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Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Follmann D, Neuzil KM, August A, Clouting H, Fortier G, Deng W, Han S, Zhao X, Leav B, Talarico C, Girard B, Paila YD, Tomassini JE, Schödel F, Pajon R, Zhou H, Das R, Miller J. Covid-19 in the Phase 3 Trial of mRNA-1273 During the Delta-variant Surge. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 34611666 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.17.21263624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Following emergency use authorization in December 2020, the Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) trial was amended to an open-label phase, where participants were unblinded and those randomized to placebo were offered vaccination. Emergence of the delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with increased incidences of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) among unvaccinated and vaccinated persons. This exploratory analysis evaluated the incidence and genetic sequences of Covid-19 cases in the ongoing COVE trial during the open-label phase, with a focus on July-August 2021, when delta-variants surged in the US. Methods Covid-19 cases were identified in participants initially randomized to mRNA-1273 (vaccinated from July-December 2020) and those initially randomized to the placebo (vaccinated December 2020-April 2021) who received at least one dose and were SARS-CoV-2-negative at baseline in the modified-intent-to-treat population were analyzed. Included were Covid-19 cases occurring after 26-Mar-2021 with positive RT-PCR results in nasopharyngeal samples (central lab test) and reported Covid-19 symptoms. Genetic sequencing of Covid-19 cases was also performed. Results There were 14,746 participants in the earlier mRNA-1273 (mRNA-1273e) group and 11,431 in the later placebo-mRNA1273 (mRNA-1273p) group. Covid-19 cases increased from the start of the open-label phase to July-August 2021. During July and August, 162 Covid-19 cases occurred in the mRNA-1273e group and 88 in the mRNA-1273p group. Of the cases sequenced, 144/149 [97%]) in the mRNA-1273 and 86/88 (99%) in the mRNA-1273p groups were attributed to delta. The incidence rate of Covid-19 was lower for the mRNA-1273p (49.0/1000 person-years) versus mRNA-1273e (77.1/1000 person-years) group [36.4% (95% CI 17.1%-51.5%) reduction]. There were fewer severe Covid-19 cases in the mRNA-1273p (6; 6.2/1000 person-years) than mRNA-1273e (13; 3.3/1000 person-years) [46.0% (95% CI -52.4%-83.2%) reduction]. Three Covid-19 related hospitalizations occurred with two resulting deaths in the mRNA-1273e group. Conclusion Incidence rates of Covid-19 and severe Covid-19 were lower during the months when delta was the dominant variant (July/August 2021) among COVE participants vaccinated more recently. Analysis of COVID-19 cases from the open-label phase of the COVE study is ongoing.
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Girard B, Davoudi O, Tatry M, Tassart M. [Secondary blepharospasm, analysis and pathophysiology of blepharospasm. French translation of the article]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 44:151-162. [PMID: 33431190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To localize the brain structures involved in blepharospasm. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective consecutive series of brain MRI's of patients with secondary blepharospasm whose immediate past medical history included cerebrovascular accident or head trauma. RESULTS Six patients, including 4 with CVA with ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions of the thalamus and caudate nuclei and 2 with head trauma with contusive sequellae to the tectal plate and frontal cortical and cerebellar atrophy. CONCLUSION According to the literature, brain lesions associated with blepharospasm involve mainly the thalamus, head of the caudate nucleus, corpus striatum, globus pallidus, internal capsule, cerebral cortex and cerebellum. This study demonstrates that blepharospasm is associated with a lesion of a complex neural network - cortex-thalamus-globus pallidus-cortex - and does not correspond to a single, unique lesion. This network is connected with ascending and descending sensory-motor pathways and motor nuclei.
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Girard B, de Saint Sauveur G, Tatry M, Abdellaoui M, Tassart M. [Hemifacial spasm. Etiology and management]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2020; 44:382-390. [PMID: 33390255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is an involuntary contracture of the facial muscles innervated by the ipsilateral facial nerve. We studied the etiology of these HFS. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 233 patients with HFS who came to the ophthalmologist for quarterly botulinum neurotoxin A injection. Of these, we analyzed the 198 patients for whom MRI scans were performed. We recorded patient clinical data and clarified the etiology of their HFS. RESULTS The 198 patients (62.6% women) had a mean age of 55.7±14years. An etiology was found in 52.5% of cases. In 34.5% of HFS, MRI revealed vascular compression where the facial nerve emerged from the brainstem. We specify the arteries involved. Brain tumors accounted for 1.5% of cases. MRI was normal in 64.5% of cases. In these secondary cases of HFS, we found 8.5% peripheral facial palsy, 4% post-traumatic HFS and 4% secondary to an eye injury. Stress was found in 17% of patients. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study illustrates the need for MRI with attention to the posterior fossa in the work-up of HFS in order to identify primary HFS associated with vascular compression of the facial nerve and to rule out a rare but serious posterior fossa tumor. The treatment of HFS is based on quarterly injections of botulinum neurotoxin/A (NTBo/A), the three brands of which have market approval. The injection pattern and frequency is customized according to the results. In cases of insufficient response to injections of NTBo/A, neurosurgical microvascular decompression may be considered for cases of primary HFS.
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Rubin F, Vellin JF, Berkaoui J, Al Assaf W, Pennica A, Girard B, Hoarau P, Pescatori P, Dupre M, Bensoussan S, Vurpillot P, Challut N, Laccourreye O. Impact de l’épidémie SARS-CoV-2 sur les consultations libérales d’otorhinolaryngologie lors du premier mois de confinement de l’île de la Réunion en 2020. ANNALES FRANÇAISES D'OTO-RHINO-LARYNGOLOGIE ET DE PATHOLOGIE CERVICO-FACIALE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7301113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aforl.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectif Analyse de l’impact du premier mois de confinement lié à l’épidémie SARS-CoV-2 sur l’activité de consultation des otorhinolaryngologistes libéraux de l‘île de La Réunion. Méthode Étude observationnelle, multicentrique, prospective analysant l’activité de consultation de douze praticiens. Objectif principal Évaluer le nombre, les caractéristiques et les modalités des consultations réalisées. Objectifs secondaires : préciser les symptômes amenant les patients à consulter, les diagnostics évoqués, les prescriptions instaurées, les éventuelles conséquences néfastes et l’impact sur le chiffre d‘affaire. Résultats 693 consultations étaient réalisées, dont 50 % étaient demandées en urgence. 57,9 % des consultations étaient réalisées en présence du patient, 28,4 % étaient effectuées au téléphone et 13,7 % et en téléconsultation. Lors des consultations présentielles, les otorhinolaryngologistes portaient des gants et un masque respectivement dans 53,8 % et 92,2 % des cas. Le masque porté était de type chirurgical et de type FFP2 dans 71,6 % et 28,4 % de cas, respectivement. Les trois symptômes les plus fréquents (48,5 % des cas) étaient l’otalgie, les troubles de l’audition et les vertiges. Les trois diagnostics les plus fréquents (60,6 % des cas) étaient, les otites, les corps étrangers d’oreille (cérumen inclus) et les infections pharyngées. Les trois examens complémentaires les plus prescrits (74,3 % des cas) étaient l’imagerie, l’audiométrie, et l’avis d’un spécialiste médical. Les trois familles thérapeutiques les plus prescrites (52,7 % des cas) étaient les gouttes auriculaires, les antibiotiques, et les lavages de nez et/ou sprays nasaux. L’incidence des conséquences néfastes était de 0,001 % et aucun des otorhinolaryngologistes ou des patients ne semblait avoir été infecté par la Covid 19. Une baisse de 47,3 % à 91 % (médiane : 75,6 %) du chiffre d’affaire de consultation était notée. Conclusion Cette étude souligne la disponibilité et l’adaptabilité des ORL réunionnais libéraux en contexte épidémique malgré un impact économique très négatif.
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Rubin F, Vellin JF, Berkaoui J, Al Assaf W, Pennica A, Girard B, Hoarau P, Pescatori P, Dupre M, Bensoussan S, Vurpillot P, Challut N, Laccourreye O. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic on private ENT consulting practice during the first month of lockdown in Réunion Island in 2020. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2020; 137:251-256. [PMID: 32712116 PMCID: PMC7309792 DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To analyze the impact of the first month of lockdown related to the 2020 SARS-Cov-2 epidemic on the consulting activity of private ENT physicians in Réunion Island. Material and methods A multicenter prospective study analyzed the consulting activity of 12 ENT physicians in full-time private practice. The main endpoints were the number, characteristics and conditions of consultations. Secondary endpoints comprised presenting symptoms, diagnosis, prescriptions, adverse effects, and progression of monthly consulting turnover. Results Six hundred and ninety three consultations were performed during the study period (Appendix 1), with 50% emergency consultations. In 57.9% were face-to-face, 28.4% by phone and 13.7% video. In face-to-face consultation, the physician wore gloves in 53.8% of cases and a mask in 92.2%: surgical mask in 71.6% of cases and FFP2 in 28.4%. The three most frequent symptoms (48.5% of cases) were otalgia, hearing impairment, and vertigo. The three most frequent diagnoses (60.6% of cases) were otitis, intra-auricular foreign body (including wax), and pharyngeal infection. The three most frequently prescribed complementary exams (74.3% of cases) were imaging, hearing work-up, and specialist opinion. The three most frequently prescribed treatments (52.7% of cases) were intra-auricular drops, oral antibiotics, and nasal spray. The incidence of adverse effects was 0.001%. None of the physicians or patients seemed to have been infected by Covid-19 during the study period. There was a 47.3-91% (median, 75.6%) drop in monthly consultation turnover. Conclusion The present study underscored the availability and adaptability of ENT physicians in the Réunion Island in an epidemic context, although economic impact was detrimental.
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Saponaro A, Duflot-Bilbault C, Steschenko D, Girard B, Raffo E. Modification EEG au cours d’une encéphalite aiguë chez des enfants ayant une encéphalopathie épileptique. Neurophysiol Clin 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Effaty F, Zsombor-Pindera J, Kazakova A, Girard B, Askari MS, Ottenwaelder X. Ligand and electronic effects on copper–arylnitroso self-assembly. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00894a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The topology and degree of electron transfer in self-assembled redox reactions between copper(i) species and nitrosoarenes are controlled by ligand properties.
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Girard B, Piaton JM, Keller P, Abadie C, Nguyen TH. Botulinum neurotoxin injection for the treatment of epiphora in nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J Fr Ophtalmol 2017; 40:661-665. [PMID: 28847443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retrospective long-term study to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) therapy for epiphora due to non-surgical nasolacrimal duct obstruction. INTRODUCTION BoNT/A has been used successfully since 2000 in axillary hyperhidrosis to reduce secretory disorders. Some isolated cases of hyperlacrimation or crocodile tear syndrome have been treated on this basis. We used BoNT/A to decrease lacrimal secretion in cases of epiphora. METHODS We reviewed the qualitative and quantitative degree of improvement of epiphora after botulinum neurotoxin injections in the palpebral lobe of the lacrimal gland, carried out in an ophthalmic centre between 2009 and 2016. Epiphora was graded using a questionnaire, Munk scores and Schirmer tests before and after injections. Severity of side effects was recorded. RESULTS Twenty-seven palpebral lacrimal glands of twenty patients with epiphora, mean age 65±13, were treated with BoNT/A (Botox® or Xeomin®) from April 2009 to April 2016. The epiphora was induced by persistent nasolacrimal duct stenosis after surgical treatment. No conventional medical nor surgical treatment was effective at this time. The technique of injection, dilution and dosage were specific. We re-injected 14/27 cases on an as-needed basis, 7/27 cases three times, 3/27 cases four times, and 2/27 cases (same patient both glands) five times. The Schirmer test measured a decrease of lacrimal secretion in 24/27 (89%) lacrimal glands after neurotoxin injection. Side effects were ptosis in 4 cases and transient esotropia in 2 cases. The authors describe the injection techniques, the dosage, the volume and concentration of BoNT/A. CONCLUSION Patients with epiphora can be treated effectively with BoNT/A to reduce lacrimal secretion of the principal lacrimal gland in its palpebral portion. Ninety percent of the patients were very satisfied, with few side effects (ptosis or mild diplopia lasting from 3 days to 3 weeks). More studies are needed to delineate which types of epiphora can be treated with BoNT/A.
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Girard B, Bendavid M, Faivre JC, Salleron J, Debillon T, Claris O, Chabrol B, Schweitzer C, Gajdos V. Enseignement théorique du Diplôme d’études spécialisées de pédiatrie en France : évaluation nationale par les internes. Arch Pediatr 2017; 24:728-736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Girard B, Chouard B, Hardy F. [Cataract surgery among 50 Alzheimer's patient (55 eyes)]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2017; 40:487-498. [PMID: 28571835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cataract surgery for 50 Alzheimer patients (55 eyes). METHODS Cinquante Alzheimer's patients with 0≤MMS≤25, with bilateral disabling cataracts were included for surgery. The surgical technique is analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The preoperative examination of Alzheimer's patients is time consuming and requires experience in this area, which is important to integrate into the practice of ophthalmology. The type of cataract is unusual, with a predilection for pseudoexfoliation syndrome and zonular fragility that has to be managed during surgery. The procedure may be performed under local anesthesia. Three months after surgery, Alzheimer's patients demonstrated improved visual acuity (P<0.001) with no worsening of their dementia.
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Girard B, Chouard B, Levy P, Luquel L, Seux ML, Drunat O. Modifications des troubles du comportement après l’opération de la cataracte chez les patients Alzheimer. J Fr Ophtalmol 2016; 39:675-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bacquet M, Bendavid M, Foucambert H, Girard B, Morand A, Ploton MC. Réforme de la maquette du diplôme d’études spécialisées de pédiatrie : vision des juniors. Arch Pediatr 2016; 23:784-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ben Ayed H, Girard B. Vibrations transmises à l’ensemble du corps : un danger toujours sous-estimé. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2014.03.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Caluwaerts K, Staffa M, N'Guyen S, Grand C, Dollé L, Favre-Félix A, Girard B, Khamassi M. A biologically inspired meta-control navigation system for the Psikharpax rat robot. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2012; 7:025009. [PMID: 22617382 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3182/7/2/025009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A biologically inspired navigation system for the mobile rat-like robot named Psikharpax is presented, allowing for self-localization and autonomous navigation in an initially unknown environment. The ability of parts of the model (e.g. the strategy selection mechanism) to reproduce rat behavioral data in various maze tasks has been validated before in simulations. But the capacity of the model to work on a real robot platform had not been tested. This paper presents our work on the implementation on the Psikharpax robot of two independent navigation strategies (a place-based planning strategy and a cue-guided taxon strategy) and a strategy selection meta-controller. We show how our robot can memorize which was the optimal strategy in each situation, by means of a reinforcement learning algorithm. Moreover, a context detector enables the controller to quickly adapt to changes in the environment-recognized as new contexts-and to restore previously acquired strategy preferences when a previously experienced context is recognized. This produces adaptivity closer to rat behavioral performance and constitutes a computational proposition of the role of the rat prefrontal cortex in strategy shifting. Moreover, such a brain-inspired meta-controller may provide an advancement for learning architectures in robotics.
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Raynal M, Ceruse P, Girard B, Rakotovao F, Rakoto FA, Favier A, Coupat C, Aiss D. [Management of ear, nose, and throat diseases in district hospital centers in Madagascar]. MEDECINE TROPICALE : REVUE DU CORPS DE SANTE COLONIAL 2010; 70:13-17. [PMID: 20337109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this report is to describe the experience of a specialized medico-surgical ENT team sent to hospital centers in Atalaha and Tulear, Madagascar by a nonprofit organization called "Terre rouge" from the Reunion Island. In three separate short-term missions, a total of 93 patients received care. Discussion focuses on the particular pathological, cultural, and pedagogical features of the Island and on the resources that were deployed during the missions. Providing ENT care in district hospitals in Madagascar requires adaptation to the difficult climatic conditions, poor hospital facilities (infrastructure, equip ment, and personnel), and advanced stage of diseases. To ensure continuous access to ENT care, it will be necessary to provide practical and didactic training for healthcare personnel in the country.
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Fichou Y, Bieth E, Bahi-Buisson N, Nectoux J, Girard B, Chelly J, Chaix Y, Bienvenu T, Elia M, Falco M, Fichera M. CDKL5 MUTATIONS IN BOYS WITH SEVERE ENCEPHALOPATHY AND EARLY-ONSET INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY. Neurology 2009; 73:77-8; author reply 78. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000349658.05677.d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Queiroz‐Claret C, Girard Y, Girard B, Queiroz O. Spontaneous long‐period oscillations in the catalytic capacity of enzymes in solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09291018509359865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Girard B, Tabareau N, Pham QC, Berthoz A, Slotine JJ. Where neuroscience and dynamic system theory meet autonomous robotics: a contracting basal ganglia model for action selection. Neural Netw 2008; 21:628-41. [PMID: 18495422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Action selection, the problem of choosing what to do next, is central to any autonomous agent architecture. We use here a multi-disciplinary approach at the convergence of neuroscience, dynamical system theory and autonomous robotics, in order to propose an efficient action selection mechanism based on a new model of the basal ganglia. We first describe new developments of contraction theory regarding locally projected dynamical systems. We exploit these results to design a stable computational model of the cortico-baso-thalamo-cortical loops. Based on recent anatomical data, we include usually neglected neural projections, which participate in performing accurate selection. Finally, the efficiency of this model as an autonomous robot action selection mechanism is assessed in a standard survival task. The model exhibits valuable dithering avoidance and energy-saving properties, when compared with a simple if-then-else decision rule.
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Rosas-Vargas H, Bahi-Buisson N, Philippe C, Nectoux J, Girard B, N'Guyen Morel MA, Gitiaux C, Lazaro L, Odent S, Jonveaux P, Chelly J, Bienvenu T. Impairment of CDKL5 nuclear localisation as a cause for severe infantile encephalopathy. J Med Genet 2007; 45:172-8. [PMID: 17993579 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.053504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the human X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene have been shown to cause infantile spasms as well as Rett syndrome-like phenotype. To date, fewer than 20 different mutations have been reported. So far, no clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been established. We screened the entire coding region of CDKL5 in 151 affected girls with a clinically heterogeneous phenotype ranging from encephalopathy with epilepsy to atypical Rett syndrome by denaturing high liquid performance chromatography and direct sequencing, and we identified three novel missense mutations located in catalytic domain (p.Ala40Val, p.Arg65Gln, p.Leu220Pro). Segregation analysis showed that p.Arg65Gln was inherited from the healthy father, which rules out the involvement of CDKL5 in the aetiology of the phenotype in this patient. However, the de novo occurrence was shown for p.Ala40Val and p.Leu220Pro. The p.Ala40Val mutation was observed in two unrelated patients and represented the first recurrent mutation in the CDKL5 gene. For the two de novo mutations, we analysed the cellular localisation of the wild-type and CDKL5 mutants by transfection experiments. We showed that the two CDKL5 mutations cause mislocalisation of the mutant CDKL5 proteins in the cytoplasm. Interestingly these missense mutations that result in a mislocalisation of the CDKL5 protein are associated with severe developmental delay which was apparent within the first months of life characterised by early and generalised hypotonia, and autistic features, and as well as early infantile spasms.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/enzymology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/genetics
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/pathology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/physiopathology
- COS Cells
- Cell Nucleus/enzymology
- Child, Preschool
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Electroencephalography
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Mutation, Missense
- Phenotype
- Plasmids/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
- X Chromosome Inactivation
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Girard B, Yu D, Armstrong MR, Wilson BC, Clokie CML, Miller RJD. Effects of femtosecond laser irradiation on osseous tissues. Lasers Surg Med 2007; 39:273-85. [PMID: 17311312 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Few studies have investigated femtosecond (fs) lasers for cutting bone tissue. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS A 775 nm, 1 kHz, 200 femtosecond, up to 400 microJ laser system was used to irradiate in vitro calcified cortical bone samples and bone tissue culture samples. RESULTS The ablation threshold in cortical bone was 0.69+/-0.08 J/cm(2) at 775 nm and 0.19+/-0.05 J/cm(2) at 387 nm. Plasma shielding experiments determined that the ablation plume and the plasma significantly affect material removal at high repetition rates and appear to generate thermal transients in calcified tissue. Confocal analysis revealed intact enzymatic activity on the surface of cells immediately adjacent to cells removed by fs laser irradiation. CONCLUSIONS These experiments demonstrate that fs lasers used for bone tissue cutting do not appear to generate significant temperature transients to inactivate proteins and that cellular membrane integrity is disrupted for only a few cell layers.
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Girard B, Cloutier M, Wilson DJ, Clokie CML, Miller RJD, Wilson BC. Microtomographic analysis of healing of femtosecond laser bone calvarial wounds compared to mechanical instruments in mice with and without application of BMP-7. Lasers Surg Med 2007; 39:458-67. [PMID: 17565733 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This study investigated the healing of femtosecond laser created wounds in an animal model. STUDY DESIGN We have assessed the healing of critical size wounds in mice calvaria using three different wounding techniques: carbide bur, diamond end-cutting bur, and ultrafast femtosecond laser, and in the presence or absence of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP). Wound closure was examined using microcomputerized tomography at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. RESULTS Results have shown partial closure at up to 12 weeks with all techniques that did not involve the use of BMP, with the least closure noted in the laser groups as suggested by two-dimensional radiographic analysis. Bone volume measurements appeared slightly lower for the laser than for the mechanical groups, however statistically significant differences were seen only at week 6. No significant differences in closure were noted for the different methods in the BMP treated groups. CONCLUSIONS Femtosecond laser cutting demonstrated an unsurpassed precision when compared to mechanical instruments. The addition of BMP led to very rapid healing with complete closure seen as early as 3 weeks and overcomes any potential healing delays that may arise from laser tissue cutting.
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Easty DL, Nemeth-Wasmer G, Vounatsos JP, Girard B, Besnainou N, Pouliquen P, Delval L, Rouland JF. Comparison of a non-preserved 0.1% T-Gel eye gel (single dose unit) with a preserved 0.1% T-Gel eye gel (multidose) in ocular hypertension and glaucomatous patients. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:574-8. [PMID: 16622086 PMCID: PMC1857071 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.080424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM This comparative, open design, phase III study was to assess the non-inferiority of the non-preserved T-Gel 0.1% single dose unit (SDU) versus its preserved multidose (MD) reference. METHODS 175 patients with bilateral POAG or OHT were randomised: 87 patients were to receive one drop daily of T-Gel 0.1% MD and 88 patients were to receive one drop daily of T-Gel 0.1% SDU, for a treatment period of 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was the change in intraocular pressure (IOP) in the worse eye between the baseline and the last assessment. Subjective and objective ocular signs as well as adverse events were recorded for safety. Global tolerance was assessed by the investigator and by the patient. RESULTS The mean percentage reduction from baseline IOP was 24% for both treatments groups, which was consistent with previous studies. The safety results were comparable in both treatment groups. Because of gel formulation, mild short lasting episodes of blurred vision occurred for about 20% of patients. The global tolerance assessment reported that both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION The overall study results demonstrated that T-Gel 0.1% SDU is not inferior to T-Gel 0.1% MD.
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Girard B, Berthoz A. From brainstem to cortex: computational models of saccade generation circuitry. Prog Neurobiol 2006; 77:215-51. [PMID: 16343730 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain circuitry of saccadic eye movements, from brainstem to cortex, has been extensively studied during the last 30 years. The wealth of data gathered allowed the conception of numerous computational models. These models proposed descriptions of the putative mechanisms generating this data, and, in turn, made predictions and helped to plan new experiments. In this article, we review the computational models of the five main brain regions involved in saccade generation: reticular formation saccadic burst generators, superior colliculus, cerebellum, basal ganglia and premotor cortical areas. We present the various topics these models are concerned with: location of the feedback loop, multimodal saccades, long-term adaptation, on the fly trajectory correction, strategy and metrics selection, short-term spatial memory, transformations between retinocentric and craniocentric reference frames, sequence learning, to name the principle ones. Our objective is to provide a global view of the whole system. Indeed, narrowing too much the modelled areas while trying to explain too much data is a recurrent problem that should be avoided. Moreover, beyond the multiple research topics remaining to be solved locally, questions regarding the operation of the whole structure can now be addressed by building on the existing models.
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Girard B, Beucher G, Muris C, Simonet T, Dreyfus M. [Magnesium sulphate and severe preeclampsia: its use in current practice]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 34:17-22. [PMID: 15767913 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-2315(05)82666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate indications, mode of administration and safety of magnesium sulphate in severe preeclampsia. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective descriptive study from January 2000 to December 2002, including patients with severe preeclampsia which was defined as elevated blood pressure >or=140 and/or 90 mmHg with proteinuria >or=0.3g per day, associated with one or more of the following: elevated blood pressure >or=170 and/or 110 mmHg, proteinuria>3g per day, functional symptoms such as headache, hyperreflexia, oliguria<500 ml per day, thrombocytopenia, creatinine level>100 micromol/l, HELLP syndrome. We studied a group of 57 women treated by magnesium sulphate (intravenous bolus of 4.5g during 20 minutes followed by a perfusion of 1.5g/h) associated or not with an antihypertensive treatment. RESULTS Treatment by magnesium sulphate was started antenatally in 53 women or during immediate postpartum in 4, associated (n=25) or not (n=32) with an antihypertensive treatment. Hyperreflexia was the main indication to start magnesium sulphate treatment (75%). About half (47%) of the cases occurred before 33 weeks of gestation No eclampsia occurred in this group. There was one overdosage which regressed when perfusion was stopped. One patient presented minor side effects attributed to magnesium sulphate. CONCLUSION Providing a rigorous protocol, indications of magnesium sulfate therapy in severe preeclampsia are well defined. It seems that this treatment could be easily used without severe complications and major side effects.
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Auzoux Q, Allais L, Caës C, Girard B, Tournié I, Gourgues A, Pineau A. Intergranular damage in AISI 316L(N) austenitic stainless steel at 600°C: Pre-strain and multiaxial effects. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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