPS treatment has been shown to involve enhanced expression of system <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> . This cystine-glutamate antiporter, with xCT as specific subunit, represents the main glial provider of extracellular glutamate in mouse hippocampus. Here we injected male xCT knockout and wildtype mice with a single intraperitoneal dose of 5 mg/kg LPS. LPS-injection increased hippocampal xCT expression but did not alter the mainly astroglial localization of the xCT protein. Peripheral and central inflammation (as defined by cytokine levels and morphological activation of microglia) as well as LPS-induced sickness and depressive-like behavior were significantly attenuated in xCT-deficient mice compared with wildtype mice. Our study is the first to demonstrate the involvement of system <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo></mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> in peripheral and central inflammation in vivo and the potential therapeutic relevance of its inhibition in brain disorders characterized by peripheral and central inflammation, such as depression.
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Ottestad-Hansen S, Hu QX, Follin-Arbelet VV, Bentea E, Sato H, Massie A, Zhou Y, Danbolt NC. The cystine-glutamate exchanger (xCT, Slc7a11) is expressed in significant concentrations in a subpopulation of astrocytes in the mouse brain. Glia 2018; 66:951-970. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sprimont L, Gilloteaux J, Bouchat J, Massie A, Nicaise C. xCT/Slc7a11 deletion accelerates motor recovery and improves histological outcomes following cervical spinal contusion in mice. Front Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2018.95.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Axelrod D, Lentine KL, Schnitzler MA, Luo X, Xiao H, Orandi BJ, Massie A, Garonzik-Wang J, Stegall MD, Jordan SC, Oberholzer J, Dunn TB, Ratner LE, Kapur S, Pelletier RP, Roberts JP, Melcher ML, Singh P, Sudan DL, Posner MP, El-Amm JM, Shapiro R, Cooper M, Lipkowitz GS, Rees MA, Marsh CL, Sankari BR, Gerber DA, Nelson PW, Wellen J, Bozorgzadeh A, Osama Gaber A, Montgomery RA, Segev DL. The Incremental Cost of Incompatible Living Donor Kidney Transplantation: A National Cohort Analysis. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:3123-3130. [PMID: 28613436 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Incompatible living donor kidney transplantation (ILDKT) has been established as an effective option for end-stage renal disease patients with willing but HLA-incompatible living donors, reducing mortality and improving quality of life. Depending on antibody titer, ILDKT can require highly resource-intensive procedures, including intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, and/or cell-depleting antibody treatment, as well as protocol biopsies and donor-specific antibody testing. This study sought to compare the cost and Medicare reimbursement, exclusive of organ acquisition payment, for ILDKT (n = 926) with varying antibody titers to matched compatible transplants (n = 2762) performed between 2002 and 2011. Data were assembled from a national cohort study of ILDKT and a unique data set linking hospital cost accounting data and Medicare claims. ILDKT was more expensive than matched compatible transplantation, ranging from 20% higher adjusted costs for positive on Luminex assay but negative flow cytometric crossmatch, 26% higher for positive flow cytometric crossmatch but negative cytotoxic crossmatch, and 39% higher for positive cytotoxic crossmatch (p < 0.0001 for all). ILDKT was associated with longer median length of stay (12.9 vs. 7.8 days), higher Medicare payments ($91 330 vs. $63 782 p < 0.0001), and greater outlier payments. In conclusion, ILDKT increases the cost of and payments for kidney transplantation.
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Albertini G, Walrave L, Demuyser T, Massie A, De Bundel D, Smolders I. 6 Hz corneal kindling in mice triggers neurobehavioral comorbidities accompanied by relevant changes in c-Fos immunoreactivity throughout the brain. Epilepsia 2017; 59:67-78. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bentea E, Verbruggen L, Massie A. The Proteasome Inhibition Model of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017; 7:31-63. [PMID: 27802243 PMCID: PMC5302045 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-160921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are the progressive loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and the formation of intracellular inclusion bodies, termed Lewy bodies, in surviving neurons. Accumulation of proteins in large insoluble cytoplasmic aggregates has been proposed to result, partly, from a failure in the function of intracellular protein degradation pathways. Evidence in support for such a hypothesis emerged in the beginning of the years 2000 with studies demonstrating structural and functional deficits in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in post-mortem nigral tissue of patients with Parkinson's disease. These fundamental findings have inspired the development of a new generation of animal models based on the use of proteasome inhibitors to disturb protein homeostasis and trigger nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the current approaches in employing proteasome inhibitors to model Parkinson's disease, with particular emphasis on rodent studies. In addition, the mechanisms underlying proteasome inhibition-induced cell death and the validity criteria (construct, face and predictive validity) of the model will be critically discussed. Due to its distinct, but highly relevant mechanism of inducing neuronal death, the proteasome inhibition model represents a useful addition to the repertoire of toxin-based models of Parkinson's disease that might provide novel clues to unravel the complex pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Maredia H, Bowring M, Massie A, Oyetunji S, Merlo C, Higgins R, Segev D, Bush E. WS11.1 Is the lung allocation score associated with waitlist and post-transplant survival among cystic fibrosis lung transplant recipients? J Cyst Fibros 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(17)30219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bentea E, Moore C, Deneyer L, Verbruggen L, Churchill MJ, Hood RL, Meshul CK, Massie A. Plastic changes at corticostriatal synapses predict improved motor function in a partial lesion model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res Bull 2017; 130:257-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Maredia H, Bowring M, Massie A, Oyetunji S, Merlo C, Higgins R, Segev D, Bush E. Age and Race Disparities among Pediatric and Adult Cystic Fibrosis Lung Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.01.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Maredia H, Bowring M, Massie A, Oyetunji S, Merlo C, Higgins R, Segev D, Bush E. Lung Allocation Score Does Not Accurately Predict Post-Transplant Survival Among Cystic Fibrosis Lung Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Coppens J, Bentea E, Bayliss JA, Demuyser T, Walrave L, Albertini G, Van Liefferinge J, Deneyer L, Aourz N, Van Eeckhaut A, Portelli J, Andrews ZB, Massie A, De Bundel D, Smolders I. Caloric Restriction Protects against Lactacystin-Induced Degeneration of Dopamine Neurons Independent of the Ghrelin Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030558. [PMID: 28273852 PMCID: PMC5372574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by a loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to exert ghrelin-dependent neuroprotective effects in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrathydropyridine (MPTP)-based animal model for PD. We here investigated whether CR is neuroprotective in the lactacystin (LAC) mouse model for PD, in which proteasome disruption leads to the destruction of the DA neurons of the SNc, and whether this effect is mediated via the ghrelin receptor. Adult male ghrelin receptor wildtype (WT) and knockout (KO) mice were maintained on an ad libitum (AL) diet or on a 30% CR regimen. After 3 weeks, LAC was injected unilaterally into the SNc, and the degree of DA neuron degeneration was evaluated 1 week later. In AL mice, LAC injection significanty reduced the number of DA neurons and striatal DA concentrations. CR protected against DA neuron degeneration following LAC injection. However, no differences were observed between ghrelin receptor WT and KO mice. These results indicate that CR can protect the nigral DA neurons from toxicity related to proteasome disruption; however, the ghrelin receptor is not involved in this effect.
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Merckx E, Albertini G, Paterka M, Jensen C, Albrecht P, Dietrich M, Van Liefferinge J, Bentea E, Verbruggen L, Demuyser T, Deneyer L, Lewerenz J, van Loo G, De Keyser J, Sato H, Maher P, Methner A, Massie A. Absence of system x c- on immune cells invading the central nervous system alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalitis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:9. [PMID: 28086920 PMCID: PMC5237180 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), leading to neurodegeneration and chronic disability. Accumulating evidence points to a key role for neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity in this degenerative process. System xc- or the cystine/glutamate antiporter could tie these pathological mechanisms together: its activity is enhanced by reactive oxygen species and inflammatory stimuli, and its enhancement might lead to the release of toxic amounts of glutamate, thereby triggering excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. METHODS Semi-quantitative Western blotting served to study protein expression of xCT, the specific subunit of system xc-, as well as of regulators of xCT transcription, in the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) of MS patients and in the CNS and spleen of mice exposed to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an accepted mouse model of MS. We next compared the clinical course of the EAE disease, the extent of demyelination, the infiltration of immune cells and microglial activation in xCT-knockout (xCT-/-) mice and irradiated mice reconstituted in xCT-/- bone marrow (BM), to their proper wild type (xCT+/+) controls. RESULTS xCT protein expression levels were upregulated in the NAWM of MS patients and in the brain, spinal cord, and spleen of EAE mice. The pathways involved in this upregulation in NAWM of MS patients remain unresolved. Compared to xCT+/+ mice, xCT-/- mice were equally susceptible to EAE, whereas mice transplanted with xCT-/- BM, and as such only exhibiting loss of xCT in their immune cells, were less susceptible to EAE. In none of the above-described conditions, demyelination, microglial activation, or infiltration of immune cells were affected. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate enhancement of xCT protein expression in MS pathology and suggest that system xc- on immune cells invading the CNS participates to EAE. Since a total loss of system xc- had no net beneficial effects, these results have important implications for targeting system xc- for treatment of MS.
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Bentea E, Moore C, Churchill M, Villers A, Hood R, Deneyer L, Verbruggen L, Albertini G, Sato H, Ris L, Meshul C, Massie A. Pre- and postsynaptic changes at cortico-striatal synapses in xCT deficient mice. Front Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2017.94.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Verbruggen L, Bentea E, Deneyer L, Albertini G, Smolders I, Sato H, Massie A. System xc- and neuro-inflammaging. Front Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2017.94.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Albertini G, Walrave L, Demuyser T, De Bundel D, Massie A, Smolders I. 6 Hz corneal kindling triggers schizophrenia-like behaviors in fully kindled mice and differential c-fos immunoreactivity in distinct brain regions. Front Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2017.94.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Deneyer L, Albertini G, Verbruggen L, Smolders I, Bentea E, Massie A. Evaluation of different systemic lipopolysaccharide treatment paradigms to induce parkinsonism in mice. Front Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2017.94.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bentea E, Van Liefferinge J, Verbruggen L, Martens K, Kobayashi S, Deneyer L, Demuyser T, Albertini G, Maes K, Sato H, Smolders I, Lewerenz J, Massie A. Zonisamide attenuates lactacystin-induced parkinsonism in mice without affecting system x c<sup/>. Exp Neurol 2016; 290:15-28. [PMID: 28024798 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zonisamide (ZNS), an anticonvulsant drug exhibiting symptomatic effects in Parkinson's disease (PD), was recently reported to exert neuroprotection in rodent models. One of the proposed neuroprotective mechanisms involves increased protein expression of xCT, the specific subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc-, inducing glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Here, we investigated the outcome of ZNS treatment in a mouse model of PD based on intranigral proteasome inhibition, and whether the observed effects would be mediated by system xc-. The proteasome inhibitor lactacystin (LAC) was administered intranigrally to male C57BL/6J mice receiving repeated intraperitoneal injections of either ZNS 30mgkg-1 or vehicle. Drug administration was initiated three days prior to stereotaxic LAC injection and was maintained until six days post-surgery. One week after lesion, mice were behaviorally assessed and investigated in terms of nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and molecular changes at the level of the basal ganglia, including expression levels of xCT. ZNS reduced the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons following LAC injection and the degree of sensorimotor impairment. ZNS failed, however, to modulate xCT expression in basal ganglia of lesioned mice. In a separate set of experiments, the impact of ZNS treatment on system xc- was investigated in control conditions in vivo as well as in vitro. Similarly, ZNS did not influence xCT or glutathione levels in naive male C57BL/6J mice, nor did it alter system xc- activity or glutathione content in vitro. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ZNS treatment provides neuroprotection and behavioral improvement in a PD mouse model based on proteasome inhibition via system xc- independent mechanisms.
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