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Siegfried B, Frischknecht HR, Waser PG. Defeat, learned submissiveness, and analgesia in mice: effect of genotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985; 42:91-7. [PMID: 6542355 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(84)90484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Defeat-induced unconditioned and conditioned behaviors of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice were assessed in a social-learning paradigm. Upon bites, mice of the DBA strain reacted with significantly more escape reactions, while C57 mice showed more immobility, crouch, and defensive sideways and upright postures. Clear genotype-dependent patterns were also evident from the conditioned responses recorded 24 h after defeat. DBA mice displayed more escape and defensive sideways and upright postures upon contact with a nonaggressive partner mouse; in contrast, C57 mice reacted with more immobility and crouch. With an increasing number of bites the sum of learned responses increased in C57 mice while it decreased in mice of the DBA strain. This decrement was paralleled by an increase in the analgesic response measured on the hot plate in defeated DBA mice. The possible role of endogenous opioids in the genotype-dependent interaction of defeat-induced learned submissiveness and analgesia is discussed.
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Frischknecht HR, Siegfried B, Schiller M, Waser PG. Hashish extract impairs retention of defeat-induced submissive behavior in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985; 86:270-3. [PMID: 2994143 DOI: 10.1007/bf00432212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of hashish extract on adaptive behavior of male mice were studied in a paradigm which allows the investigation of learning mechanisms in a social context. Mice of the C3H strain, which were not submissive in a confrontation with a nonaggressive DBA mouse on day 1, were defeated on day 2 over 3 min by aggressive, isolated DBA mice, and showed conditioned submissive behavior upon mere contact with a nonaggressive DBA mouse on day 3. A hashish extract containing 38.6-39.4% delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), 11.6-12.0% cannabinol and 47.7-48.5% cannabidiol was administered orally in all experiments. Hashish extract given 90 min before defeat on day 2, in dosages corresponding to 1, 5, and 10 mg delta 9-THC/kg, impaired retention of defensive upright, defensive sideways and immobility on day 3 (experiment 1). Experiment 2 showed that the drug (5, and 10 mg delta 9-THC/kg) had no antinociceptive potency in mice and did not modify defeat-induced analgesia. Experiment 3, with drug (5 mg delta 9-THC/kg) or solvent administration on day 2 and day 3, showed that the retention deficit was neither due to state-dependent learning, nor to impaired retrieval. It is suggested that hashish extract administered before learning may interfere with memory processing.
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Siegfried B, Frischknecht HR, Waser PG. Vasopressin impairs or enhances retention of learned submissive behavior in mice depending on the time of application. Behav Brain Res 1984; 11:259-69. [PMID: 6539117 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(84)90218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of vasopressin on learning and memory were investigated in a paradigm using adaptive capabilities of interacting male mice. Test animals of the DBA/2 strain which were not submissive in a confrontation with a non-aggressive subordinate C57BL/6 mouse on day 1 (baseline), were defeated on day 2 (learning) by an aggressive dominant C57 mouse, and showed learned submissive behavior upon mere contact with a non-aggressive C57 mouse on day 3 (retest). Pretrial injections of lysine-vasopressin (0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 I.U., s.c.) 20 min before defeat on day 2 resulted in less submissive behavior on day 3 compared to controls, with 0.1 I.U. (equal to 370 ng) being the most effective dose. Post-trial injections of vasopressin (0.1 I.U.) immediately after defeat on day 2 significantly improved retention on day 3. Preretention injections of vasopressin (0.1 I.U.) 20 min before testing on day 3 significantly increased learned submissive behavior. The amnesic effect observed after pretrial injections of vasopressin was neither due to state dependency nor to an acquisition deficit, nor to antinociception. It is concluded that processing of the stressful experience of defeat is differently influenced by vasopressin given before or after training, resulting in an impaired or facilitated retention, respectively. Among the hypothetically discussed underlying mechanisms, one suggestion is that exogenous vasopressin interacts with an assumed discriminative stimulus function of endogenously released vasopressin. Another possibility might be that exogenous vasopressin interferes with the defeat-activated opioid peptide system.
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Frischknecht HR, Siegfried B, Riggio G, Waser PG. Inhibition of morphine-induced analgesia and locomotor activity in strains of mice: a comparison of long-acting opiate antagonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983; 19:939-44. [PMID: 6657726 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(83)90395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The long-acting opiate antagonistic potency of naloxazone (NXZ), beta-chlornaltrexamine (beta-CNA) and beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA) was compared using three inbred strains of mice, in which morphine induces either analgesia (DBA/2), locomotion (C57BL/6), or both responses (C3H/He). The antagonists were applied SC 24-120 hr before morphine (10 or 20 mg/kg, IP), followed by the tests after 30 min. The minimal dose which completely antagonized morphine-induced analgesia in DBA and locomotion in C57 mice during 24 hr were: for NXZ 50 and 100 mg/kg, for beta-CNA 0.8 and 6.2 mg/kg, for beta-FNA 1.6 and 12.5 mg/kg, respectively. beta-FNA and beta-CNA more potently blocked morphine-induced analgesia in DBA mice than the activity response in the C57 strain. In contrast, beta-FNA prevented morphine-induced locomotion at a lower dose (6.2 mg/kg) than analgesia (greater than 50 mg/kg) in C3H mice, while beta-CNA was equipotent (1.6 mg/kg). In general, beta-CNA turned out to be the most reactive compound, antagonizing morphine effects in low doses up to 120 hr. beta-FNA selectively antagonized either morphine-induced analgesia or locomotion, depending on the strain used. This suggests that a given morphine response might be caused by a genetically determined multiplicity of opiate receptor types and their mutual interactions.
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Siegfried B, Filibeck U, Gozzo S, Castellano C. Lack of morphine-induced hyperactivity in C57BL/6 mice following striatal kainic acid lesions. Behav Brain Res 1982; 4:389-99. [PMID: 6280736 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(82)90063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral injection of kainic acid (0.15 micrograms/0.3 microliters) into the striatum (caudatus/putamen) of C57BL/6 mice prevented stimulation of locomotor activity by morphine (20 mg/kg, i.p.). This effect was specific to morphine since mice with the same lesion did not show any impairment of amphetamine (2 mg/kg)-induced locomotor hyperactivity. Histological inspections showed neuron damage also in the nucleus accumbens, while hippocampus was not damaged by kainic acid. Moreover, mice with kainic acid lesions in the hippocampus were more stimulated by morphine, compared with the morphine-injected sham lesion group. The results, which suggest the existence of non-catecholaminergic mediations in the locomotor effects of morphine, are discussed in terms of opioid systems in the brain.
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Siegfried B, Gozzo S. Strain differences in recovery from sensorimotor neglect after unilateral globus pallidus lesions in mice. Physiol Behav 1982; 28:375-9. [PMID: 7079352 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(82)90088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of somatosensory orientation after unilateral electrolytic lesions of globus pallidus was studied in two inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6, Sec 1/ReJ). During the first four post-lesion days mice of both strains did not react to tactile stimuli (von Frey hair of 2 g intensity) applied to the thorax area contralateral to the lesion. Successively, there was a gradual replacement by non-oriented activation and incomplete oriented responses, followed by normal precise orientation. Recovery of orientation proceeded at a significantly higher rate in C57 mice. After a period of four months C57 mice reached a recovery level of 91% in comparison to 56% of Sec mice. The genotype dependent differences of recovery mechanisms are discussed in terms of plasticity and dopaminergic systems.
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Siegfried B, Alleva E, Oliverio A, Puglisi-Allegra S. Effects of isolation on activity, reactivity, excitability and aggressive behavior in two inbred strains of mice. Behav Brain Res 1981; 2:211-8. [PMID: 7195727 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(81)90056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate mechanisms of isolation-induced aggressive behaviour, inbred mice of the C57BL/6 and DBA/2 strains were individually housed over a period of 8 weeks. In the DBA/2 strain only, isolation was followed by a clear increase in activity (Animex), reactivity (reactions upon tactile body stimulation), excitability (duration of EEG desynchronization elicited by tactile stimulation of the thorax area under urethane anesthesia) and intermale aggression (biting and fighting responses). The use of inbred strains of mice proved to be a useful tool for the examination of the relationship between various parameters. It is concluded that there are no clear correlations between activity, reactivity and aggressive behavior and that the resulting aggressive responses in the DBA/2 strain are likely due to the increase of excitability.
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Siegfried B, Alleva E, Oliverio A. An analysis of neurophysiological and behavioral arousal in the mouse. Physiol Behav 1980; 25:421-4. [PMID: 7443812 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(80)90283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Brozek G, Siegfried B, Klimenko VM, Bures J. Lick triggered intracranial stimulation interferes with retrieval of conditioned taste aversion. Physiol Behav 1979; 23:625-31. [PMID: 504458 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(79)90150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Siegfried B, Bures J. Conditioning compensates the neglect due to unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of substantia nigra in rats. Brain Res 1979; 167:139-55. [PMID: 455059 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The degree of the contralateral sensory neglect in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of substantia nigra was assessed by a conditioning procedure, employing lateralized CS. In the first experiment visual neglect (revealed by failure of the visually elicited placing reaction contralateral to the lesion) was shown to be accompanied by slower acquisition of a brightness discrimination task. The impairment was due to ipsilateral turning tendency rather then to visual deficit, however, since monocular relearning yielded equal savings with the ipsilateral and contralateral eyes. The second experiment showed that rats anesthetized with urethane reacted to noxious skin stimulation contralateral to the lesion with shorter-lasting EEG arousal than to ipsilateral stimulation of the same intensity. The electrophysiological asymmetry could be compensated by classical conditioning, i.e. by pairing habituated tactile stimuli with noxious tail shock. The conditioned arousal reaction could be elicited with the same efficiency from the neglected and intact body surface. It is concluded that neglect is due neither to a sensory nor to a motor failure, but that 6-OHDA lesions of substantia nigra in one hemisphere reduce the arousing efficiency of unconditioned stimuli and interfere with sensorimotor integrating mechanisms on the side contralateral to the lesion. Compensation of the neglect by conditioning indicates that the role of the nigrostriatal system can be partly substituted by other circuits.
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Siegfried B, Hefti F, Lichtensteiger W, Huston JP. Lateralized hunger: ipsilateral attenuation of cortical spreading depression-induced feeding after unilateral 6-OHDA injection into the substantia nigra. Brain Res 1979; 160:327-40. [PMID: 570080 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the substantia nigra in the rat significantly attenuated cortical spreading depression (CSD)-induced eating from the hemisphere ipsilateral but not contralateral to the lesion. The lateralized decrease in elicited feeding was correlated with postlesion body weight loss, striatal catecholamine depletion (dopamine, 94%; norepinephrine, 52%) and amphetamine-induced ipsilateral turning, and can be characterized as an inability of the lesioned nigrostriatal system to maintain the CSD-elicited response rather than a failure to induce it. The interhemispheric control procedure allows us to exclude various general sensory and motor deficits to account for the decrement of feeding, and to attribute the feeding deficit to a reduced nigrostriatal transmission. It is suggested that CSD-induced feeding is due to an activation of integrative sensorimotor systems (especially the nigrostriatal dopamine system), rather than to homeostatic imbalances.
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Huston JP, Jakobartl L, Papadopoulos G, Siegfried B. Effects of nigro-striatal 6-OHDA lesions on turning elicited by cortical spreading depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978; 9:837-43. [PMID: 218234 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(78)90365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Siegfried B, Bures J. Asymmetry of EEG arousal in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of substantia nigra: quantification of neglect. Exp Neurol 1978; 62:173-90. [PMID: 729668 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(78)90049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Siegfried B, Huston JP. Effects of frontal cortical lesions and transverse cortical bisection on spreading depression-induced feeding. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1978; 22:190-202. [PMID: 626618 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(78)92215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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41
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Shibata M, Siegfried B, Huston JP. Miniature calomel electrode for recording DC potential changes accompanying spreading depression in the freely moving rat. Physiol Behav 1977; 18:1171-4. [PMID: 928539 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(77)90025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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42
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Siegfried B, Huston JP. Properties of spreading depression-induced consumatory behavior in rats. Physiol Behav 1977; 18:841-51. [PMID: 905396 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(77)90193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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43
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Siegfried B, Shibata M, Huston JP. Electrophysiological concomitants of eating induced from neocortex and hippocampus by electrical stimulation and injection of KC1 or norepinephrine. Brain Res 1977; 121:97-112. [PMID: 832159 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
EEG and DC activity were recorded from the hippocampus and neocortex in freely moving rats during consummatory behavior elicited by electrical stimulation and application of KC1 or norepinephrine to these structures. Eating induced by KC1 application or electrical stimulation of the neocortex or hippocampus was accompanied by single or multiple waves of spreading depression (SD), i.e., by traveling slow potential change. An analysis of single vs. multiple cortical SD waves indicated that when multiple waves occurred, feeding was elicited by the first wave. Injection of norepinephrine into the hippocampus resulted in a significantly larger and qualitatively different feeding response compared to KC1 injections. No apparent changes in the EEG or DC activity occurred upon norepinephrine injections.
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Huston JP, Avrith D, Waser PG, Siegfried B. Effect of amygdaloid lesions on eating elicited by cortical spreading depression. Physiol Behav 1976; 16:201-5. [PMID: 940860 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(76)90305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Siegfried B, Waser PG, Borebély AA, Huston JP. Pavlovian conditioning of eating induced by spreading depression in cortex, striatum and hippocampus of rats. Physiol Behav 1975; 15:71-8. [PMID: 1197402 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(75)90281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A single wave of unilateral spreading depression in the cortex, hippocampus or caudate nucleus of rats elicits eating after 2-6 min. The present experiments provide evidence that such spreading depression-induced eating can be classically conditioned to a complex conditioned stimulus. A wave of spreading depression was triggered by injection of 0.5-2.0 mul of 25 percent KCl solution. In a first experiment successful conditioning was demonstrated in 20 rats, involving 7 cortical, 5 caudate and 8 hippocampal spreading depression sites. Four animals failed to show any conditioned eating. A control group of 8 animals, in which cortical spreading depression did not induce eating, showed no increase in eating in the presence of the CS after conditioning trials. A second experiment, which included pseudoconditioning and NaCl control groups, confirmed the results obtained in Experiment 1. Classical conditioning was successful in 11 animals, involving 6 cortical and 5 caudate spreading depression sites. Neither the pseudoconditioning (14 animals, involving 8 cortical and 6 caudate spreading depression sites) not the NaCl control group (8 animals, all with cortical sites), showed eating in the presence of the CS. In both experiments the conditioned eating underwent gradual extinction.
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Huston JP, Ornstein K, Siegfried B. Lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation and post-stimulation eating. EXPERIENTIA 1975; 31:187-9. [PMID: 1089549 DOI: 10.1007/bf01990696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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47
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Huston AP, Siegfried B, Ornstein K, Waser PG, Borbély AA. Mating elicited by spreading depression of electrical or electrical stimulation of the hippocampus and neocortex: a common cause. Brain Res 1974; 78:164-8. [PMID: 4458913 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(74)90363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Siegfried B. [Preparations made of plant extracts]. PHARMACEUTICA ACTA HELVETIAE 1971; 46:681-702. [PMID: 5143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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49
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Siegfried B, Pater BK, Béguin E. [Nitric acid reaction for evaluation of the quality of almond oil]. PHARMACEUTICA ACTA HELVETIAE 1968; 43:79-90. [PMID: 5720917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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50
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Siegfried B. Drogenkunde. Handbuch der pflanzlichen und tierischen Rohstoffe, von H. A. Hoppe. Verlag Cram, De Gruyter & Co., Hamburg 1958. 7. Aufl., X, 1231 S., geb. DM 78.—. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1960. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19600720323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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