26
|
Böing AN, van der Pol E, Grootemaat AE, Coumans FAW, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Single-step isolation of extracellular vesicles by size-exclusion chromatography. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23430. [PMID: 25279113 PMCID: PMC4159761 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isolation of extracellular vesicles from plasma is a challenge due to the presence of proteins and lipoproteins. Isolation of vesicles using differential centrifugation or density-gradient ultracentrifugation results in co-isolation of contaminants such as protein aggregates and incomplete separation of vesicles from lipoproteins, respectively. Aim To develop a single-step protocol to isolate vesicles from human body fluids. Methods Platelet-free supernatant, derived from platelet concentrates, was loaded on a sepharose CL-2B column to perform size-exclusion chromatography (SEC; n=3). Fractions were collected and analysed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, resistive pulse sensing, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. The concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and protein were measured in each fraction. Results Fractions 9–12 contained the highest concentrations of particles larger than 70 nm and platelet-derived vesicles (46%±6 and 61%±2 of totals present in all collected fractions, respectively), but less than 5% of HDL and less than 1% of protein (4.8%±1 and 0.65%±0.3, respectively). HDL was present mainly in fractions 18–20 (32%±2 of total), and protein in fractions 19–21 (36%±2 of total). Compared to the starting material, recovery of platelet-derived vesicles was 43%±23 in fractions 9–12, with an 8-fold and 70-fold enrichment compared to HDL and protein. Conclusions SEC efficiently isolates extracellular vesicles with a diameter larger than 70 nm from platelet-free supernatant of platelet concentrates. Application SEC will improve studies on the dimensional, structural and functional properties of extracellular vesicles.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yuana Y, Levels J, Grootemaat A, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Co-isolation of extracellular vesicles and high-density lipoproteins using density gradient ultracentrifugation. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23262. [PMID: 25018865 PMCID: PMC4090368 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) facilitate intercellular communication by carrying bioactive molecules such as proteins, messenger RNA, and micro (mi)RNAs. Recently, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) isolated from human plasma were also reported to transport miRNA to other cells. HDL, when isolated from human plasma, ranges in density between 1.063 and 1.21 g/mL, which grossly overlap with the reported density of EVs. Consequently, HDL and EV will be co-isolated when using density gradient ultracentrifugation. Thus, more stringent isolation/separation procedures of EV and HDL are essential to know their relative contribution to the pool of circulating bioactive molecules.
Collapse
|
28
|
van der Pol E, Coumans FAW, Grootemaat AE, Gardiner C, Sargent IL, Harrison P, Sturk A, van Leeuwen TG, Nieuwland R. Particle size distribution of exosomes and microvesicles determined by transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and resistive pulse sensing. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1182-92. [PMID: 24818656 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enumeration of extracellular vesicles has clinical potential as a biomarker for disease. In biological samples, the smallest and largest vesicles typically differ 25-fold in size, 300,000-fold in concentration, 20,000-fold in volume, and 10,000,000-fold in scattered light. Because of this heterogeneity, the currently employed techniques detect concentrations ranging from 10(4) to 10(12) vesicles mL(-1) . OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the large variation in the detected concentration of vesicles is caused by the minimum detectable vesicle size of five widely used techniques. METHODS The size and concentration of vesicles and reference beads were measured with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a conventional flow cytometer, a flow cytometer dedicated to detecting submicrometer particles, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and resistive pulse sensing (RPS). RESULTS Each technique gave a different size distribution and a different concentration for the same vesicle sample. CONCLUSION Differences between the detected vesicle concentrations are primarily caused by differences between the minimum detectable vesicle sizes. The minimum detectable vesicle sizes were 70-90 nm for NTA, 70-100 nm for RPS, 150-190 nm for dedicated flow cytometry, and 270-600 nm for conventional flow cytometry. TEM could detect the smallest vesicles present, albeit after adhesion on a surface. Dedicated flow cytometry was most accurate in determining the size of reference beads, but is expected to be less accurate on vesicles, owing to heterogeneity of the refractive index of vesicles. Nevertheless, dedicated flow cytometry is relatively fast and allows multiplex fluorescence detection, making it most applicable to clinical research.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The main function of circulating platelets is to stop bleeding upon vascular injury by the formation of a hemostatic plug. The presence of cancer results in numerical and functional abnormalities of platelets. Thrombocytosis is commonly observed in cancer patients and is associated with decreased survival. Conversely, thrombocytopenia has been shown to have antimetastatic effects in experimental models. Tumor cells also can induce changes in the platelet activation status, both in direct and indirect manners. Direct tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation enables the formation of a cloak of aggregated platelets around circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that shields them from attacks by the immune system and facilitates metastasis to distant sites. Cancer also can induce platelet activation in various indirect ways. Tumor cells shed small extracellular vesicles that expose the transmembrane protein tissue factor (TF)--the initiator of the extrinsic coagulation cascade. The abundant presence of TF in the circulation of cancer patients can result in local generation of thrombin, the most potent platelet activator. Another pathway of indirect platelet activation is by increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in the presence of tumor-secreted granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Last, tumor cells may regulate the selective secretion of angiogenic proteins from platelet granules, which enables the tumor to stimulate and stabilize the immature neovasculature in the tumor environment. Since there is little doubt that the cancer-induced platelet alterations are beneficial to tumor growth and dissemination, it could be worthwhile to intervene in the underlying mechanisms for anticancer purposes. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents that inhibit platelet activation and thrombin generation can potentially slow cancer progression, although the clinical evidence thus far is not unequivocal.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kleinjan A, Böing AN, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Microparticles in vascular disorders: how tissue factor-exposing vesicles contribute to pathology and physiology. Thromb Res 2013; 130 Suppl 1:S71-3. [PMID: 23026670 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.08.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation is initiated by tissue factor (TF). Coagulant TF is constitutively expressed by extravascular cells, but there is increasing evidence that TF can also be present within the blood, in particular during pathological conditions. Such TF is exposed on circulating cell-derived vesicles, and its presence has been associated with development of disseminated intravascular coagulation and venous thrombosis. For example, the presence of TF-exposing vesicles in the blood of cancer patients may be associated with their high risk of developing venous thromboembolism. Remarkably, high levels of coagulant TF-exposing vesicles are present in other body fluids such as saliva and urine of healthy persons, suggesting that these vesicles play a physiological role. We postulate that the presence of TF-exposing vesicles in body fluids as saliva and urine provides an additional source of coagulant TF that promotes coagulation, thereby reducing blood loss and contributing to host defence by reducing the risk of microorganisms entering the "milieu intérieur".
Collapse
|
31
|
Böing AN, Stap J, Hau CM, Afink GB, Ris-Stalpers C, Reits EA, Sturk A, van Noorden CJF, Nieuwland R. Active caspase-3 is removed from cells by release of caspase-3-enriched vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1844-52. [PMID: 23531593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage of Rho associated Coiled Coil kinase I (ROCK I) by caspase-3 contributes to membrane blebbing. Whether caspase-3 and ROCK I also play a role in the release of membrane vesicles is unknown. Therefore, we transfected a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) that is caspase-3 deficient, lacks membrane blebbing, and does not release membrane vesicles, with caspase-3. Cells expressing caspase-3 demonstrate both ROCK I-mediated membrane blebbing, and release of small (400-600nm) membrane vesicles in a ROCK I-independent manner. These membrane vesicles contain caspase-3, and are enriched in caspase-3 activity compared to the releasing cells. Caspase-3-containing vesicles are taken up by untransfected cells but the cells do not show any sign of apoptosis. In conclusion, we show that the release of caspase-3-enriched membrane vesicles and membrane blebbing are two differentially regulated processes. Furthermore, we hypothesize that packaging of caspase-3 into membrane vesicles contributes to cellular homeostasis by the removal of caspase-3, and concurrently, protects the cells' environment from direct exposure to caspase-3 activity.
Collapse
|
32
|
Andrews RK, Aster RH, Atkinson BT, Barnard MR, Bavry AA, Bayer AS, Beaulieu LM, Berndt MC, Berny-Lang MA, Bhatt DL, Bizzaro N, Bledzka K, Bouchard BA, Brass LF, Bray PF, Briggs C, Bussel JB, Cattaneo M, Chakravorty S, Chong BH, Clemetson J, Clemetson KJ, Coller BS, Covic L, Davì G, del Zoppo GJ, Dowling MR, Dubois C, Eisert WG, Evangelista V, Flaumenhaft R, Freedman JE, Freedman J, Frelinger AL, Furie BC, Furie B, Gardiner C, Gawaz M, Geisler T, Greinacher A, Gurbel PA, Harrison P, Hartwig JH, Hayward CP, Hughes CE, Ikeda Y, Israels SJ, Italiano JE, Jackson S, Jain S, Jones CI, Josefsson EC, Kaplan C, Kile BT, Kimura Y, Klement GL, Kolandaivelu K, Kuliopulos A, Kuter DJ, Lambert MP, Langer HF, Lebois M, Levin J, Lordkipanidzé M, Ma YQ, Mannucci PM, McCrae KR, Merrill-Skoloff G, Michelson AD, Moffat KA, Mutch NJ, Newman DK, Newman PE, Ni H, Nieuwland R, Ouwehand WH, Parsons J, Patrono C, Perrotta PL, Pesho MM, Plow EF, Politt AY, Poncz M, Poon MC, Provost P, Psaila B, Rao AK, Rinder HM, Roberts IA, Rondina MT, Ruggeri ZM, Santilli F, Schwertz H, Shai E, Silveira JR, Smith BR, Smith MC, Smyth SS, Snyder EL, Sobel M, Soranzo N, Stalker TJ, Sturk A, Sudo T, Sullivan S, Tantry US, Tefferi A, Tracy PB, Tsai HM, van der Pol E, Varon D, Vazzana N, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Wannemacher K, Ware J, Warkentin TE, Watson SP, Weyrich AS, White JG, Wilcox DA, Yeaman MR, Zhang P, Zhu L, Zimmerman GA. List of Contributors. Platelets 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387837-3.00072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
33
|
van der Pol E, van Gemert MJC, Sturk A, Nieuwland R, van Leeuwen TG. Single vs. swarm detection of microparticles and exosomes by flow cytometry. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:919-30. [PMID: 22394434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles and exosomes are cell-derived vesicles and potential biomarkers for disease. Recently, the Scientific Standardization Committee collaborative workshop of the ISTH initiated standardization of vesicle detection by flow cytometry with polystyrene beads. Because polystyrene beads have different optical properties from biological vesicles, and because the mechanisms causing the detection signal are incompletely understood, there are contradictions between expected and observed results. OBJECTIVES To develop a model with which to relate the detection signal of a flow cytometer to the diameter of vesicles and clarify observed discrepancies. METHODS We combined measurements of polystyrene and silica beads with an estimated refractive index of vesicles and performed Mie calculations of light scattering. RESULTS We established the relationship between measured light scattering and the diameter of vesicles. The Megamix gating strategy proposed by the Scientific Standardization Committee selects single vesicles and cells with diameters between 800 and 2400 nm when applied on the forward-scattering detector of regular flow cytometers. Nevertheless, we demonstrated that, irrespective of the applied gating, multiple vesicles smaller than 220 nm or multiple 89-nm silica beads were counted as a single event signal at sufficiently high concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Vesicle detection by flow cytometry is attributed to large single vesicles and swarm detection of smaller vesicles; that is, multiple vesicles are simultaneously illuminated by the laser beam and counted as a single event signal. Swarm detection allows the detection of smaller vesicles than previously thought possible, and explains the finding that flow cytometry underestimates the concentration of vesicles.
Collapse
|
34
|
van Doormaal F, Kleinjan A, Berckmans RJ, Mackman N, Manly D, Kamphuisen PW, Richel DJ, Büller HR, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Coagulation activation and microparticle-associated coagulant activity in cancer patients. An exploratory prospective study. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:160-5. [PMID: 22535219 DOI: 10.1160/th12-02-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cancer increases the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Here, we investigated the contribution of microparticle (MP)-dependent procoagulant activity to the prothrombotic state in these patients. In 43 cancer patients without VTE at study entry and 22 healthy volunteers, markers of in vivo and MP-dependent coagulation were measured and patients were prospectively followed for six months for the development of VTE. Procoagulant activity of MPs was measured in vitro using a tissue factor (TF)-independent phospholipid dependent test, a factor Xa-generation assay with and without anti-TF, and a fibrin generation test (FGT) with and without anti-factor VII(a). Markers of in vivo coagulation activation and total number of MPs at baseline were significantly elevated in cancer patients compared to controls (F1+2 246 vs. 156 pM, thrombin-antithrombin complexes 4.1 vs. 3.0 mg/l, D-dimer 0.76 vs. 0.22 mg/l and 5.53 x 10⁶ vs. 3.37 x 10⁶ MPs/ml). Five patients (11.6%) developed VTE. Patients with VTE had comparable levels of coagulation activation markers and phospholipid-dependent MP procoagulant activity. However, median TF-mediated Xa-generation (0.82 vs. 0.21 pg/ml, p=0.016) and median VIIa-dependent FGT (13% vs. 0%, p=0.036) were higher in the VTE group compared with the non-VTE group. In this exploratory study the overall hypercoagulable state in cancer patients was not associated directly with the MP phospholipid-dependent procoagulant activity. However, in the patients who developed VTE within six months when compared to those who did not, an increased MP procoagulant activity was present already at baseline, suggesting this activity can be used to predict VTE.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kleinjan A, Berckmans R, Boing A, Sturk A, Büller H, Kamphuisen P, Nieuwland R. Cellular origin and procoagulant activity of tissue factor-exposing microparticles in cancer patients. Thromb Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(12)70049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
36
|
van der Post JAM, Lok CAR, Boer K, Sturk A, Sargent IL, Nieuwland R. The functions of microparticles in pre-eclampsia. Semin Thromb Hemost 2011; 37:146-52. [PMID: 21370216 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1270342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (P-EC), a heterogenic multisystem disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, usually develops in the second half of pregnancy. The incidence is 2 to 5%, and P-EC is therefore a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Although the exact etiology is unknown, placental factors released into the maternal circulation lead to systemic maternal inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Growing evidence indicates that placenta-derived microparticles, best known as syncytiotrophoblast microparticles (STBM), are important among these factors. This review provides an overview of the presence and function(s) of STBM and other cell-derived microparticles and exosomes.
Collapse
|
37
|
van der Pol E, Hoekstra AG, Sturk A, Otto C, van Leeuwen TG, Nieuwland R. Optical and non-optical methods for detection and characterization of microparticles and exosomes. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:2596-607. [PMID: 20880256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles and exosomes are cell-derived microvesicles present in body fluids that play a role in coagulation, inflammation, cellular homeostasis and survival, intercellular communication, and transport. Despite increasing scientific and clinical interest, no standard procedures are available for the isolation, detection and characterization of microparticles and exosomes, because their size is below the reach of conventional detection methods. Our objective is to give an overview of currently available and potentially applicable methods for optical and non-optical determination of the size, concentration, morphology, biochemical composition and cellular origin of microparticles and exosomes. The working principle of all methods is briefly discussed, as well as their applications and limitations based on the underlying physical parameters of the technique. For most methods, the expected size distribution for a given microvesicle population is determined. The explanations of the physical background and the outcomes of our calculations provide insights into the capabilities of each method and make a comparison possible between the discussed methods. In conclusion, several (combinations of) methods can detect clinically relevant properties of microparticles and exosomes. These methods should be further explored and validated by comparing measurement results so that accurate, reliable and fast solutions come within reach.
Collapse
|
38
|
Biró E, van den Goor JM, de Mol BA, Schaap MC, Ko LY, Sturk A, Hack CE, Nieuwland R. Complement activation on the surface of cell-derived microparticles during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass - is retransfusion of pericardial blood harmful? Perfusion 2010; 26:21-9. [PMID: 20965956 DOI: 10.1177/0267659110385742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether cell-derived microparticles play a role in complement activation in pericardial blood of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and whether microparticles in pericardial blood contribute to systemic complement activation upon retransfusion. METHODS Pericardial blood of 13 patients was retransfused in 9 and discarded in 4 cases. Microparticles were isolated from systemic blood collected before anesthesia (T1) and at the end of CPB (T2), and from pericardial blood. The microparticles were analyzed by flow cytometry for bound complement components C1q, C4 and C3, and bound complement activator molecules C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P-component (SAP), immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG. Fluid-phase complement activation products (C4b/c, C3b/c) and activator molecules were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Compared with systemic T1 blood, pericardial blood contained increased C4b/c and C3b/c, and increased levels of microparticles with bound complement components. In systemic T1 samples, microparticle-bound CRP, whereas in pericardial blood, microparticle-bound SAP and IgM were associated with complement activation. At the end of CPB, increased C3b/c (but not C4b/c) was present in systemic T2 blood compared with T1, while concentrations of microparticles binding complement components and of those binding complement activator molecules were similar. Concentrations of fluid-phase complement activation products and microparticles were similar in patients whether or not retransfused with pericardial blood. CONCLUSIONS In pericardial blood of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB, microparticles contribute to activation of the complement system via bound SAP and IgM. Retransfusion of pericardial blood, however, does not contribute to systemic complement activation.
Collapse
|
39
|
van der Zee PM, Biró E, Trouw LA, Ko Y, de Winter RJ, Hack CE, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. C-reactive protein in myocardial infarction binds to circulating microparticles but is not associated with complement activation. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:490-5. [PMID: 20138585 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is elevated in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). When CRP binds to membrane phospholipids or Fc receptors, it activates the complement system. Recent studies show that CRP can be exposed on cell-derived microparticles (MP) and is associated complement activation. OBJECTIVES We studied complement activation on circulating MP in AMI patients and healthy controls. METHODS MP were isolated from plasma of AMI patients (n=21) and sex- and age-matched healthy individuals (n=10), and analyzed by flow cytometry for bound complement components (C1q, C4, C3) and complement inhibitor and activator molecules (C4bp, CRP, serum amyloid P component, immunoglobulins IgM and IgG). Concurrently, the levels of fluid phase complement activation products and inhibitor and activator molecules were determined. RESULTS Fluid phase CRP, MP with bound CRP (CRP + MP), and C3 activation products were elevated in AMI patients compared to controls (P=0.032, P=0.031 and P=0.023, respectively), and fluid phase CRP correlated with CRP+ MP (r=0.84, P<0.001). Although CRP+ MP were elevated, they were not associated with C1q+ MP (r=0.32, P=0.174). In contrast, IgG+ MP were associated with C1q+ MP (r=0.73, P<0.001), C4+ MP and C3+ MP (r=0.78 and r=0.87, respectively; both P<0.001), and C4bp (r=0.63, P=0.004). In healthy individuals, CRP+ MP were strongly associated with C1q+ MP (r=0.82, P=0.007), which in turn were associated with C4+ MP and C3+ MP (r=0.68, P=0.032 and r=0.68, P=0.031, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Despite CRP-associated complement activation on the surface of MP in healthy individuals and a strong correlation between MP-bound CRP and fluid phase CRP in AMI patients, the MP-associated complement activation is IgG- but not CRP-dependent in AMI patients.
Collapse
|
40
|
van Eijk IC, Tushuizen ME, Sturk A, Dijkmans BAC, Boers M, Voskuyl AE, Diamant M, Wolbink GJ, Nieuwland R, Nurmohamed MT. Circulating microparticles remain associated with complement activation despite intensive anti-inflammatory therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 69:1378-82. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.118372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
41
|
Böing AN, Hau CM, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Human alternatively spliced tissue factor is not secreted and does not trigger coagulation. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1423-6. [PMID: 19552681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
42
|
Böing AN, Hau CM, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Platelet microparticles contain active caspase 3. Platelets 2009; 19:96-103. [DOI: 10.1080/09537100701777295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
43
|
Kramer MCA, Nieuwland R, Sturk A, de Winter RJ. [Routine platelet aggregation inhibition not useful when using acetylsalicylic acid or clopidogrel]. NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GENEESKUNDE 2009; 153:190-195. [PMID: 19256247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
|
44
|
Abid Hussein MN, Böing AN, Biró E, Hoek FJ, Vogel GMT, Meuleman DG, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Phospholipid composition of in vitro endothelial microparticles and their in vivo thrombogenic properties. Thromb Res 2008; 121:865-71. [PMID: 17889282 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microparticles from activated endothelial cells (EMP) are well known to expose tissue factor (TF) and initiate coagulation in vitro. TF coagulant activity is critically dependent on the presence of aminophospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), but it is unknown whether or not TF-exposing EMP are enriched in such aminophospholipids. Furthermore, despite the fact that EMP have been reported in several pathological conditions, direct evidence for their (putative) coagulant properties in vivo is still lacking. We investigated the phospholipid composition of endothelial MP (EMP) and their thrombogenic properties in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC; n=3) were incubated with or without interleukin (IL)-1alpha (5 ng/mL; 0-72 h). Phospholipid composition of EMP was determined by high-performance thin layer chromatography. The association between EMP, TF antigen and activity was confirmed in vitro (ELISA, Western blot and thrombin generation). Thrombogenic activity of EMP in vivo was determined in a rat venous stasis model. RESULTS Levels of TF antigen increased 3-fold in culture medium of IL-1alpha-treated cells (P<0.0001). This TF antigen was associated with EMP and appeared as a 45-47 kDa protein on Western blot. In addition, EMP from activated cells were enriched in both PS (P<0.0001) and PE (P<0.0001), and triggered TF-dependent thrombin formation in vitro and thrombus formation in vivo. In contrast, EMP from control cells neither initiated coagulation in vitro nor thrombus formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS EMP from activated endothelial cells expose coagulant tissue factor and are enriched in its cofactors PS and PE.
Collapse
|
45
|
Biró E, Lok CAR, Hack CE, van der Post JAM, Schaap MCL, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Cell-Derived Microparticles and Complement Activation in Preeclampsia Versus Normal Pregnancy. Placenta 2007; 28:928-35. [PMID: 17433833 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays a major role in the vascular dysfunction seen in preeclampsia, and several studies suggest involvement of the complement system. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether complement activation on the surface of microparticles is increased in plasma of preeclamptic patients versus healthy pregnant controls. METHODS Microparticles from plasma of preeclamptic (n=10), healthy pregnant (n=10) and healthy nonpregnant (n=10) women were analyzed by flow cytometry for bound complement components (C1q, C4, C3) and complement activator molecules (C-reactive protein [CRP], serum amyloid P component [SAP], immunoglobulin [Ig]M, IgG). Fluid phase complement activation products and activator molecules were also determined. RESULTS Levels of microparticles with bound complement components showed no increase in complement activation on the microparticle surface in preeclamptic women, in line with levels of fluid phase complement activation products. In healthy nonpregnant and pregnant women, bound CRP was associated with classical pathway activation on the microparticle surface, and in healthy pregnant women IgM and IgG molecules also contributed. In preeclamptic women, microparticles with bound SAP and those with IgG seemed to contribute to C1q binding without a clear association to further classical pathway activation. Furthermore, significantly increased levels of microparticles with bound CRP were present in preeclamptic compared with healthy pregnant women (median 178x10(6)/L versus 47x10(6)/L, P<0.01), but without concomitant increases in complement activation. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of increased complement activation on the microparticle surface in preeclamptic women. Microparticles with bound CRP were significantly increased, but in contrast to healthy pregnant and nonpregnant women, this was not associated with increased classical pathway activation on the surface of the microparticles.
Collapse
|
46
|
Konijnenberg A, van Geel BM, Sturk A, Schaap MC, von dem Borne AE, de Bruijne-Admiraal LG, Schutgens RB, Assies J, Barth PG. Lorenzo's oil and platelet activation in adrenomyeloneuropathy and asymptomatic X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Platelets 2007; 9:41-8. [PMID: 16793744 DOI: 10.1080/09537109876997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited disorder of peroxisomal beta-oxidation, which results in accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids, causing damage to the nervous system, adrenal cortex and testis. The two most frequent phenotypes are childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD) and adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). Some affected males demonstrate no clinical signs (asymptomatic ALD), whereas female carriers can also be affected. Patients with X-ALD have been treated with Lorenzo's oil, a 4:1 combination of oleic acid and erucic acid, with thrombocytopenia as the main side effect and sometimes leading to a hemorrhagic diathesis. We studied platelet count, size and membrane surface exposure of platelet activation antigens in 17 adult X-ALD patients. Eight patients used the prescribed amount of erucic acid (as glyceroltrierucate) or more (very compliant), five used less(compliant), and four did not use the diet. All eight very compliant patients had highly enlarged platelets and seven manifested thrombocytopenia. An enhanced in vivo platelet activation status was established by increased platelet surface expression of P-selectin (CD62P, PADGEM, GMP-140) in five of the seven thrombocytopenic patients, and of increased fibrinogen receptor exposure (measured with the antibody PAC-1) in three of these five patients. The other nine compliant or untreated patients had normal platelet counts and, generally, normal P-selection and fibrinogen receptor expression. A diet-induced 7- to 27-fold enrichment of erucic acid was observed in the platelets of the four patients studied. We conclude that the thrombocytopenia in AMN patients using Lorenzo'soil is associated with circulating platelets that have an increased erucic acid content, size and activation status. We hypothesize that the erucic acid in some way induces the increased size and thus, directly or indirectly, increased platelet activation or instability in vivo. This then causes the thrombocytopenia, with circulating platelets representing a population that has not yet been sufficiently changed to be removed, but has clear signs of activation.
Collapse
|
47
|
van den Goor J, Nieuwland R, Rutten P, Tijssen J, Hau C, Sturk A, Eijsman L, de Mol B. RETRANSFUSION OF PERICARDIAL BLOOD DOES NOT TRIGGER SYSTEMIC COAGULATION DURING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS. J Thromb Haemost 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.tb01176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
48
|
Biro E, Lok C, Hack C, van der Post J, Schaap M, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. CELL-DERIVED MICROPARTICLES AND COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION IN PREECLAMPSIA VERSUS NORMAL PREGNANCY. J Thromb Haemost 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.tb00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
49
|
Tushuizen ME, Nieuwland R, Scheffer PG, Sturk A, Heine RJ, Diamant M. Two consecutive high-fat meals affect endothelial-dependent vasodilation, oxidative stress and cellular microparticles in healthy men. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:1003-10. [PMID: 16689751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large body of evidence has accumulated indicating a relation between postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and the risk of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE We studied possible mechanisms underlying the postprandial proatherogenic state by exposing healthy males to two consecutive high-fat mixed meals. PATIENTS/METHODS Seventeen healthy males [age 25.4 +/- 3 years, body mass index 23.6 +/- 2 kg m(-2)] were studied during two randomized visits. During the meal visit, subjects consumed standardized meals (50 g of fat, 55 g of carbohydrates and 30 g of proteins) as breakfast and 4 h later as lunch. During the control visit, subjects remained fasted. Prior to each blood collection (before and every 2 h after the first meal), flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was measured. RESULTS Although within the normal range, postprandial plasma glucose and triacylglycerol concentrations increased significantly, especially after the second meal, as compared with baseline (4.8 +/- 0.3 to 5.4 +/- 0.4, 0.8 +/- 0.2 to 1.7 +/- 0.7 mmol L(-1), respectively; both P < 0.05) and the fasting visit. After the second meal, FMD was significantly impaired (6.9% vs. 3.7%, P < 0.05) whereas oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)/LDL cholesterol ratio and malondialdehyde concentrations were markedly elevated (both P < 0.01). Finally, an increase in total microparticle (MP) numbers was observed during the meal visit (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In healthy males, after two consecutive fat-rich meals, mild elevations in plasma glucose and triacylglycerol were paralleled by impaired FMD, increased markers of oxidative stress and circulating MPs, in particular, after the second meal. These findings may have consequences for subjects with postprandial dysmetabolism, including those with Type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
50
|
Biró E, Akkerman JWN, Hoek FJ, Gorter G, Pronk LM, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. The phospholipid composition and cholesterol content of platelet-derived microparticles: a comparison with platelet membrane fractions. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:2754-63. [PMID: 16359513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The processes that govern the distribution of molecules between platelets and the microparticles (MP) they release are unknown. Certain proteins are sorted selectively into MP, but lipid sorting has not been studied. OBJECTIVES To compare the phospholipid composition and cholesterol content of platelet-derived MP obtained with various stimuli with that of isolated platelet membrane fractions. METHODS Washed platelets from venous blood of healthy individuals (n = 6) were stimulated with collagen, thrombin, collagen plus thrombin, or A23187. Platelet activation, MP release and antigen exposure were assessed by flow cytometry. MPs were isolated by differential centrifugation. Platelet plasma-, granule- and intracellular membranes were isolated from platelet concentrates (n = 3; 10 donors each) by pressure homogenization and Percoll density gradient fractionation. The phospholipid composition and cholesterol content of MPs and membrane fractions were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography. RESULTS The phospholipid composition of MPs was intermediate compared with that of platelet plasma- and granule membranes, and differed significantly from that of intracellular membranes. There were small but significant differences in phospholipid composition between the MPs produced by the various agonists, which paralleled differences in P-selectin exposure in case of the physiological agonists collagen, thrombin, or collagen plus thrombin. The cholesterol content of MPs tended to be higher than that of the three-platelet membrane fractions. CONCLUSIONS Regarding its phospholipid content, the MP membrane is a composite of the platelet plasma- and granule membranes, showing subtle differences depending on the platelet agonist. The higher cholesterol content of MPs suggests their enrichment in lipid rafts.
Collapse
|