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Sambamoorthi U, Tan X, Deb A. Multiple chronic conditions and healthcare costs among adults. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2016; 15:823-32. [PMID: 26400220 DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2015.1091730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of multiple chronic conditions (MCC) is increasing among individuals of all ages. MCC are associated with poor health outcomes. The presence of MCC has profound healthcare utilization and cost implications for public and private insurance payers, individuals, and families. Investigators have used a variety of definitions for MCC to evaluate costs associated with MCC. The objective of this article is to examine the current literature in estimating excess costs associated with MCC among adults. The discussion highlights some of the theoretical and technical merits of various MCC definitions and models used to estimate the excess costs associated with MCC.
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Sambamoorthi U, Deb A, Zhou S, Garg R, Fan T, Boss A. Rapid Acting Insulin Use and Persistence among Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Patients Adding RAI to Oral Antidiabetes Drug Regimens. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:5374931. [PMID: 27761472 PMCID: PMC5059557 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5374931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the real-world utilization and persistence of rapid acting insulin (RAI) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes who added RAI to their drug (OAD) regimen. Insulin-naïve patients aged ≥65 years, with ≥1 OAD prescription during the baseline period, who were continuously enrolled in the US Humana Medicare Advantage insurance plan for 18 months and initiated RAI were included. Among patients with ≥2 RAI prescriptions (RAIp), persistence during the 12-month follow-up was assessed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified factors affecting RAI use and persistence. Of 3734 patients adding RAI to their OAD regimen, 2334 (62.5%) had a RAIp during follow-up. Factors associated with RAIp included using ≤2 OADs; cognitive impairment, basal insulin use during follow-up; and higher RAI out-of-pocket costs ($36 to <$56 versus $0 to $6.30). Patients were less likely to persist with RAI when on ≤2 OADs versus ≥3 OADs and when having higher RAI out-of-pocket costs ($36 to <$56 versus $0 to $6.30) and more likely to persist when they had cognitive impairment and basal insulin use during follow-up. Real-world persistence of RAI in insulin-naïve elderly patients with type 2 diabetes was very poor when RAI was added to an OAD regimen.
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Gao S, Basu S, Yang Z, Deb A, Hu M. Bioavailability challenges associated with development of saponins as therapeutic and chemopreventive agents. Curr Drug Targets 2013; 13:1885-99. [PMID: 23140297 DOI: 10.2174/138945012804545498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Saponins, a major class of natural phytochemicals, hold great promises for being developed into chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic drugs. However, one of the major factors limiting their pharmacological effects in vivo is poor bioavailability. This paper reviews the factors that determine the absorption and bioavailability of saponins including their physicochemical properties, and their absorption and disposition in the gastrointestinal tract. A critical review of the current research papers suggests that poor permeability and microflora hydrolysis of saponins are the primary factors that limit their bioavailabilities. Future investigations should be directed towards further optimization of the bioavailability of saponins to enhance their chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects in vivo.
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Deb A, Haorongbam B, Gupta NK. Thin-Walled Steel Hat Section Components as Protective Counter-Measures for Vehicle Impact Safety. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2013. [DOI: 10.16943/ptinsa/2013/v79i4/47997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bauri R, Ranjan R, Deb A, Ranjan R. Prevalence and sustainable control of Balantidium coli infection in pigs of Ranchi, Jahrkahnd, India. Vet World 2012. [DOI: 10.5455/vetworld.2012.94-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Caravan P, Kay J, Mandal RV, Uppal R, Welby J, Deb A, Penner-Hahn JE. CMR2009: 5.04: Post-mortem analysis of gadolinium distribution in NSF subjects. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Luján L, Crespo T, Deb A, Arif A, Borjal R, Salazar E, Álvarez N, Pérez M, Dorrestein G, Hammer S. Aa Amyloidosis in Captive Beira Antelopes (Dorcatragus Megalotis) Linked to Mycoplasmal Pleuropneumonia. J Comp Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Raguraman M, Deb A, Gupta N, Kharat D. Numerical Simulation of Projectile Impact on Mild Steel Armour Platesusing LS-DYNA, Part II: Parametric Studies. DEFENCE SCI J 2008. [DOI: 10.14429/dsj.58.1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Deb A, Raguraman M, Gupta N, Madhu V. Numerical Simulation of Projectile Impact on Mild Steel Armour Plates using LS-DYNA: Part I: Validation. DEFENCE SCI J 2008. [DOI: 10.14429/dsj.58.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Biswas D, Deb A, Gupta P, Prasad R, Negi KS. Evaluation of the usefulness of phage amplification technology in the diagnosis of patients with paucibacillary tuberculosis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008; 26:75-8. [PMID: 18227605 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.38865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to assess the performance of the Fast Plaque TB(TM) (FPTB) test in the diagnostically difficult group of paucibacillary tuberculosis (TB) and to compare its results with the conventional bacteriological methods. The study was conducted on a total of 139 patients, who were negative for TB in sputum-smear examination. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or pleural biopsy specimens collected from these patients were subjected to smear examination, LJ culture and FPTB test. The smear, culture and the FPTB positivity rates were compared between patients with pulmonary and pleuro-pulmonary involvement. The FPTB test was found to register an overall sensitivity of 58.8% and specificity of 97.9%. The positive and negative predictive values of the test were 98.1 and 56.5, respectively. Among patients with paucibacillary TB, on head-to-head comparison, we found that the sensitivity and specificity values of the FPTB test were marginally better than smear-microscopy and inferior to culture on LJ media.
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Lindenberg AM, Engemann S, Gaffney KJ, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Larsson J, Hillyard PB, Reis DA, Fritz DM, Arthur J, Akre RA, George MJ, Deb A, Bucksbaum PH, Hajdu J, Meyer DA, Nicoul M, Blome C, Tschentscher T, Cavalieri AL, Falcone RW, Lee SH, Pahl R, Rudati J, Fuoss PH, Nelson AJ, Krejcik P, Siddons DP, Lorazo P, Hastings JB. X-ray diffuse scattering measurements of nucleation dynamics at femtosecond resolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:135502. [PMID: 18517965 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.135502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond time-resolved small and wide angle x-ray diffuse scattering techniques are applied to investigate the ultrafast nucleation processes that occur during the ablation process in semiconducting materials. Following intense optical excitation, a transient liquid state of high compressibility characterized by large-amplitude density fluctuations is observed and the buildup of these fluctuations is measured in real time. Small-angle scattering measurements reveal snapshots of the spontaneous nucleation of nanoscale voids within a metastable liquid and support theoretical predictions of the ablation process.
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Hillyard PB, Gaffney KJ, Lindenberg AM, Engemann S, Akre RA, Arthur J, Blome C, Bucksbaum PH, Cavalieri AL, Deb A, Falcone RW, Fritz DM, Fuoss PH, Hajdu J, Krejcik P, Larsson J, Lee SH, Meyer DA, Nelson AJ, Pahl R, Reis DA, Rudati J, Siddons DP, Sokolowski-Tinten K, von der Linde D, Hastings JB. Carrier-density-dependent lattice stability in InSb. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:125501. [PMID: 17501133 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.125501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast decay of the x-ray diffraction intensity following laser excitation of an InSb crystal has been utilized to observe carrier dependent changes in the potential energy surface. For the first time, an abrupt carrier dependent onset for potential energy surface softening and the appearance of accelerated atomic disordering for a very high average carrier density have been observed. Inertial dynamics dominate the early stages of crystal disordering for a wide range of carrier densities between the onset of crystal softening and the appearance of accelerated atomic disordering.
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Sur D, Sarkar BL, Manna B, Deen J, Datta S, Niyogi SK, Ghosh AN, Deb A, Kanungo S, Palit A, Bhattacharya SK. Epidemiological, microbiological & electron microscopic study of a cholera outbreak in a Kolkata slum community. Indian J Med Res 2006; 123:31-6. [PMID: 16567865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Epidemics of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 have been reported from different parts of India. Factors such as unsafe water supply, poor environmental sanitation, indiscriminate defaecation and lack of personal hygiene are mainly responsible for continued transmission of this disease. We report here epidemiological and microbiological findings of a localized outbreak of cholera, which occurred during March and April 2004 in the eastern part of Kolkata city. METHODS The affected slum area has a population of 4409, predominantly muslims. Patients suffering from acute watery diarrhoea attended the health outposts organized by National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata and International Vaccine Institute, South Korea as part of a routine surveillance programme at the locality as well as the emergency medical camp organized by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation. Stool and water samples were collected and tested for diarrhoeagenic pathogens in the laboratory. Bacteriophages specific for V. cholerae were isolates and studied electron microscopically for morphology. RESULTS A total of 89 diarrhoea cases were reported giving an attack rate of 2 per cent. V. cholerae O1 biotype ElTor, serotype Ogawa was isolated as a sole pathogen from 15 (15.8%) of 89 stool samples screened. Water samples (2 from tube wells, 3 from municipal taps and 1 from well) showed presence of coliform bacilli with high MPN (Most Probable Number) count. Bacteriophages specific to V. cholerae were isolated from 2 of 6 water samples examined. A leakage was detected in the main pipeline supplying drinking water to that area. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The outbreak was caused by V. cholerae O1 (Ogawa) biotype ElTor. The presence of phages in the water samples was an additional indicator for V. cholerae contamination in this community. Occurrences of such outbreaks support vaccination against cholera as an alternative strategy.
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Saini V, Nadal R, Kochar S, Mohapatra PR, Deb A. Wood-smoke exposure: an unusual cause of miliary mottling on X-ray chest. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES & ALLIED SCIENCES 2003; 45:273-6. [PMID: 12962464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
A case of wood smoke inhalation related lung disease presenting with miliary mottling on radiography is described. Transbronchial lung biopsy showed the presence of coal macules.
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Mohapatra PR, Das SK, Deb A, Saini V. Mediastinal widening in a patient of ulcerative colitis. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES & ALLIED SCIENCES 2003; 45:131-3. [PMID: 12715937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
A case of ulcertaive colitis on long-term corticosteroid therapy presenting with mediastinal widening and diagnosed to have mediastinal lipomatosis an thoracic computed tomography is presented.
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Deb A, Hiraoka N, Itou M, Sakurai Y, Koizumi A, Tomioka Y, Tokura Y. Magnetic Compton scattering study of double perovskite Sr 2FeMoO 6. Acta Crystallogr A 2002. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767302086026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Deb A, Haque SJ, Mogensen T, Silverman RH, Williams BR. RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR is required for activation of NF-kappa B by IFN-gamma in a STAT1-independent pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:6170-80. [PMID: 11342638 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The IFN-inducible dsRNA-activated protein kinase PKR regulates protein synthesis through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha. It also acts as a signal transducer for transcription factors NF-kappaB, IFN regulatory factor-1, and activating transcription factor-2. IFN-gamma, a pleiotropic cytokine, elicits gene expression by activating the Janus kinase-STAT signaling pathway. IFN-gamma can synergize with TNF-alpha to activate NF-kappaB in a number of cell lines. Here we show that IFN-gamma alone can activate NF-kappaB, by a Janus kinase-1-mediated, but Stat1-independent, mechanism. NF-kappaB activation by IFN-gamma is associated with degradation of IkappaB beta. The IFN-gamma response can be blocked by 2',5'-oligoadenylate-linked antisense chimeras against PKR mRNA. There was no activation of NF-kappaB by IFN in PKR-null cells, indicating that PKR is required for IFN-gamma signaling to NF-kappaB.
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Chattopadhyay UK, Dutta S, Deb A, Pal D. Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli--an environment-induced emerging zoonosis in and around Calcutta. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2001; 11:107-112. [PMID: 11260792 DOI: 10.1080/09603120020019692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With changes in livestock management practices and food processing industry, along with changes in people's food habits, many diseases have emerged. Infection with verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) is one such illness. In the present study an attempt was made to isolate, identify and characterize VTEC strains with reference to the O157:H7 serotype from animal, human sources and some food products with the aid of the available modern methods. A total of 876 samples (330 animal, 184 human, 362 food samples) were screened for the presence of VTEC by conventional as well as PCR technique. Seventeen VTEC strains (12 animal, one human and four food samples) were isolated. The isolation rate was higher in diarrhoeic animals (6.02%), followed by diarrhoeic handler (3.12%) and raw beef (1.78%) samples. All strains showed the presence of the VT gene by PCR tests and were uniformly sensitive to common antibiotics except tetracycline, cephalexin, dicloxacillin, erythromycin and lincomycin. Since all strains were isolated from various sources of animal and human origin and all strains showed the presence of the VT gene and uniform antibiogram, a zoonotic association is suggested. This study marks the first report of isolation of VTEC strains from animal sources in India.
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Dutta S, Deb A, Chattopadhyay UK, Tsukamoto T. Isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli including O157:H7 strains from dairy cattle and beef samples marketed in Calcutta, India. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49:765-7. [PMID: 10933264 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-49-8-765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Bhattacharya MK, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Deb A, Bhattacharya SK. Outbreak of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae 01 intermediately resistant to norfloxacin at Malda, West Bengal. JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2000; 98:389-90. [PMID: 11143861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
During the end of September 1997, an unusual outbreak of severe dehydrating watery diarrhoea cases and deaths were reported from Malda town. Vibrio cholerae 01 El tor, the causative agent responsible for this episode was isolated from 56.5% of cases sampled. Three of the five drinking water samples were also positive for V cholerae 01. Majority of cases were adults. Isolated strains were uniformly resistant to furazolidone and intermediately to norfloxacin. Indiscriminate use of antibiotic should be discouraged for development of multidrug resistant strains.
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Deb A, Chatterjee A. Compton scattering study on the electronic properties of niobium carbide and niobium nitride. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0969-806x(99)00343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bhattacharya MK, Dutta D, Deb A, Garg P, Chakraborty S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Bhattacharya SK, Moitra A. Acute secretory traveller's diarrhoea caused by Vibrio cholerae which does not belong to the O1 or O139 serogroup. THE NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDIA 1998; 11:248-9. [PMID: 10997178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Dutta D, Bhattacharya MK, Deb A, Chowdhury AS, Nair GB, Ramakrishna BS, Bhattacharya SK. Uncooked rice powder in oral rehydration solution: an alternative to glucose or cooked rice powder. Indian J Med Res 1998; 107:257-62. [PMID: 9701893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-based or rice-based ORS is the standard treatment in acute dehydrating diarrhoea. However, glucose may not be easily available in remote villages and the rice needs to be cooked for rice-based ORS. We embarked on a study to examine whether uncooked rice powder could be used as an alternative to glucose or cooked rice powder in ORS. Initially, 50 adult male patients (aged 18 to 55 yr) were randomized to receive glucose-ORS or uncooked rice ORS, in two equal groups. Subsequently, 20 male children (aged 3 to 12 yr) were also enrolled in the study and received either WHO-ORS or study ORS. All the adult patients and the children could be successfully rehydrated with ORS containing uncooked rice powder. As compared to WHO-ORS, the study ORS significantly reduced stool output (6.60 +/- 1.24 vs. 5.88 +/- 1.34 l), ORS intake (9.17 +/- 1.54 vs 8.24 +/- 1.69 l) and duration of diarrhoea (45.68 +/- 6.91 vs 41.32 +/- 6.03 h). In children also similar results were obtained. No clinical complication (e.g., vomiting, abdominal pain etc.) or abnormality in serum electrolyte concentrations was encountered either in the adults or in the children. Uncooked rice powder containing ORS can be considered as an alternative to glucose-based ORS or rice-based ORS.
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Hazra BR, Saha SK, Mazumder AK, Deb A, Sinha S. Incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection amongst clinically diagnosed acute viral hepatitis cases and relative risk of development of HBV infection in high risk groups in Calcutta. Indian J Public Health 1998; 42:56-8. [PMID: 10389512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study revealed that 30.5% of acute infective hepatitis were due to the infection of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) however, 8% controls also showed HBV positivity. The possible route of infection of HBV in our country were Parenteral in 51.9%, Sexual in 24% and Unidentified in 24.1% cases. HBV marker positivity was 45.5% amongst health care workers 33.3% in recipients of multiple blood and blood product transfusion, 25% in sexual partners and their children, 20% in S.T.D. clinic attendants and 10% in patients on haemodialysis.
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Bhattacharya MK, Dutta D, Bhattacharya SK, Deb A, Mukhopadhyay AK, Nair GB, Shimada T, Takeda Y, Chowdhury A, Mahalanabis D. Association of a disease approximating cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae of serogroups other than O1 and O139. Epidemiol Infect 1998; 120:1-5. [PMID: 9528811 PMCID: PMC2809342 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268897008352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred and six patients suffering from severe dehydrating diarrhoea were studied of whom 36 patients were positive for Vibrio cholerae. Out of 36, 15 were positive for V. cholerae O1, 10 for V. cholerae O139 and 11 for V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139. O1 and O139 were positive for the 301-bp ctxA amplicon and 471-bp tcpA amplicon indicating that the strains possessed toxigenic capability whereas no non-O1 non-O139 strain possessed ctxA or tcpA genes. Post-admission severity of purging and amount of ORS required were less in the V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 group (P < 0.05) compared to the V. cholerae O1 and O139 groups. It appears from this study that a cholera-like clinical condition can be caused in the absence of CT as exemplified by strains of non-O1 non-O139.
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