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Moon JY, Shin HJ, Son HH, Lee J, Jung U, Jo SK, Kim HS, Kwon KH, Park KH, Chung BC, Choi MH. Metabolic changes in serum steroids induced by total-body irradiation of female C57B/6 mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 141:52-9. [PMID: 24462676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The short- and long-term effects of a single exposure to gamma radiation on steroid metabolism were investigated in mice. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to generate quantitative profiles of serum steroid levels in mice that had undergone total-body irradiation (TBI) at doses of 0Gy, 1Gy, and 4Gy. Following TBI, serum samples were collected at the pre-dose time point and 1, 3, 6, and 9 months after TBI. Serum levels of progestins, progesterone, 5β-DHP, 5α-DHP, and 20α-DHP showed a significant down-regulation following short-term exposure to 4Gy, with the exception of 20α-DHP, which was significantly decreased at each of the time points measured. The corticosteroids 5α-THDOC and 5α-DHB were significantly elevated at each of the time points measured after exposure to either 1 or 4Gy. Among the sterols, 24S-OH-cholestoerol showed a dose-related elevation after irradiation that reached significance in the high dose group at the 6- and 9-month time points.
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Lee SH, Kang SM, Choi MH, Lee J, Park MJ, Kim SH, Lee WY, Hong J, Chung BC. Changes in steroid metabolism among girls with precocious puberty may not be associated with urinary levels of bisphenol A. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 44:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moon JY, Kwon W, Suh S, Cheong JC, In MK, Chung BC, Kim JY, Choi MH. Reference ranges for urinary levels of testosterone and epitestosterone, which may reveal gonadal function, in a Korean male population. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:100-5. [PMID: 24333796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis, or marijuana, the most commonly used illicit drug in the world, has been shown to be responsible for suppressing the production and secretion of androgens, particularly testosterone. However, despite such findings in animals, the chronic effects of marijuana use on human endocrine systems have proved to be inconsistent. Here, we investigated the reference ranges of urinary levels of testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) as well as their metabolic ratio of T/E in a Korean male population (n=337), which would enable an evaluation of abnormal changes in steroid metabolism induced by habitually administered cannabis. The T/E ratio was significantly decreased in the marijuana group (n=18), while the urinary testosterone concentrations were also tended to decrease. This study is the first to provide data for the reference values of two urinary androgens and T/E values among control Korean males, and, furthermore, suggests that the T/E ratio, though not testosterone levels, might be used to understand the suppression of human male gonadal function affected by smoking marijuana.
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Kim EJ, Lee D, Chung BC, Pyo H, Lee J. Association between urinary levels of bisphenol-A and estrogen metabolism in Korean adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1401-7. [PMID: 23954212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) possesses estrogenic properties both in vitro and in vivo as an endocrine disrupting chemical. Humans experience a long-term and cumulative exposure to BPA. BPA was detectable in 97.3% of 1904 urine specimens from Korean adults. We investigated urinary estrogen concentrations in subjects with low and high BPA concentrations and its possible association with estrogen metabolism. Urine samples were collected from a high BPA concentration group (BPA-H; n=100, 11.05 ± 20.47 μg/g creatinine) and a low BPA concentration group (BPA-L; n=100, 0.70 ± 0.22 μg/g creatinine) from Korea Biomonitoring Program of Hazardous Materials Survey 2009-2010. Urinary estrogens were enzymatically hydrolyzed, extracted, and then derivatized for quantitative analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Estrogen levels were higher in the BPA-H group than in the BPA-L group. Concentrations of estrone, 17β-estradiol, and their hydroxylated metabolites in both men and women were significantly higher in the BPA-H group than in the BPA-L group (p<0.04). Furthermore, in the BPA-H group, estrogen metabolism to 4-hydroxy-estrone and 4-hydroxy-17β-estradiol was more active than that to 2-hydroxy-estrone and 2-hydroxy-17β-estradiol. Although single measurement and/or single spot urine samples limit the measurement of long-term exposure to BPA, we found significant differences of estrogen metabolism in the BPA-H and the BPA-L groups. The increase of hydroxyestrogens, especially 4-hydroxyestrogens, can be an important factor resulting negative effects of prolonged exposure to BPA.
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Moon JY, Moon MH, Kim KT, Jeong DH, Kim YN, Chung BC, Choi MH. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic alterations in preeclampsia evaluated by quantitative steroid signatures. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:182-91. [PMID: 23474437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although preeclampsia has been suggested potential risk factors including placental and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and abnormal steroid metabolism during pregnancy, the pathogenesis of preeclampsia has not fully been elucidated, particularly in steroid metabolism. The association between various cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated steroid metabolic markers and preeclampsia risk was therefore investigated. The serum levels of 54 CYP-mediated regioselective hydroxysteroids and their substrates were quantitatively evaluated from both pregnant women with preeclampsia (n=30; age, 30.8±4.5 years) and normotensive controls (n=30; age, 31.0±3.5 years), who were similar with respect to maternal age, gestational age, and body mass index. The levels of 6ß-, 7a-, and 11ß-hydroxymetabolites of androgens and corticoids were significantly increased in women with preeclampsia. In addition, the levels of oxysterols, including 7a-, 7ß-, 4ß-, 20a-, 24S-, and 27-hydroxycholesterol, were markedly higher, while the levels of 16a-OH-DHEA, 16a-OH-androstenedione, and cholesterol were significantly decreased in patients. The 6ß-hydroxylation of androgens and corticoids by CYP3A4 (P<0.01), the activation of 20,22-desmolase (a cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme) by CYP11A1 (P<0.00001), and the multi-hydroxylation of cholesterol at C-4ß, C-7a, C-7ß, C-24S, C-27, and C-20a (P<0.0001) by catalytic or enzymatic reaction (e.g. CYP3A4, CYP7A1, CYP27A1, and CYP46A1) were differed between preeclamptic women and control subjects. In particular, an increased oxysterols (induction>2.0-fold) were positively correlated with the conditions of preeclampsia. Our metabolic profiling suggests the CYP-mediated alterations in steroid metabolism and hydroxylation in pregnancy-induced hypertension. These multiple markers could serve as background information for improved clinical diagnosis and management during pregnancy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Pregnancy and Steroids".
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Son HH, Moon JY, Seo HS, Kim HH, Chung BC, Choi MH. High-temperature GC-MS-based serum cholesterol signatures may reveal sex differences in vasospastic angina. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:155-62. [PMID: 24220886 PMCID: PMC3927468 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d040790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of cholesterol metabolism are responsible for vasospastic angina and atherosclerosis. To comprehensively evaluate cholesterol metabolism, 18 sterols, including cholesterol, 6 cholesteryl esters (CEs), 3 cholesterol precursors, and 8 hydroxycholesterols (OHCs), were simultaneously analyzed using hybrid solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification coupled to high-temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HTGC-MS). Methanol-based hybrid SPE increased the selective extraction, and HTGC resulted in a good chromatographic resolution for the separation of lipophilic compounds. The limits of quantification of cholesterol and CEs ranged from 0.2 to 10.0 μg/ml, while OHCs and cholesterol precursors ranged from 0.01 to 0.10 μg/ml. Linearity as the correlation coefficient was higher than 0.99 with the exception of cholesteryl laurate, myristate, oleate, and linoleate (r² > 0.98). The precision (% coefficient of variation) and accuracy (% bias) ranged from 1.1 to 9.8% and from 75.9 to 125.1%, respectively. The overall recoveries of CEs ranged from 26.1 to 64.0%, and the recoveries of other sterols ranged from 83.8 to 129.3%. The cholesterol signatures showed sex differences in patients with vasospastic angina and may associate with 24-reductases. This technique can be useful for making clinical diagnoses and for an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of vasospastic angina.
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Moon JY, Lee EJ, Chung WY, Moon MH, Chung BC, Choi MH. Comparison of metabolic ratios of urinary estrogens between benign and malignant thyroid tumors in postmenopausal women. BMC Clin Pathol 2013; 13:25. [PMID: 24156385 PMCID: PMC4016477 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-13-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen metabolism may be associated with the pathophysiological development of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods To evaluate the differential estrogen metabolism between benign and malignant PTCs, estrogen profiling by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to urine samples from postmenopausal patients with 9 benign tumors and 18 malignant stage I and III/IV PTCs. Results The urinary concentration of 2-methoxyestradiol was significantly lower in the stage I malignant patients (3.5-fold; P < 0.025) than in the benign group. The metabolic ratios of 16α-OH-estrone/estrone and estriol/estradiol, which are responsible for 16α-hydroxylase activity, were increased more than 2.5-fold in the advanced-stage malignant PTC (P < 0.02 each). The more than 6.2-fold decrease in the urinary 2-/16α-hydroxylase ratio in stage III/IV malignant PTC was consistent with the ratio in postmenopausal patients with endocrine gland cancers. In addition, reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD; estradiol/estrone or estriol/16α-OH-estrone) was present at significantly higher levels in subjects with stage III/IV malignant PTCs than in benign subjects (>3.5-fold difference; P < 0.002). In particular, the estriol/16α-OH-estrone ratio differentiated between the benign and early-stage malignant patients (P < 0.01). Conclusions Increased 16α-hydroxylation and/or a decreased 2-/16α-ratio, as well increased reductive 17β-HSD, with regard to estrogen metabolism could provide potential biomarkers. The devised profiles could be useful for differentiating malignant thyroid carcinomas from benign adenomas in postmenopausal women.
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Moon JY, Kim SJ, Moon MH, Chung BC, Choi MH. Differential estimation of isomeric 2- and 4-methoxylated estrogens in serum by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:345-51. [PMID: 23474725 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As a simple and rapid method for small-molecule analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization coupled with linear ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-LTQ-MS/MS) was used to differentially quantify 2- and 4-methoxyestrogens in spiked serum samples. Both 2- and 4-methoxyestrogens were consistently identified using distinct analyte-matrix adduct [M+H+CHCA](+) precursor ions when a mixture of 10 mg mL(-1) α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) in 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid/70% acetonitrile was used as the MALDI matrix. Especially, unusual isomeric product ions from each precursor ion were characterized during MALDI-MS/MS analysis, which permitted differential estimations of isomeric 2- and 4-methoxylated estrone and 17β-estradiol. The calibration linearity was higher than 0.99 in the dynamic range, while the inter-day precision and accuracy ranged from 6.8 to 30.6%, and from 91.4 to 108.5%, respectively. The present technique could be used as a screening assay for 2- and 4-methoxyestrogens without the need for prior chromatographic separation, opening up possible applications in large-scale pharmacokinetic studies.
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Lee W, Park SH, Lee S, Chung BC, Song MO, Song K, Ham J, Kim SN, Kang KS. Corrigendum to ‘‘Increase in antioxidant effect of ginsenoside Re-alanine mixture by Maillard reaction” [Food Chemistry 135 (2012) 2430–2435]. Food Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Choi MH, Kim SJ, Lew BL, Sim WY, Chung BC. Hair steroid profiling reveals racial differences in male pattern baldness between Korean and Caucasian populations. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:822-824. [PMID: 23151850 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ha M, Kwon H, Cheong HK, Lim S, Yoo SJ, Kim EJ, Park SG, Lee J, Chung BC. Urinary metabolites before and after cleanup and subjective symptoms in volunteer participants in cleanup of the Hebei Spirit oil spill. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 429:167-173. [PMID: 22591993 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On December 7th, 2007, the Hong Kong tanker Hebei Spirit (HS) (146,848 tons) was crushed by a crane ship near the shore of Taean, Korea. More than 12,547 kl of crude oil spilled into the sea and contaminated the western coastline of the Korean peninsula. For a period of six months after the accident, approximately 1,000,000 volunteers participated in the cleanup. Our goal in this study was to examine the exposure status and acute health effects on volunteers that participated in the oil spill cleanup. METHODS A survey questionnaire was filled out by 565 volunteers, requesting information regarding physical symptoms. Out of the total number of participants, urine samples from 105 university student volunteers were collected before and after the cleanup work, and metabolite levels of volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed. RESULTS Volunteers that participated for longer cleanup work reported an increase in physical symptoms including visual disturbance, nasal and bronchus irritation, headaches, heart palpitations, fatigue and fever, memory and cognitive disturbance, and abdominal pain. The levels of t,t-muconic acid, mandelic acid, and 1-hydroxypyrene were significantly higher in samples after cleanup than those measured before participation (p<0.05). Other than the associated risk of dermal irritation with the difference in the t,t-muconic acid level between the post- to pre-cleanup levels, no other physical symptoms demonstrated a significant association with changes observed in the levels of urinary metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Based on the significant increase of subjective symptoms in volunteers participating in the study, monitoring of the long term health effects, focusing on those with longer exposure, is warranted.
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Moon JY, Kang SM, Moon MH, Hong J, Kim KT, Jeong DH, Kim YN, Chung BC, Choi MH. Extractive ethoxycarbonylation in high-temperature gas chromatography–mass spectrometry based analysis of serum estrogens. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3742-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Kumar BS, Chung BC, Kwon OS, Jung BH. Discovery of common urinary biomarkers for hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen and methotrexate by mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:505-20. [PMID: 22131085 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Liver toxicity represents an important healthcare issue because it causes significant morbidity and mortality and can be difficult to predict before symptoms appear owing to drug therapy or exposure to toxicants. Using metabolomic techniques, we discovered common biomarkers for the prediction of hepatotoxicity in rat urine using mass spectrometry. For this purpose, liver toxicity was induced by 5 days of oral administration of carbon tetrachloride (1 ml kg(-1) per day), acetaminophen (1000 mg kg(-1) per day) and methotrexate (50 mg kg(-1) per day). Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and histopathology in liver tissue were then checked to demonstrate liver toxicity. Global metabolic profiling with UPLC-TOF-MS (ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry), multivariate analysis (partial least square-discriminant analysis, hierarchical analysis) and database searching were performed to discover common biomarkers for liver toxicity induced by these three compounds. Urinary concentrations of the newly discovered biomarkers were then quantified to confirm them as biomarkers of hepatotoxicity with targeted metabolic profiling using GC (gas chromatography)-MS and CE (capillary electrophoresis)-MS. In the results, steroids, amino acids and bile acids were metabolically changed between the control and drug-treated groups in global metabolic profiling; 11β-hydroxyandrosterone, epiandrosterone, estrone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, dl-ornithine, 3-methylhistidine, cholic acid and lithocholic acid were selected as liver toxicity biomarkers after performing targeted metabolic profiling. In conclusion, we discovered metabolite biomarkers belonging to three different metabolic pathways to check for liver toxicity with mass spectrometry from a metabolomics study that could be used to evaluate hepatotoxicity induced by drugs or other toxic compounds.
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Choi MH, Moon JY, Cho SH, Chung BC, Lee EJ. Metabolic alteration of urinary steroids in pre- and post-menopausal women, and men with papillary thyroid carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:342. [PMID: 21824401 PMCID: PMC3199870 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the metabolic changes in urinary steroids in pre- and post-menopausal women and men with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). METHODS Quantitative steroid profiling combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to measure the urinary concentrations of 84 steroids in both pre- (n = 21, age: 36.95 ± 7.19 yr) and post-menopausal female (n = 19, age: 52.79 ± 7.66 yr), and male (n = 16, age: 41.88 ± 8.48 yr) patients with PTC. After comparing the quantitative data of the patients with their corresponding controls (pre-menopause women: n = 24, age: 33.21 ± 10.48 yr, post-menopause women: n = 16, age: 49.67 ± 8.94 yr, male: n = 20, age: 42.75 ± 4.22 yr), the levels of steroids in the patients were normalized to the mean concentration of the controls to exclude gender and menopausal variations. RESULTS Many urinary steroids were up-regulated in all PTC patients compared to the controls. Among them, the levels of three active androgens, androstenedione, androstenediol and 16α-hydroxy DHEA, were significantly higher in the pre-menopausal women and men with PTC. The corticoid levels were increased slightly in the PTC men, while progestins were not altered in the post-menopausal PTC women. Estrogens were up-regulated in all PTC patients but 2-hydroxyestrone and 2-hydroxy-17β-estradiol were remarkably changed in both pre-menopausal women and men with PTC. For both menopausal and gender differences, the 2-hydroxylation, 4-hydroxylation, 2-methoxylation, and 4-methoxylation of estrogens and 16α-hydroxylation of DHEA were differentiated between pre- and post-menopausal PTC women (P < 0.001). In particular, the metabolic ratio of 2-hydroxyestrone to 2-hydroxy-17β-estradiol, which could reveal the enzyme activity of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, showed gender differences in PTC patients (P < 1 × 10-7). CONCLUSIONS These results are expected be helpful for better understanding the pathogenic differences in PTC according to gender and menopausal conditions.
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Seo JM, Cho KJ, Kim EY, Choi MH, Chung BC, Kim JH. Up-regulation of BLT2 is critical for the survival of bladder cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2011; 43:129-37. [PMID: 21252614 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.3.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence rates of urinary bladder cancer continue to rise yearly, and thus new therapeutic approaches and early diagnostic markers for bladder cancer are urgently needed. Thus, identifying the key mediators and molecular mechanisms responsible for the survival of bladder cancer has valuable implications for the development of therapy. In this study, the role of BLT2, a receptor for leukotriene B((4)) (LTB((4))) and 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), in the survival of bladder cancer 253J-BV cells was investigated. We found that the expression of BLT2 is highly elevated in bladder cancer cells. Also, we observed that blockade of BLT2 with an antagonist or BLT2 siRNA resulted in cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death, suggesting a role of BLT2 in the survival of human bladder cancer 253J-BV cells. Further experiments aimed at elucidating the mechanism by which BLT2 mediates survival revealed that enhanced level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated via a BLT2-dependent up-regulation of NADPH oxidase members NOX1 and NOX4. Additionally, we observed that inhibition of ROS generation by either NOX1/4 siRNAs or treatment with an ROS-scavenging agent results in apoptotic cell death in 253J-BV bladder cancer cells. These results demonstrated that a 'BLT2-NOX1/4-ROS' cascade plays a role in the survival of this aggressive bladder cancer cells, thus pointing to BLT2 as a potential target for anti-bladder cancer therapy.
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Moon JY, Kim KJ, Moon MH, Chung BC, Choi MH. A novel GC-MS method in urinary estrogen analysis from postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1595-603. [PMID: 21602563 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d016113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen metabolites play important roles in the development of female-related disorders and homeostasis of the bone. To improve detectability, a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was conducted with two-phase extractive ethoxycarbonlyation (EOC) and subsequent pentafluoropropionyl (PFP) derivatization was introduced. The resulting samples were separated through a high-temperature MXT-1 column within an 8 min run and were detected in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The optimized analytical conditions led to good separation with a symmetric peak shape for 19 estrogens as their EOC-PFP derivatives. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was from 0.02 to ∼0.1 ng/ml for most estrogens analyzed, except for 2-hydroxyestriol (0.5 ng/ml). The devised method was found to be linear (r² > 0.995) in the range from the LOQ to 40 ng/ml, whereas the precision (% CV) and accuracy (% bias) ranged from 1.4 to 10.5% and from 91.4 to 108.5%, respectively. The good sensitivity and selectivity of this method even allowed quantification of the estrogen metabolites in urine samples obtained from the postmenopausal female patients with osteoporosis. The present technique can be useful for clinical diagnosis as well as to better understand the pathogenesis of estrogen-related disorders in low-level quantification.
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Jung HJ, Kim SJ, Lee WY, Chung BC, Choi MH. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry based hair steroid profiling may reveal pathogenesis in hair follicles of the scalp. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1184-1192. [PMID: 21488116 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A method of steroid profiling, including androgens, progestins, corticoids and sterols, was developed to evaluate the concentrations of steroids as well as the activities of the enzymes responsible for steroidogenesis in hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiencies of steroids from the hair matrix were improved by ultrasonication for 1 h at 50 °C. The overall recoveries ranged from 71 to 132%, with a limit of quantification for all analytes ranging from 1 to 50 ng/g. The devised method was used to identify the metabolic changes for both male-pattern baldness (MPB) and the drug efficiency of dutasteride, which inhibits 5α-reductase. Increased dihydrotestosterone levels and the dihydrotestosterone/testosterone (DHT/T) ratio, which is responsible for the 5α-reductase activity, were observed in the MPB patients. A dutasteride treatment resulted in decreases in the DHT and 5α-androstanedione concentrations and DHT/T ratio in the hair samples. Hair steroid profiling reflects the sebaceous status in the scalp and may be useful for monitoring the metabolic responses to both the disease and drug actions.
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Lee JI, Ha YW, Choi TW, Kim HJ, Kim SM, Jang HJ, Choi JH, Choi MH, Chung BC, Sethi G, Kim SH, Ahn KS, Choi SH, Shim BS, Ahn KS. Cellular uptake of ginsenosides in Korean white ginseng and red ginseng and their apoptotic activities in human breast cancer cells. PLANTA MEDICA 2011; 77:133-140. [PMID: 20669086 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng has been reported to have cancer-preventive properties and, through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-apoptotic mechanisms, to influence gene expression. However, the comparison of Korean white ginseng (WG) and red ginseng (RG) in their apoptotic effects and the identification of the selective cellular uptake of the ginsenosides in human breast cancer cells have not yet been fully understood. In the present study, the relative nonpolar and protopanaxadiol (PPD) class ginsenosides exhibited more cytotoxic and efficient cellular uptake on MCF-7 cells compared with the relative polar and protopanaxatriol (PPT) class compounds. PPD class ginsenosides were present in RG in a 2.5 times higher concentration as compared to WG, while PPT class ginsenosides were only present in WG. Thus, RG exerted more potent cytotoxicity than WG against MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cells. RG also increased the sub-G1 DNA contents of the cell cycle and Annexin V-positive apoptotic bodies undergoing apoptosis through the caspase-3 activation in MCF-7 cells. In addition, RG downregulated the proliferative and anti-apoptotic gene products and potentiated paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Overall, RG contained a higher concentration of PPD class ginsenosides as compared to WG; the greater cellular uptake of PPD resulted in more substantial antiproliferative activity in human breast cancer cells.
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Min HK, Lim S, Chung BC, Moon MH. Shotgun lipidomics for candidate biomarkers of urinary phospholipids in prostate cancer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:823-30. [PMID: 20953865 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative profiling of six different categories of urinary phospholipids (PLs) from patients with prostate cancer was performed to develop an analytical method for the discovery of candidate biomarkers by shotgun lipidomics method. Using nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified the molecular structures of a total of 70 PL molecules (21 phosphatidylcholines (PCs), 11 phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), 17 phosphatidylserines (PSs), 11 phosphatidylinositols (PIs), seven phosphatidic acids, and three phosphatidylglycerols) from urine samples of healthy controls and prostate cancer patients by data-dependent collision-induced dissociation. Identified molecules were quantitatively examined by comparing the MS peak areas. From statistical analyses, one PC, one PE, six PSs, and two PIs among the PL species showed significant differences between controls and cancer patients (p < 0.05, Student's t test), with concentration changes of more than threefold. Cluster analysis of both control and patient groups showed that 18:0/18:1-PS and 16:0/22:6-PS were 99% similar in upregulation and that the two PSs (18:1/18:0, 18:0/20:5) with two PIs (18:0/18:1 and 16:1/20:2) showed similar (>95%) downregulation. The total amount of each PL group was compared among prostate cancer patients according to the Gleason scale as larger or smaller than 6. It proposes that the current study can be utilized to sort out possible diagnostic biomarkers of prostate cancer.
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Kandagaddala LD, Kang MJ, Chung BC, Patterson TA, Kwon OS. Expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and NADPH oxidase in tissues and plasma of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 64:109-14. [PMID: 20810258 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS) that can be induced by immunization with myelin antigens such as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The objective of this study was (i) to investigate how matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and NADPH oxidase enzymes are affected in the EAE mouse model and (ii) to know whether peripheral organs also express these enzymes in the EAE model. MOG(33-55) was administered subcutaneously on two sites over the back. Pertussis toxin was administered intraperitoneally immediately after MOG and again two days later. A significant difference was observed in body weights and clinical signs of EAE-induced mice. MMP-9 and NADPH oxidase enzymes were measured in central nervous system (CNS) tissues, peripheral tissues and plasma of EAE-induced mice. The primary findings include the distribution pattern of MMP-9 in CNS and peripheral tissues, and alterations in the enzymatic expression of MMP-9 and NADPH oxidase in the CNS tissues, spleen and plasma of EAE-induced mice. From these results, it can be considered that the spleen as well as the CNS can act as target organs in EAE disease, and plasma MMP-9 and NADPH oxidase may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Kim Y, Koo I, Jung BH, Chung BC, Lee D. Multivariate classification of urine metabolome profiles for breast cancer diagnosis. BMC Bioinformatics 2010; 11 Suppl 2:S4. [PMID: 20406502 PMCID: PMC3165203 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-s2-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis techniques using urine are non-invasive, inexpensive, and easy to perform in clinical settings. The metabolites in urine, as the end products of cellular processes, are closely linked to phenotypes. Therefore, urine metabolome is very useful in marker discoveries and clinical applications. However, only univariate methods have been used in classification studies using urine metabolome. Since multiple genes or proteins would be involved in developments of complex diseases such as breast cancer, multiple compounds including metabolites would be related with the complex diseases, and multivariate methods would be needed to identify those multiple metabolite markers. Moreover, because combinatorial effects among the markers can seriously affect disease developments and there also exist individual differences in genetic makeup or heterogeneity in cancer progressions, single marker is not enough to identify cancers. Results We proposed classification models using multivariate classification techniques and developed an analysis procedure for classification studies using metabolome data. Through this strategy, we identified five potential urinary biomarkers for breast cancer with high accuracy, among which the four biomarker candidates were not identifiable by only univariate methods. We also proposed potential diagnosis rules to help in clinical decision making. Besides, we showed that combinatorial effects among multiple biomarkers can enhance discriminative power for breast cancer. Conclusions In this study, we successfully showed that multivariate classifications are needed to precisely diagnose breast cancer. After further validation with independent cohorts and experimental confirmation, these marker candidates will likely lead to clinically applicable assays for earlier diagnoses of breast cancer.
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Kim KY, Lee YJ, Chung BC, Hong J, Jung BH. Relations between toxicity and altered tissue distribution and urinary excretion of nicotine, cotinine, and hydroxycotinine after chronic oral administration of nicotine in rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2010; 33:166-72. [DOI: 10.3109/01480540903196832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jung HJ, Lee WY, Yoo YS, Chung BC, Choi MH. Database-dependent metabolite profiling focused on steroid and fatty acid derivatives using high-temperature gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:818-24. [PMID: 20219454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A database-dependent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based approach was developed for non-targeted metabolite profiling, focusing on 232 steroids, 24 fatty acids, 10 eicosanoids, 10 cannabinoids and 22 steroid-fatty acid esters in biological specimens. METHODS This method, used to search for potent biomarkers in lipid metabolism, included MS based analysis combined with high-temperature gas chromatographic (HTGC) separation of biological metabolites, statistical clustering and an in-house database (DB) searching. RESULTS The HTGC technique showed better detectability of high lipophilic compounds, particularly steroid-fatty acid esters, which generally have poor chromatographic properties on a conventional GC column. The in-house DB search consisted of the retention index and mass spectrum corresponding to each compound selected. The method was applied to tissue samples obtained from cardiac hypertrophy-induced mice. Increased levels of palmitic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids and cholesterol were detected and identified. CONCLUSIONS This data-dependent non-targeted metabolite profiling technique could be more effective in biomarker studies associated with the steroid and lipid metabolism than commercially available DBs.
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Ha YW, Ahn KS, Lee JC, Kim SH, Chung BC, Choi MH. Validated quantification for selective cellular uptake of ginsenosides on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:3017-25. [PMID: 20169333 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cellular behavior of ginsenosides on cancer cells has not been measured directly despite their potent anticancer activities and biological actions. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed to measure the selective cellular uptake of ginsenosides in both cell lysates and culture media. Fifteen ginsenosides were separated within 17 min with good peak shapes using a 2-microm sub-particle size C18 column. Quantification was performed by triple-quadrupole MS with electrospray ionization in negative ion mode. The sample preparation containing the solid-phase extraction was linear (correlation coefficient, r(2) > 0.992) for all analytes, while the limit of quantification ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL in both matrices. The assay precision (%CV) and accuracy (%bias) at three different concentrations (5, 20, and 100 ng/mL) were 1.4% to 11.6% and 94.9% to 106.4%, respectively. When this method was used to examine the selective cellular uptake of ginsenosides, the relative non-polar and protopanaxadiol class ginsenosides, such as Rg3, Rk1, Rg5, Rh2, compound-K, and protopanaxadiol (PPD), showed cellular uptake in the MCF-7 cells, but the relative polar and protopanaxatriol class of ginsenosides did not accumulate in the cells. The most non-polar ginsenoside PPD, which is an aglycone of the protopanaxadiol type, resulted in the highest uptake rate. These results show that the different anticancer activities are due to the selective uptake of ginsenosides based on their chemical structures. This LC-MS-based method can be used to estimate the biological activity of ginsenosides on cells from their structural diversity.
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Moon JY, Ha YW, Moon MH, Chung BC, Choi MH. Systematic Error in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry–Based Quantification of Hydrolyzed Urinary Steroids. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:388-97. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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