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Higaki A, Mogi M, Iwanami J, Min LJ, Bai HY, Shan BS, Kukida M, Kan-no H, Ikeda S, Higaki J, Horiuchi M. Predicting outcome of Morris water maze test in vascular dementia mouse model with deep learning. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191708. [PMID: 29415035 PMCID: PMC5802845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Morris water maze test (MWM) is one of the most popular and established behavioral tests to evaluate rodents’ spatial learning ability. The conventional training period is around 5 days, but there is no clear evidence or guidelines about the appropriate duration. In many cases, the final outcome of the MWM seems predicable from previous data and their trend. So, we assumed that if we can predict the final result with high accuracy, the experimental period could be shortened and the burden on testers reduced. An artificial neural network (ANN) is a useful modeling method for datasets that enables us to obtain an accurate mathematical model. Therefore, we constructed an ANN system to estimate the final outcome in MWM from the previously obtained 4 days of data in both normal mice and vascular dementia model mice. Ten-week-old male C57B1/6 mice (wild type, WT) were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (WT-BCAS) or sham-operation (WT-sham). At 6 weeks after surgery, we evaluated their cognitive function with MWM. Mean escape latency was significantly longer in WT-BCAS than in WT-sham. All data were collected and used as training data and test data for the ANN system. We defined a multiple layer perceptron (MLP) as a prediction model using an open source framework for deep learning, Chainer. After a certain number of updates, we compared the predicted values and actual measured values with test data. A significant correlation coefficient was derived form the updated ANN model in both WT-sham and WT-BCAS. Next, we analyzed the predictive capability of human testers with the same datasets. There was no significant difference in the prediction accuracy between human testers and ANN models in both WT-sham and WT-BCAS. In conclusion, deep learning method with ANN could predict the final outcome in MWM from 4 days of data with high predictive accuracy in a vascular dementia model.
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Higaki A, Mogi M, Iwanami J, Min LJ, Bai HY, Shan BS, Kukida M, Yamauchi T, Tsukuda K, Kan-No H, Ikeda S, Higaki J, Horiuchi M. Beneficial Effect of Mas Receptor Deficiency on Vascular Cognitive Impairment in the Presence of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.008121. [PMID: 29431106 PMCID: PMC5850265 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The classical renin-angiotensin system is known as the angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme/Ang II/Ang type 1 receptor axis, which induces various organ damage including cognitive decline. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis is known to exert antagonistic actions against the classical renin-angiotensin system axis in the cardiovascular system. However, its roles in the brain remain unclear. We examined possible roles of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in cognitive function, employing vascular cognitive impairment model mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Male 10-week-old C57BL6 (wild-type mice, Mas1 knockout mice, Ang II type 2 receptor knockout mice, and Ang II type 2 receptor/Mas1 double knockout mice were subjected to bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) surgery. Six weeks after treatment, they were subjected to cognitive tasks. Brain samples were used for histopathological analysis. Cognitive function was significantly impaired in wild-type and double knockout mice after BCAS. On the other hand, the cognitive function of Mas1 knockout mice was maintained in spite of the reduction of cerebral blood flow with BCAS. Total cell number in the dentate gyrus region was significantly reduced after BCAS in wild-type but not in Mas1 knockout mice. The number of doublecortin-positive cells in the subgranular zone was not significantly different between wild-type and Mas1 knockout mice. Ang-(1-7) administration did not improve cognitive function in all mice after BCAS surgery. CONCLUSIONS Lack of the Mas receptor may have a protective effect against chronic brain ischemia when the Ang II type 2 receptor exists.
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Iwanami J, Mogi M, Wang XL, Tsukuda K, Higaki A, Kawakami M, Kukida M, Nakaoka H, Yamauchi T, Bai HY, Shan BS, Min LJ, Horiuchi M. Abstract WP259: AT2 Receptor-interacting Protein Enhances Protective Effect of AT2 Receptor Stimulation in Ischemic Brain Damage. Stroke 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/str.49.suppl_1.wp259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Accumulating evidences and previous our research suggest that angiotensin II type 2 (AT
2
) receptor stimulation could contribute to protection against ischemic brain damage. We have cloned ATIP (AT
2
receptor interacting protein) as a protein interacting specifically with the C-terminal tail of the AT
2
receptor, and reported that ATIP might play key roles in diverse mechanisms of AT
2
receptor signaling. However, the effect of ATIP on ischemic brain damage is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the ATIP and compound 21 (C21), a selective non-peptidic AT2 receptor agonist, on focal cerebral ischemia.
Method:
Ten-week-old male ATIP-transgenic (ATIP-Tg) and littermate (WT) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with silicon-coated micro-filament. C21 (10 μg/kg/day) was administered 2 weeks before MCAO. Twenty-four hours after MCAO, ischemic area was determined. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after MCAO was measured by laser speckle flowmetry. Collateral circulation was evaluated by the perfusion of India ink. Expression of mRNA was determined by real-time RT-PCR.
Results:
There was no significant difference in ischemic size without C21 treatment between two strains. Treatment with C21 decreased ischemic size in both strains. Interestingly, this protective effect of C21 was more marked in ATIP-Tg compared with WT mice. In CBF of core region of ischemic area, there were no significant differences among all groups. However, the reduction of CBF in penumbra region just after MCA occlusion was attenuated in ATIP-Tg mice with C21 administration. Treatment with C21 tended to increase the cerebral collateral number before MCA occlusion in ATIP-Tg mice. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA in the cortex before MCA occlusion did not differ among all groups. Expression of methyl methanesulfonate sensitive 2 (MMS2) as a neuroprotective factor increased in ipsilateral hemisphere of ATIP-Tg mice compared with contralateral hemisphere.
Conclusions:
These results suggested that ATIP could enhance the cerebral protective effects of AT
2
receptor stimulation at least in part due to the attenuation of CBF reduction and increase of MMS2 expression after ischemia.
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Yamauchi T, Mogi M, Kan-No H, Shan BS, Higaki A, Min LJ, Higaki T, Iwanami J, Ishii EI, Horiuchi M. Roles of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in mice with fetal growth restriction. Hypertens Res 2018; 41:157-164. [PMID: 29335616 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-017-0004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Our previous report indicated that vascular injury enhances vascular remodeling in fetal growth restriction (FGR) mice. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is relatively highly expressed in fetal mice. Therefore, we investigated the roles of AT2R in FGR-induced cardiovascular disease using AT2R knockout (AT2KO) mice. Dams (wild-type and AT2KO mice) were fed an isocaloric diet containing 20% protein (NP) or 8% protein (LP) until delivery. Arterial blood pressure, body weight, and histological changes in organs were investigated in offspring. The birth weight of offspring from dams fed an LP diet (LPO) was significantly lower than that of offspring from dams fed an NP diet. The heart/body and kidney/body weight ratios in AT2KO-LPO at 12 weeks of age were significantly higher than those in the other groups. Greater thickness of the left ventricular wall, larger cardiomyocyte size and enhancement of perivascular fibrosis were observed in AT2KO-LPO. Interestingly, mRNA expression of collagen I and inflammatory cytokines was markedly higher in the AT2KO-LPO heart at 6 weeks of age but not at 12 weeks of age. AT2R signaling may be involved in cardiovascular disorders of adult offspring with FGR. Regulation of AT2R could contribute to preventing future cardiovascular disease in FGR offspring.
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Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindel KF, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kang SC, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lordello VD, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mikuni VM, Mo DC, Mott P, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palermo M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Perrina C, Phan HD, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wu H, Wu X, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P. Observation of New Properties of Secondary Cosmic Rays Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:021101. [PMID: 29376729 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.021101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the observation of new properties of secondary cosmic rays Li, Be, and B measured in the rigidity (momentum per unit charge) range 1.9 GV to 3.3 TV with a total of 5.4×10^{6} nuclei collected by AMS during the first five years of operation aboard the International Space Station. The Li and B fluxes have an identical rigidity dependence above 7 GV and all three fluxes have an identical rigidity dependence above 30 GV with the Li/Be flux ratio of 2.0±0.1. The three fluxes deviate from a single power law above 200 GV in an identical way. This behavior of secondary cosmic rays has also been observed in the AMS measurement of primary cosmic rays He, C, and O but the rigidity dependences of primary cosmic rays and of secondary cosmic rays are distinctly different. In particular, above 200 GV, the secondary cosmic rays harden more than the primary cosmic rays.
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31
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Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindel KF, Bindi V, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Burger WJ, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dadzie K, Dai YM, Datta A, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demakov O, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jia Y, Jinchi H, Kang SC, Kanishev K, Khiali B, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Kulemzin A, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lordello VD, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lyu SS, Machate F, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mikuni VM, Mo DC, Mott P, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Perrina C, Phan HD, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Vitillo S, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wu H, Wu X, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zannoni M, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P. Observation of the Identical Rigidity Dependence of He, C, and O Cosmic Rays at High Rigidities by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:251101. [PMID: 29303302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.251101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of new properties of primary cosmic rays He, C, and O measured in the rigidity (momentum/charge) range 2 GV to 3 TV with 90×10^{6} helium, 8.4×10^{6} carbon, and 7.0×10^{6} oxygen nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) during the first five years of operation. Above 60 GV, these three spectra have identical rigidity dependence. They all deviate from a single power law above 200 GV and harden in an identical way.
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Iwanami J, Mogi M, Wang XL, Tsukuda K, Higaki A, Kukida M, Nakaoka H, Yamauchi T, Bai HY, Shan BS, Min LJ, Horiuchi M. Abstract P450: AT2 Receptor Stimulation Reduces Ischemic Brain Damage Through AT2 Receptor-interacting Protein Signal. Hypertension 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.p450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
We reported the preventive effects of angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor stimulation on ischemic brain damage. Moreover, we have cloned ATIP (AT2 receptor interacting protein) as a protein interacting specifically with the C-terminal tail of the AT2 receptor, and suggest that ATIP should play key roles in diverse mechanisms of AT2 receptor actions. However, the effect of ATIP on ischemic brain damage is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the ATIP and compound 21 (C21), a selective non-peptide AT2 receptor agonist, on focal cerebral ischemia.
Method:
Ten-week-old male ATIP-transgenic (ATIP-Tg) and littermate (WT) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with silicon-coated micro-filament. C21 (10 μg/kg/day) was administered 2 weeks before MCAO. Twenty-four hours after MCAO, ischemic volume was determined and depicted as mm
3
. Expression of methyl methanesulfonate sensitive 2 (MMS2) mRNA as a neuroprotective factor was determined by real-time RT-PCR. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) before and after MCA occlusion were measured by laser speckle flowmetry. Collateral circulation was evaluated by the perfusion of India ink.
Results:
Systolic blood pressure did not differ among all groups. There was no significant difference in ischemic size without C21 treatment between two strains (WT, 80 mm
3
; ATIP-Tg, 75 mm
3
). Treatment with C21 significantly decreased ischemic size in both strains (WT, 66 mm
3
; ATIP-Tg, 50 mm
3
). Interestingly, this protective effect of C21 was more marked in ATIP-Tg compared with WT mice (WT, 16% (66 of 80); ATIP-Tg, 27% (50 of 75) reduction, respectively). MMS2 expression increased in ipsilateral hemisphere of ATIP-Tg mice compared with contralateral hemisphere. There were no significant differences in CBF of core region of ischemic area, among all groups. However, the reduction of CBF in penumbra region after MCA occlusion was attenuated in ATIP-Tg mice with C21 administration. Treatment with C21 tended to increase the cerebral collateral number before MCA occlusion in ATIP-Tg mice not in WT.
Conclusions:
These results suggested that ATIP could enhance the cerebral protective effects of AT
2
receptor stimulation at least in part due to the increase of CBF and MMS2 expression after ischemia.
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Min LJ, Mogi M, Tsukuda K, Bai HY, Shan BS, Higaki A, Iwanami J, Horiuchi M. Abstract P448: Interaction Between Ischemic Brain Injury and Amyloid-β Deposition in Cognitive Decline; Possible Cognitive Protection by AT
2
Receptor Activation. Hypertension 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.p448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
Cerebrovascular damage could breakdown amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance and accelerate Aβ deposition. We examined the interaction between ischemic brain damage and Aβ deposition in cognitive function, focusing on the roles of angiotensin II type 2 (AT
2
) receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).
Methods:
Male wild-type mice (WT) or the mice with VSMC-specific AT
2
receptor overexpression (smAT
2
) were used. Mice were subjected to ICV injection of Aβ1-40. Ischemic brain injury was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) 24 hours after Aβ1-40 injection. Three weeks after Aβ1-40 injection, cognitive function was evaluated by the Morris water maze test. Brain samples obtained 8 days after Aβ1-40 injection were used to study the related signals.
Results:
ICV injection of Aβ1-40 in WT showed impaired cognitive function (arriving time to platform at day 5: control, 26.53±4.46 sec; Aβ, 65.35±7.44 sec), whereas BCCAO alone did not decline significantly cognitive function. In contrast, BCCAO following Aβ1-40 injection exhibited more marked cognitive impairment (84.27±8.00 sec) compared to Aβ injection alone with the increase in expressions of NADPH oxidase subunits such as p22phox and p67phox in the hippocampus of mice. Aβ1-40 injection with BCCAO tended to increase the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines such as MCP-1 and TNFα. BCCAO significantly enhanced the expression of Aβ clearance factor, RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end product). Aβ1-40 injection did not increase the neuron pyknosis in the hippocampus, whereas the number of neuron pyknosis was increased significantly with BCCAO (control, 6.33±0.88/field; Aβ with BCCAO, 46.33±4.10/field). On the other hand, smAT
2
did not show cognitive impairment, the changes of the expression for NADPH oxidase subunits and inflammatory cytokines, and neuron pyknosis, which were induced by BCCAO with/without Aβ1-40 injection in WT.
Conclusion:
Ischemic brain injury could enhance Aβ-induced cognitive impairment with possible involvement of enhanced oxidative stress, neuron degeneration, and breakdown of RAGE-mediated Aβ clearance. AT
2
receptor activation in VSMC could play inhibitory roles in the cognitive decline induced by ischemic brain damage and Aβ deposition.
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Min LJ, Mogi M, Tsukuda K, Higaki A, Kukida M, Yamauchi T, Wang XL, Bai HY, Shan BS, Iwanami J, Horiuchi M. Abstract WP289: Interaction Between Stroke and Amyloid-β Deposition in Cognitive Function ~Possible Involvement of Antagonist Effect of AT
2
Receptor Activation~. Stroke 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.wp289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim:
Stroke is known to be causally related with Alzheimer’s disease pathology and amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition has been suggested to induce cerebral amyloid angiopathy resulting in stroke-associated cognitive decline. Angiotensin (Ang) type 1 (AT
1
) receptor activation impairs cognitive performance, whereas Ang II type 2 (AT
2
) receptor stimulation has been reported to improve cognitive impairment. We examined the interaction between stroke and Aβ deposition in cognitive function, and the possible antagonist effect of AT
2
receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) on this cognitive decline.
Methods:
Adult (10-12 weeks old) male wild-type (WT) mice (C57BL/6J mice) or the mice with AT
2
receptor overexpression in VSMC (SMAT2) were used. Mice were subjected to intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ1-40 following 15 minutes global brain ischemia operation. Three weeks after Aβ1-40 ICV injection, cognitive function of spatial learning memory was evaluated by the Morris water maze test. Brain samples were obtained after behavioral testing, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and NADPH oxidase subunits were measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR.
Results:
ICV injection of Aβ1-40 in WT mice showed impaired cognitive function. On the other hand, WT mice with transient global brain ischemia did not decline significantly cognitive function. In contrast, WT mice with Aβ1-40 ICV injection with global brain ischemia exhibited more marked cognitive impairment compared with control mice. These results suggested that transient brain ischemia and amyloid-β deposition exerted at least additive effects on cognitive impairment. This cognitive decline was accompanied with increased expressions of inflammatory cytokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and NADPH oxidase subunits including p22
phox
. On the other hand, SMAT
2
mice did not show cognitive impairment by global brain ischemia with/without Aβ1-40 ICV injection.
Conclusion:
Brain ischemia and amyloid-β deposition induced additive or synergistic effect on cognitive impairment. AT
2
receptor activation in VSMC could play an inhibitory role in the cognitive decline induced by brain ischemia and amyloid-β deposition.
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Iwanami J, Mogi M, Wang XL, Tsukuda K, Higaki A, Kukida M, Nakaoka H, Yamauchi T, Bai HY, Shan BS, Min LJ, Horiuchi M. Abstract WP290: AT2 Receptor Stimulation Reduces Stroke Size in Concert With AT2 Receptor-Interacting Protein. Stroke 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.wp290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
We previously reported that the ischemic brain area was significantly larger in angiotensin II type 2 (AT
2
) receptor-deficient mice after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion compared to wild-type mice. We have cloned ATIP (AT
2
receptor interacting protein) as a protein interacting specifically with the C-terminal tail of the AT
2
receptor, and suggest that ATIP might play key roles in diverse mechanisms of AT
2
receptor signaling. However, the effect of ATIP on brain damage has not been clarified. We investigated the possibility that ATIP could enhance the protective effects of compound 21 (C21), a selective direct non-peptidic AT
2
receptor agonist, on focal cerebral ischemia.
Method:
Ten week-old male ATIP-transgenic (ATIP-Tg) and littermate (WT) mice were subjected to permanent MCA occlusion with silicon-coated micro-filament. C21 (10 μg/kg/day) was administered 2 weeks before MCA occlusion. Twenty-four hours after MCA occlusion, ischemic area and neurological deficit was assessed. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by laser speckle flowmetry. Expression of methyl methanesulfonate sensitive 2 (MMS2) as a neuroprotective factor were measured by real-time RT-PCR. Collateral circulation was evaluated by the perfusion of India ink.
Results:
Systolic blood pressure did not differ between ATIP-Tg and WT mice with or without C21. There was no significant difference in ischemic size without C21 treatment between two strains. Treatment with C21 decreased ischemic size and improved neurological deficit in both strains. These protective effects by C21 were more marked in ATIP-Tg mice compared with WT mice. Treatment of C21 did not affect CBF in the core region of ischemic area after MCA occlusion in both strains; however, the reduction of CBF in penumbra region was markedly attenuated in ATIP-Tg mice treated with C21. MMS2 expression increased in ipsilateral hemisphere of ATIP-Tg mice compared with contralateral hemisphere. C21 treatment tended to increase collateral number in ATIP-Tg mice.
Conclusions:
These results suggested that ATIP could enhance the cerebral protective effects of AT
2
receptor stimulation at least in part due to the improvement of CBF and increase of MMS2 expression.
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Shan BS, Mogi M, Iwanami J, Bai HY, Kukida M, Yamauchi T, Higaki A, Min LJ, Horiuchi M. Abstract WP106: Attenuation of Stroke Damage by Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Stimulation via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma Activation. Stroke 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.wp106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis:
Brain renin–angiotensin system plays a role in ischemic brain damage after stroke. It is known that stimulation of angiotensin II type 2 (AT
2
) receptor has a protective role in ischemic brain injury. We demonstrated that AT
2
receptor stimulation by compound 21 (C21), direct AT
2
receptor agonist, inhibited vascular intimal proliferation with activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). Agents with PPAR-γ agonistic effect have been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in brain ischemia. However, whether direct AT
2
receptor stimulation has a protective effect on ischemic brain injury via PPAR-γ activation is still unknown. Thus, we investigated the beneficial effect of C21 on ischemic brain damage by AT
2
receptor stimulation via PPAR-γ activation.
Methods:
Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J and human renin and human angiotensinogen double-transgenic (hRN/hANG-Tg) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Before MCA occlusion, they were administered C21 with or without GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist, for 2 weeks. Ischemic size, inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed 24 hours after MCA occlusion. Cerebral blood flow was measured in the core and periphery of the MCA territory before, immediately after, 1 hour and 24 hours after MCA occlusion.
Results:
Administration of C21 with or without GW9662 had no significant effect on blood pressure. Ischemic brain area at 24 hours after MCA occlusion was significantly enlarged in hRN/hANG-Tg mice, compared with C57BL/6J mice. Treatment with C21 decreased the ischemic area compared with the no-treatment group, with an increase in cerebral blood flow, both in C57BL/6J and hRN/hANG-Tg mice. Co-administration of GW9662 partially attenuated the protective effect of C21 on ischemic size, via an increment in the expression of inflammatory cytokines and superoxide production, although GW9662 treatment alone had no significant effect on ischemic size.
Conclusions:
These results suggest that direct AT
2
receptor stimulation has a beneficial effect on stroke partly due to activation of PPAR-γ.
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Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeğmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindel KF, Bindi V, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dai YM, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demakov O, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Finch E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guo KH, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kang SC, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lordello VD, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Machate F, Majka R, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mikuni VM, Mo DC, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Vitillo S, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Wu H, Wu X, Xia X, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SD, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhu ZQ, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P. Precision Measurement of the Boron to Carbon Flux Ratio in Cosmic Rays from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:231102. [PMID: 27982618 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.231102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the boron to carbon flux ratio (B/C) is important in understanding the propagation of cosmic rays. The precise measurement of the B/C ratio from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV, based on 2.3 million boron and 8.3 million carbon nuclei collected by AMS during the first 5 years of operation, is presented. The detailed variation with rigidity of the B/C spectral index is reported for the first time. The B/C ratio does not show any significant structures in contrast to many cosmic ray models that require such structures at high rigidities. Remarkably, above 65 GV, the B/C ratio is well described by a single power law R^{Δ} with index Δ=-0.333±0.014(fit)±0.005(syst), in good agreement with the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence which predicts Δ=-1/3 asymptotically.
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Wang XL, Iwanami J, Min LJ, Tsukuda K, Nakaoka H, Bai HY, Shan BS, Kan-No H, Kukida M, Chisaka T, Yamauchi T, Higaki A, Mogi M, Horiuchi M. Deficiency of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 causes deterioration of cognitive function. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2016; 2:16024. [PMID: 28721275 PMCID: PMC5515001 DOI: 10.1038/npjamd.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical renin–angiotensin system (RAS), known as the angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor axis, induces various organ damages including cognitive decline. On the other hand, the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas receptor axis has been highlighted as exerting antagonistic actions against the classical RAS axis in the cardiovascular system. However, the roles of the ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas axis in cognitive function largely remain to be elucidated, and we therefore examined possible roles of ACE2 in cognitive function. Male, 10-week-old C57BL6 (wild type, WT) mice and ACE2 knockout (KO) mice were subjected to the Morris water maze task and Y maze test to evaluate cognitive function. ACE2KO mice exhibited significant impairment of cognitive function, compared with that in WT mice. Superoxide anion production increased in ACE2KO mice, with increased mRNA levels of NADPH oxidase subunit, p22phox, p40phox, p67phox, and gp91phox in the hippocampus of ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. The protein level of SOD3 decreased in ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. The AT1 receptor mRNA level in the hippocampus was higher in ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. In contrast, the AT2 receptor mRNA level in the hippocampus did not differ between the two strains. Mas receptor mRNA was highly expressed in the hippocampus compared with the cortex. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein levels were lower in the hippocampus in ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. Taken together, ACE2 deficiency resulted in impaired cognitive function, probably at least in part because of enhanced oxidative stress and a decrease in BDNF.
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Aguilar M, Ali Cavasonza L, Alpat B, Ambrosi G, Arruda L, Attig N, Aupetit S, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Başeǧmez-du Pree S, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Bueno EF, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Coste B, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dai YM, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Dong F, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eronen T, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Finch E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López RJ, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gómez-Coral DM, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guerri I, Guo KH, Habiby M, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang H, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kang SC, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Konak C, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HS, Li JQ, Li JQ, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Majka R, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Pauluzzi M, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rodríguez I, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shi JY, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vázquez Acosta M, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Vitillo S, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang X, Wang XQ, Wang ZX, Wei CC, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Willenbrock M, Wu H, Wu X, Xia X, Xiong RQ, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang JH, Zhang SD, Zhang SW, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhu ZQ, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P. Antiproton Flux, Antiproton-to-Proton Flux Ratio, and Properties of Elementary Particle Fluxes in Primary Cosmic Rays Measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:091103. [PMID: 27610839 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.091103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A precision measurement by AMS of the antiproton flux and the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio in primary cosmic rays in the absolute rigidity range from 1 to 450 GV is presented based on 3.49×10^{5} antiproton events and 2.42×10^{9} proton events. The fluxes and flux ratios of charged elementary particles in cosmic rays are also presented. In the absolute rigidity range ∼60 to ∼500 GV, the antiproton p[over ¯], proton p, and positron e^{+} fluxes are found to have nearly identical rigidity dependence and the electron e^{-} flux exhibits a different rigidity dependence. Below 60 GV, the (p[over ¯]/p), (p[over ¯]/e^{+}), and (p/e^{+}) flux ratios each reaches a maximum. From ∼60 to ∼500 GV, the (p[over ¯]/p), (p[over ¯]/e^{+}), and (p/e^{+}) flux ratios show no rigidity dependence. These are new observations of the properties of elementary particles in the cosmos.
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Kukida M, Mogi M, Ohshima K, Nakaoka H, Iwanami J, Kanno H, Tsukuda K, Chisaka T, Min LJ, Wang XL, Bai HY, Shan BS, Higaki A, Yamauchi T, Okura T, Higaki J, Horiuchi M. Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Inhibits Vascular Intimal Proliferation With Activation of PPARγ. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:727-36. [PMID: 26471325 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor stimulation could exert beneficial effects on vascular remodeling. Previously, we reported that AT2 receptor stimulation ameliorated insulin resistance in diabetic mice accompanied by PPARγ activation which also plays a variety of crucial roles in the vasculature. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the vascular protective effect of the AT2 receptor with activation of PPARγ involving AT2 receptor-interacting protein (ATIP). METHODS AND RESULTS Vascular injury was induced by polyethylene-cuff placement around the femoral artery in C57BL/6J mice. Treatment with compound 21 (C21), an AT2 receptor agonist, decreased neointimal formation, cell proliferation, and the mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin-1β, and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B, and increased PPARγ DNA-binding activity in the injured artery, whereas these inhibitory effects of C21 were attenuated by co-treatment with a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662. Treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) with C21 prepared from smAT2 transgenic mice, which highly express the AT2 receptor in VSMC, increased both PPARγ activity and its DNA-binding activity determined by dual-luciferase assay and electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA), respectively. We observed that ATIP was involved in PPARγ complex formation, and that transfection of siRNA of ATIP1 attenuated the AT2 receptor-mediated increase in PPARγ activity in VSMC. In response to AT2 receptor stimulation, ATIP was translocated from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a new mechanism by which AT2 receptor stimulation activates PPARγ, thereby resulting in amelioration of vascular intimal proliferation, and that ATIP plays an important role in AT2 receptor-mediated PPARγ activation.
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Bai HY, Mogi M, Nakaoka H, Kan-No H, Tsukuda K, Wang XL, Shan BS, Kukida M, Yamauchi T, Higaki A, Min LJ, Iwanami J, Horiuchi M. Synergistic Inhibitory Effect of Rosuvastatin and Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Agonist on Vascular Remodeling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:352-8. [PMID: 27225894 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the possibility that coadministration of rosuvastatin and compound 21 (C21), a selective angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor agonist, could exert synergistic preventive effects on vascular injury. Vascular injury was induced by polyethylene cuff placement on the femoral artery in 9-week-old male C57BL/6J mice. Mice were treated with rosuvastatin and/or with C21 after cuff placement. Neointima formation was determined 14 days after the operation and cell proliferation, and superoxide anion production and expression of inflammatory cytokines were examined 7 days after cuff placement. Neointima formation was significantly attenuated by the treatment of rosuvastatin (5 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) or C21 (10 μg kg(-1) day(-1)), associated with the decreases in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index, oxidative stress, and the expression of inflammatory markers. Treatment with a noneffective dose of rosuvastatin (0.5 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) plus a low dose of C21 (1 μg kg(-1) day(-1)) inhibited the PCNA labeling index, superoxide anion production, mRNA expressions of NAD(P)H subunits, and mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory markers associated with marked inhibition of neointima formation. Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor mRNA expression did not differ the groups. By contrast, AT2 receptor mRNA expression was increased by administration of C21 at the dose of 10 μg kg(-1) day(-1) but not by C21 at the dose of 1 μg kg(-1) day(-1) or rosuvastatin. The combination of rosuvastatin and AT2 receptor agonist exerted synergistic preventive effects on vascular remodeling associated with the decreases in cell proliferation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory reaction. That could be a powerful approach to vascular disease prevention.
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Mogi M, Kohara K, Nakaoka H, Kan-No H, Tsukuda K, Wang XL, Chisaka T, Bai HY, Shan BS, Kukida M, Iwanami J, Miki T, Horiuchi M. Diabetic mice exhibited a peculiar alteration in body composition with exaggerated ectopic fat deposition after muscle injury due to anomalous cell differentiation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016; 7:213-24. [PMID: 27493874 PMCID: PMC4864245 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenic obesity, age-related muscle loss, which is compensated by an increase in fat mass, impairs quality of life in elderly people. Although the increase in intramuscular fat is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and increased metabolic risk factors, the origin of diabetes-associated intramuscular fat has not been elucidated. Here, we investigated intramuscular fat deposition using a muscle injury model in type 2 diabetic mice. METHODS Male 8-week-old C57BL/6 and 8-week-old and 26-week-old KKAy underwent intramuscular injection of cardiotoxin (Ctx) (100 μL/10 μM) into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. After 2 weeks, the muscles were removed and evaluated. RESULTS KKAy exhibited impaired muscle regeneration and ectopic fat deposition. Such impairment was more marked in older KKAy. These changes were also observed in another diabetic mouse model, db/db and diet-induced obese mice but not in streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. Deposited fat was platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor alpha positive and its cytoskeleton was stained with Masson's trichrome, indicating it to be of fibro-adipocyte progenitor cell origin. Expression of a myogenic marker, myoD, was lower and that of PDGF receptor alpha and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CEBP) alpha was higher in Ctx-injured TA of KKAy compared with that of C57BL/6. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was highly expressed in fat-forming lesions in older KKAy. Treatment with all-trans retinoic acid prevented the formation of intramuscular fat; however, treatment with GW9662, a PPARγ antagonist, increased the fibrotic change in muscle. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic mice showed impaired muscle regeneration with fat deposition, suggesting that diabetes may enhance sarcopenic obesity through a mechanism involving anomalous fibro-adipocyte progenitor cell differentiation.
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Iwanami J, Mogi M, Tsukuda K, Wang XL, Higaki A, Kukida M, Nakaoka H, Yamauchi T, Bai HY, Shan BS, Min LJ, Horiuchi M. Abstract WP264: Possible Epigenetic Modulation of Cerebral Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor in the Cognitive Function in Vascular Dementia. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.wp264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
It is well known that activation of angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor results in cognitive impairment. In contrast, accumulating evidences suggest that angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor stimulation might prevent cognitive impairment in mice. We recently reported that administration of compound 21, newly developed direct AT2 receptor agonist, improved cognitive decline in the mouse model of vascular dementia induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). Cerebral histone deacetylase (HDAC) 2 has been highlighted in terms of epigenetic modulation of cognitive function. These results led us to examine the effects of HDAC on AT2 receptor-mediated improvement of cognitive decline.
Methods:
Ten-week-old male wild type (WT) (C57BL/6) or AT2 receptor knockout (AT2KO) mice were subjected to BCAS. HDAC inhibitor (SAHA; 25 mg/kg/day) was administrated from 4 weeks after BCAS operation. The Morris water maze task was performed 6 weeks after BCAS operation. HDAC2 and inflammatory cytokine levels in the hippocampus were determined. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) were assessed by laser speckle flowmetry.
Results:
HDAC2 protein level in the hippocampus did not differ between WT and AT2KO mice at 10 weeks of age, whereas HDAC2 of AT2KO mice at 20 weeks of age was higher compared with that of WT mice. Cognitive impairment after BCAS was more marked in AT2KO mice. Treatment with SAHA attenuated BCAS-induced prolongation of escape latency in the Morris water maze test both in WT and AT2KO mice; however this effect of SAHA was more marked in AT2KO mice. Decrease in CBF after BCAS was not affected by SAHA treatment. Expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNA was increased by BCAS and this increase was attenuated by SAHA treatment.
Conclusions:
We speculate that modulation of cerebral AT2 receptor could be new therapeutic tool to prevent cognitive impairment via epigenetic abnormalities.
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Iwanami J, Mogi M, Wang XL, Tsukuda K, Higaki A, Kukida M, Nakaoka H, Yamauchi T, Bai HY, Shan BS, Min LJ, Horiuchi M. Abstract WP266: Deficiency of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 Causes Deterioration of Cognitive Function. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.wp266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
The classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS), known as the angiotensin (Ang) converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor axis, induces various organ damage including cognitive decline. On the other hand, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis has been highlighted as exerting antagonistic actions against the classical RAS axis in the cardiovascular system. However, the roles of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis in cognitive function largely remain to be elucidated, and we therefore examined possible roles of ACE2 in cognitive function.
Methods:
Male 10-week-old C57BL6 (wild-type: WT) mice and ACE2 knockout (KO) mice were subjected to the Morris water maze task to evaluate spatial cognitive function. Vascular dementia model were induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). The Morris water maze task was performed 6 weeks after BCAS operation.
Results:
ACE2KO mice exhibited significant impairment of spatial cognitive function, compared with that in WT mice, without significant difference in cerebral blood flow determined by laser speckle flowmetry and morphological changes in the hippocampus between both strains. Superoxide anion production in the hippocampus tended to be increased in ACE2KO mice, with increased mRNA levels of NADPH oxidase subunit in the hippocampus of ACE2KO compared with WT mice. Protein level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) 3 tended to be decreased in ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. AT1 receptor mRNA level in the hippocampus was higher in ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. In contrast, AT2 receptor mRNA level in the hippocampus did not differ between the two strains. Mas receptor mRNA was highly expressed in the hippocampus compared with the cortex, with no significant difference between ACE2KO and WT mice. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA was lower in the hippocampus in ACE2KO mice compared with WT mice. Escape latency after BCAS was prolonged in WT mice compared with sham operated mice, whereas impaired cognitive function in ACE2 KO mice was not further exaggerated after BCAS.
Conclusion:
Taken together ACE2 deficiency resulted in impaired cognitive function probably due to enhanced oxidative stress and a decrease in BDNF.
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Chisaka T, Mogi M, Nakaoka H, Kan-No H, Tsukuda K, Wang XL, Bai HY, Shan BS, Kukida M, Iwanami J, Higaki T, Ishii EI, Horiuchi M. Low-Protein Diet-Induced Fetal Growth Restriction Leads to Exaggerated Proliferative Response to Vascular Injury in Postnatal Life. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:54-62. [PMID: 26002925 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effects of fetal growth restriction (FGR) induced by maternal protein restriction on inflammatory vascular remodeling using a cuff-induced vascular injury mouse model. METHODS Dams (C57BL/6J strain mice) were fed an isocaloric diet containing 20% protein (normal protein; NP) or 8% protein (low protein; LP) from 10 weeks of age until delivery. On the day of delivery, all dams were returned to the NP diet. After weaning, offspring were fed the NP diet. When offspring were 10 weeks of age, vascular injury was induced by polyethylene cuff placement around the femoral artery. RESULTS Birth weight in offspring from dams fed LP until delivery (LPO) was significantly lower, but body weight was the same at 2 weeks after birth compared with that in NP offspring (NPO). Arterial blood pressure at 12 weeks of age did not differ between LPO and NPO. Neointima formation was exaggerated in LPO compared with NPO and associated with an increase in cell proliferation assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining index. Moreover, LPO showed enhanced expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and production of superoxide anion in the injured artery. Moreover, mRNA expression of isoforms of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits such as p22phox, p40phox, p47phox, p67phox, gp91phpx, and Rac1 in the injured arteries were enhanced in LPO. Furthermore, HIF-1α expression was increased in LPO compared with that in NPO. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that maternal low-protein diet-induced FGR increases susceptibility of the vasculature to postnatal injury.
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Aguilar M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bindi V, Bizzaglia S, Bizzarri M, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Borsini S, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cerreta D, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen GM, Chen H, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Gil EC, Coste B, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dai YM, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Masso L, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Donnini F, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Egorov A, Eline A, Eppling FJ, Eronen T, Fan YY, Farnesini L, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fiasson A, Finch E, Fisher P, Formato V, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López R, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guandalini C, Guerri I, Guo KH, Haas D, Habiby M, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Korkmaz MA, Kossakowski R, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Li HL, Li JQ, Li JQ, Li Q, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Liu H, Lolli M, Lomtadze T, Lu MJ, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo F, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Majka R, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Müller M, Nelson T, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Obermeier A, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Papi A, Pauluzzi M, Pedreschi E, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Piluso A, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rodríguez I, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Schael S, Schmidt SM, von Dratzig AS, Schwering G, Scolieri G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shan YH, Shi JY, Shi XY, Shi YM, Siedenburg T, Son D, Song JW, Spada F, Spinella F, Sun W, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang CP, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vaurynovich S, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Vitillo S, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang RS, Wang X, Wang ZX, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Willenbrock M, Wu H, Wu X, Xia X, Xie M, Xie S, Xiong RQ, Xu NS, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Yang Y, Ye QH, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang C, Zhang JH, Zhang MT, Zhang SD, Zhang SW, Zhang XB, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P. Precision Measurement of the Helium Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays of Rigidities 1.9 GV to 3 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:211101. [PMID: 26636836 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.211101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the precise rigidity dependence of the helium flux is important in understanding the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. A precise measurement of the helium flux in primary cosmic rays with rigidity (momentum/charge) from 1.9 GV to 3 TV based on 50 million events is presented and compared to the proton flux. The detailed variation with rigidity of the helium flux spectral index is presented for the first time. The spectral index progressively hardens at rigidities larger than 100 GV. The rigidity dependence of the helium flux spectral index is similar to that of the proton spectral index though the magnitudes are different. Remarkably, the spectral index of the proton to helium flux ratio increases with rigidity up to 45 GV and then becomes constant; the flux ratio above 45 GV is well described by a single power law.
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Bai HY, Mogi M, Nakaoka H, Kan-no H, Tsukuda K, Chisaka T, Wang XL, Kukida M, Shan BS, Yamauchi T, Higaki A, Iwanami J, Horiuchi M. Pre-treatment with LCZ696, an orally active angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, prevents ischemic brain damage. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:293-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Aguilar M, Aisa D, Alpat B, Alvino A, Ambrosi G, Andeen K, Arruda L, Attig N, Azzarello P, Bachlechner A, Barao F, Barrau A, Barrin L, Bartoloni A, Basara L, Battarbee M, Battiston R, Bazo J, Becker U, Behlmann M, Beischer B, Berdugo J, Bertucci B, Bigongiari G, Bindi V, Bizzaglia S, Bizzarri M, Boella G, de Boer W, Bollweg K, Bonnivard V, Borgia B, Borsini S, Boschini MJ, Bourquin M, Burger J, Cadoux F, Cai XD, Capell M, Caroff S, Casaus J, Cascioli V, Castellini G, Cernuda I, Cerreta D, Cervelli F, Chae MJ, Chang YH, Chen AI, Chen H, Cheng GM, Chen HS, Cheng L, Chou HY, Choumilov E, Choutko V, Chung CH, Clark C, Clavero R, Coignet G, Consolandi C, Contin A, Corti C, Cortina Gil E, Coste B, Creus W, Crispoltoni M, Cui Z, Dai YM, Delgado C, Della Torre S, Demirköz MB, Derome L, Di Falco S, Di Masso L, Dimiccoli F, Díaz C, von Doetinchem P, Donnini F, Du WJ, Duranti M, D'Urso D, Eline A, Eppling FJ, Eronen T, Fan YY, Farnesini L, Feng J, Fiandrini E, Fiasson A, Finch E, Fisher P, Galaktionov Y, Gallucci G, García B, García-López R, Gargiulo C, Gast H, Gebauer I, Gervasi M, Ghelfi A, Gillard W, Giovacchini F, Goglov P, Gong J, Goy C, Grabski V, Grandi D, Graziani M, Guandalini C, Guerri I, Guo KH, Haas D, Habiby M, Haino S, Han KC, He ZH, Heil M, Hoffman J, Hsieh TH, Huang ZC, Huh C, Incagli M, Ionica M, Jang WY, Jinchi H, Kanishev K, Kim GN, Kim KS, Kirn T, Kossakowski R, Kounina O, Kounine A, Koutsenko V, Krafczyk MS, La Vacca G, Laudi E, Laurenti G, Lazzizzera I, Lebedev A, Lee HT, Lee SC, Leluc C, Levi G, Li HL, Li JQ, Li Q, Li Q, Li TX, Li W, Li Y, Li ZH, Li ZY, Lim S, Lin CH, Lipari P, Lippert T, Liu D, Liu H, Lolli M, Lomtadze T, Lu MJ, Lu SQ, Lu YS, Luebelsmeyer K, Luo JZ, Lv SS, Majka R, Mañá C, Marín J, Martin T, Martínez G, Masi N, Maurin D, Menchaca-Rocha A, Meng Q, Mo DC, Morescalchi L, Mott P, Müller M, Ni JQ, Nikonov N, Nozzoli F, Nunes P, Obermeier A, Oliva A, Orcinha M, Palmonari F, Palomares C, Paniccia M, Papi A, Pauluzzi M, Pedreschi E, Pensotti S, Pereira R, Picot-Clemente N, Pilo F, Piluso A, Pizzolotto C, Plyaskin V, Pohl M, Poireau V, Postaci E, Putze A, Quadrani L, Qi XM, Qin X, Qu ZY, Räihä T, Rancoita PG, Rapin D, Ricol JS, Rodríguez I, Rosier-Lees S, Rozhkov A, Rozza D, Sagdeev R, Sandweiss J, Saouter P, Sbarra C, Schael S, Schmidt SM, Schulz von Dratzig A, Schwering G, Scolieri G, Seo ES, Shan BS, Shan YH, Shi JY, Shi XY, Shi YM, Siedenburg T, Son D, Spada F, Spinella F, Sun W, Sun WH, Tacconi M, Tang CP, Tang XW, Tang ZC, Tao L, Tescaro D, Ting SCC, Ting SM, Tomassetti N, Torsti J, Türkoğlu C, Urban T, Vagelli V, Valente E, Vannini C, Valtonen E, Vaurynovich S, Vecchi M, Velasco M, Vialle JP, Vitale V, Vitillo S, Wang LQ, Wang NH, Wang QL, Wang RS, Wang X, Wang ZX, Weng ZL, Whitman K, Wienkenhöver J, Wu H, Wu X, Xia X, Xie M, Xie S, Xiong RQ, Xin GM, Xu NS, Xu W, Yan Q, Yang J, Yang M, Ye QH, Yi H, Yu YJ, Yu ZQ, Zeissler S, Zhang JH, Zhang MT, Zhang XB, Zhang Z, Zheng ZM, Zhuang HL, Zhukov V, Zichichi A, Zimmermann N, Zuccon P, Zurbach C. Precision Measurement of the Proton Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays from Rigidity 1 GV to 1.8 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:171103. [PMID: 25978222 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.171103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A precise measurement of the proton flux in primary cosmic rays with rigidity (momentum/charge) from 1 GV to 1.8 TV is presented based on 300 million events. Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the proton flux is important in understanding the origin, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. We present the detailed variation with rigidity of the flux spectral index for the first time. The spectral index progressively hardens at high rigidities.
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Nakaoka H, Mogi M, Kan-No H, Tsukuda K, Ohshima K, Wang XL, Chisaka T, Bai HY, Shan BS, Kukida M, Iwanami J, Horiuchi M. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor signaling affects dopamine levels in the brain and prevents binge eating disorder. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2015; 16:749-57. [PMID: 25757658 DOI: 10.1177/1470320315573680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Binge eating disorder (BED) is associated with dopaminergic activation as food reward, resulting in metabolism-related disorders. Stimulation of angiotensin type 2 (AT2) receptor is reported to inhibit dopamine synthesis. We investigated the possible roles of AT2 receptor-mediated dopamine regulation in the pathogenesis of BED. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice, type 2 diabetic (KKAy) mice and AT2 receptor-null (AT2KO) mice at eight weeks old were treated with AT2 receptor agonist, compound 21 (C21) or saline for two weeks. Mice were subjected to fasting for two days followed by re-feeding for seven days. RESULTS Treatment with C21 attenuated the rebound proportion of body weight, food intake and water intake in KKAy mice, but not in C57BL/6 and AT2KO mice. Dopamine concentration in the striatum was further increased by fasting in KKAy and AT2KO mice. Administration of C21 significantly attenuated this fasting-induced increase in dopamine level only in KKAy mice. Dopamine receptor D1, D2 expression in the substantia nigra were markedly lower in KKAy mice compared with C57BL/6 mice, while administration of C21 increased their expression in KKAy mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that AT2 receptor stimulation may be a new therapeutic approach to improve eating disorder associated with dopamine resistance.
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Wang XL, Iwanami J, Mogi M, Tsukuda K, Nakaoka H, Bai HY, Kukida M, Chisaka T, Shan BS, Horiuchi M. Abstract 118: Effect of Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 on Vascular Dementia Using Mouse Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Model. Stroke 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/str.46.suppl_1.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Accumulation of inflammatory cells around the damaged blood vessels is an important feature of the pathophysiology of Binswanger disease due to hypoxic conditions. Recent reports indicate that expression of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1-dependent genes in neurons plays a role in ischemic neuronal death. However, the roles of IRF-1 in vascular dementia are not well investigated. Therefore, we assessed the effect of IRF-1 on cognitive function using vascular dementia mouse model by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
Methods:
Male 10-week-old C57BL/6 (wild-type; WT) and IRF-1-knockout (IRF-1KO) mice were used in this study. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion mouse model was generated by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS). Six weeks after BCAS, the mice were subjected to the Morris water maze test 5 times a day for 5 days. After the Morris water maze task, cerebral blood flow (CBF) was evaluated by laser speckle flowmetry. Expression of NADPH oxidase subunits and inflammatory cytokines in cortex and hippocampus were determined by real-time RT-PCR.
Results:
Body weight before and 6 weeks after BCAS operation did not differ in all groups. In the Morris water maze task, escape latency was significantly prolonged in sham-operated IRF-1KO mice compared with sham-operated WT mice. Moreover, BCAS-treated IRF-1KO mice exhibited more prolonged escape latency compared with sham-operated IRF-1KO and BCAS-treated WT mice. Although BCAS treatment reduced CBF in WT mice, there was no significant difference in CBF between sham-operated WT and IRF-1KO mice. On the other hand, after BCAS treatment, CBF was more markedly decreased in IRF-1KO mice than WT mice. In sham-operated groups, mRNA expression of NDADPH oxidase subunits and inflammatory cytokines in the brain did not differ between WT and IRF-1KO mice. In contrast, BCAS-treated IRF-1KO mice showed the tendency to increase mRNA expression of p22phox, p47phox, TNF-α and MCP-1 than BCAS-treated WT mice.
Conclusion:
These results suggest that IRF-1 has a protective effect on cognitive decline due to the prevention of CBF reduction, and the increases in NADPH oxidase and inflammatory cytokines in mouse chronic cerebral hypoperfusion model.
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