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Mullany D, Thomson B, Drake L, Tesar P, Walters D. Low Short Term Mortality in Isolated Aortic Valve Replacement; Implications for Decision Making for Patient Selection for Surgery and Transcatheter Techniques. Heart Lung Circ 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2012.05.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Crawford JL, Mester B, Thomson B, Lawrence SB, Eckery DC. Prolactin acts on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to modulate follicle-stimulating hormone gene expression in the female brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 171:39-45. [PMID: 21187096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brushtail possums exhibit a distinct preovulatory pattern of prolactin (Prl) secretion suggesting that Prl is involved in normal reproductive function. In some mammals, Prl is essential for corpus luteum (CL) function and/or modulation of steroidal effects on hypothalamic-pituitary activity. The aim of this study was to test the effects of biologically active recombinant possum Prl (recPosPrl) on both pituitary gland and CL function in possums. To confirm biological activity, administration of recPosPrl-N2C1 (10 μg) resulted in an 18-fold stimulation (P<0.05) of progesterone (P(4)) production by possum granulosa cells in vitro. Based on these findings, minipumps containing either recPosPrl-N2C1 (n=10) or saline (n=8) were inserted into lactating female possums. The expression levels of pituitary-derived PRL, LHB, FSHB and GNRHR and CL-derived LHR mRNA were quantified. Following a resumption of reproductive activity, no differences in ovulation incidence or plasma Prl concentrations were observed. Plasma Prl levels were less variable (P<0.001) in Prl-treated possums, confirming a self-regulatory role for Prl in this species. There was a marked down-regulation (P<0.001) of FSHB mRNA at the mid-luteal stage in Prl-treated possums, whereas mean PRL, LHB, GNRHR and LHR mRNA expression levels were not different between experimental groups. Plasma P(4) concentrations were not different (P=0.05) in Prl-treated possums, although tended to be higher in the peri-ovulatory and early-luteal phase. We conclude in the brushtail possum that Prl is self-regulated via a short-feedback loop common to all mammals studied and is able to modulate FSHB expression probably at the level of the hypothalamus and/or pituitary gland.
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Zhernakova A, Stahl EA, Trynka G, Raychaudhuri S, Festen E, Franke L, Fehrmann RSN, Kurreeman FAS, Thomson B, Gupta N, Romanos J, McManus R, Ryan AW, Turner G, Remmers EF, Greco L, Toes R, Grandone E, Mazzilli MC, Rybak A, Cukrowska B, Li Y, de Bakker PIW, Gregersen PK, Worthington J, Siminovitch KA, Klareskog L, Huizinga TWJ, Wijmenga C, Plenge RM. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in celiac disease and rheumatoid arthritis identifies fourteen non-HLA shared loci. Ann Rheum Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.148965.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Howell J, Yiu M, Gibson R, Thomson B, Stella D, Gorelik A, Prichard PJ, Nicoll AJ. Type 2 diabetes does not worsen prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:214-20. [PMID: 21501980 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with liver inflammation and carcinogenesis. The prevalence of T2DM among patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma is increasing. However, the effect of T2DM on the natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma is not known. AIM To examine the effect of T2DM on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) survival in treated and untreated disease. METHODS Retrospective analysis was performed on HCC cases diagnosed during 2000-2005, and prospectively during 2006-August 2007. Demographics, HCC staging, response to treatment, and survival were collected. A comparison was made between patients with T2DM and without T2DM. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-five patients were recruited in total; 58 (43%) had T2DM. Seventy (37 diabetic) patients were treated with percutaneous radiological therapies, with 168 treatments given. Treatment was determined by AASLD guidelines and patient tolerance, there was no randomisation. There was no significant difference in survival between diabetic and nondiabetic patients. There was a nonsignificant trend towards greater survival in diabetic patients (overall median survival diabetics 21 mths vs nondiabetics 5 mths, P=0.355). CONCLUSIONS T2DM does not negatively impact on the natural history of treated or untreated HCC.
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Thomson B, Fraser J, Timms D, Dunning J, Dunster K. Initial acute in vivo animal experience with the BiVACOR rotary bi-ventricular assist device. Heart Lung Circ 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2008.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Kenny JR, Chen L, McGinnity DF, Grime K, Shakesheff KM, Thomson B, Riley R. Efficient assessment of the utility of immortalized Fa2N-4 cells for cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction studies using multiplex quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and substrate cassette methodologies. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:1500-17. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250802495846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rosenberg AR, Hawkins DS, Thomson B. Retrospective evaluation of variables affecting survival among infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A single institution experience. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.10044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wilson JL, Kalade A, Prasad S, Cade R, Thomson B, Banting S, Mackay S, Desmond PV, Chen RYM. Diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. Intern Med J 2008; 39:32-7. [PMID: 18422561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2008.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is increasingly being used in the staging algorithm for pancreatic carcinoma. This allows for a tissue diagnosis, which was previously difficult to obtain. The aim of this study is to assess the utility of EUS-FNA in establishing the diagnosis of solid pancreatic mass lesions in an Australian population. METHODS A retrospective review of the EUS databases of St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and Western Hospital, Melbourne from November 2002 to May 2006 was undertaken. The focus was on patients with a solid pancreatic mass who underwent EUS-FNA. Surgical pathology or long-term follow up was used to identify false-positive or false-negative results. RESULTS EUS was undertaken to investigate a solid pancreatic or distal common bile duct mass lesion in 155 patients. Seventy-two of these underwent EUS-guided FNA. Mean age was 68 years. A positive tissue diagnosis of malignancy could be made in 55 (76%). Nine (13%) had benign histology, with 8 (11%) having inadequate tissue obtained from FNA. A later tissue diagnosis of carcinoma was made in eight of those with either benign or inadequate histology, although in all cases there were EUS features diagnostic of malignancy, with FNA limited by technical difficulties. The overall utility of EUS-FNA showed a sensitivity of 87%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%, negative predictive value 52% and overall accuracy 89%. CONCLUSION EUS-FNA gives a high return for histological diagnosis of solid pancreatic mass lesions and should be part of the standard management algorithm for pancreatic carcinoma.
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Wilson JL, Kalade A, Prasad S, Cade R, Thomson B, Banting S, Mackay S, Desmond PV, Chen RYM. Diagnosis of solid pancreatic masses by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. Intern Med J 2008. [PMID: 18422561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5995.2008.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is increasingly being used in the staging algorithm for pancreatic carcinoma. This allows for a tissue diagnosis, which was previously difficult to obtain. The aim of this study is to assess the utility of EUS-FNA in establishing the diagnosis of solid pancreatic mass lesions in an Australian population. METHODS A retrospective review of the EUS databases of St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and Western Hospital, Melbourne from November 2002 to May 2006 was undertaken. The focus was on patients with a solid pancreatic mass who underwent EUS-FNA. Surgical pathology or long-term follow up was used to identify false-positive or false-negative results. RESULTS EUS was undertaken to investigate a solid pancreatic or distal common bile duct mass lesion in 155 patients. Seventy-two of these underwent EUS-guided FNA. Mean age was 68 years. A positive tissue diagnosis of malignancy could be made in 55 (76%). Nine (13%) had benign histology, with 8 (11%) having inadequate tissue obtained from FNA. A later tissue diagnosis of carcinoma was made in eight of those with either benign or inadequate histology, although in all cases there were EUS features diagnostic of malignancy, with FNA limited by technical difficulties. The overall utility of EUS-FNA showed a sensitivity of 87%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value 100%, negative predictive value 52% and overall accuracy 89%. CONCLUSION EUS-FNA gives a high return for histological diagnosis of solid pancreatic mass lesions and should be part of the standard management algorithm for pancreatic carcinoma.
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Thomas RJ, Bennett A, Thomson B, Shakesheff KM. Hepatic stellate cells on poly(DL-lactic acid) surfaces control the formation of 3D hepatocyte co-culture aggregates in vitro. Eur Cell Mater 2006; 11:16-26; discussion 26. [PMID: 16435280 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v011a03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for the functional superiority of cells cultured as 3D aggregates or on 3D scaffolds over conventional 2D monolayer cultures has created interest in material and cell based methods that influence the formation and structure of multicellular aggregates in vitro. We have created a co-culture of primary rat hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells on a poly(DL-lactic acid) surface, a poor substrate for rat hepatocyte adhesion, to study the dynamics of multicellular spheroid formation and the resultant cell arrangement. The poly(DL-lactic acid) surface allows dynamic and rapid interaction of hepatocytes and stellate cells to form co-culture spheroids in a complex multistage process (shown by time lapse microscopy). This spheroid morphology supports enhanced cell viability relative to a mono-culture mono-layer system (measured by lactate dehydrogenase leakage). The distribution of the aggregating cell type in the final structure is related to the mechanics of formation i.e. mainly central and peripheral. This study provides a unique and generically applicable insight into the dynamics of multicellular spheroid formation where aggregation is induced by one cell type and imposed on another. This has implications for 3D cell culture models and a wide number of currently used stromal co-culture systems.
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Thomson B. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Hepatitis C and Injecting Drug Use: Impact, Costs and Policy Options (2004). EMCDDA Monograph Series no. 72004. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Silviu-Dan F, Thomson B, Melanson M. Predicting factors for development of work-related caddis fly allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(03)80255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Snyder RW, Thomson B, Bartges B, Czerniawski D, Painter PC. FTIR studies of polyimides: thermal curing. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00201a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Meshinchi S, Thomson B, Finn LS, Leisenring W, Green C, Radich JP, Loken M, Hawkins D. Comparison of multidimensional flow cytometry with standard morphology for evaluation of early marrow response in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 23:585-90. [PMID: 11902302 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200112000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared multidimensional flow cytometry (MDF) with morphology in evaluating early marrow response to induction chemotherapy in pediatric ALL. METHODS Chemotherapy response was determined by standard morphology or by MDF assessed by residual leukemic cell percentage remaining in the marrow on days 7, 14, and 28 of induction. Bone marrow response was classified as M3 (>25% leukemic blasts) or M1/M2 (< or = 25% leukemic blasts). Multidimensional flow cytometry evaluation was compared with that of standard morphology. Available day-7 and day-14 marrow slides were also reevaluated by a single pathologist without patients' clinical information. RESULTS Of 46 day-7 specimens, eight (17%) had discordant MDF and morphologic results (P < 0.001), including six classified as M3 by morphology but were M1/M2 by MDF, and two were classified as M3 by MDF but were M1/M2 by morphology. Of 24 day-14 bone marrow specimens, five (20.5%) were discordant (P < 0.001), including two classified as M3 by morphology but were M1/M2 by MDF, and three were classified as M3 by MDF but were M1/M2 by morphology. Reevaluation of the blinded day-7 and day-14 marrow slides yielded discordance between repeated pathology readings of 11% (P < 0.001) and 6% (P = 0.04), respectively. CONCLUSION Our data show significant discordance between the morphologic and MDF evaluation of early marrow response. Early response to therapy is a significant prognostic indicator in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is used to alter subsequent treatment; thus, precise assessment of response is important. A larger comparison of MDF with morphology for the evaluation of early response, including correlation with clinical outcome, is warranted.
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Tew S, Redman S, Kwan A, Walker E, Khan I, Dowthwaite G, Thomson B, Archer CW. Differences in repair responses between immature and mature cartilage. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2001:S142-52. [PMID: 11603699 DOI: 10.1097/00003086-200110001-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage has a poor reparative capacity although it is unclear as to what extent this may be dependent on age or maturation. In the current study, the cellular responses of chondrocytes to experimental wounding in vitro using embryonic, immature, and mature cartilage have been compared. In all cases, the response was consistent (a combination of cell death that included apoptosis and proliferation). The speed of response varied in terms of cell death with embryonic cartilage showing the most rapid response and mature cartilage showing the slowest response. Intrinsic repair as assessed by the ability to heal the lesion was not detected in any of the culture systems used. It was concluded that the poor repair potential of cartilage is not maturation dependent in the systems studied.
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Brahmi Z, Hommel-Berrey G, Smith F, Thomson B. NK cells recover early and mediate cytotoxicity via perforin/granzyme and Fas/FasL pathways in umbilical cord blood recipients. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:782-90. [PMID: 11476901 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is now widely accepted as a source of stem cells in patients with malignant hematologic and genetic disorders. We have recently reported that in a series of 30 pediatric UCB transplant recipients comparable outcome to that anticipated with other unrelated stem cell sources. In our series, however, the probability of GVHD for grade III-IV was 9% and no UCB recipient developed chronic GVHD. The reason for the low incidence of GVHD after UCB transplantation is not fully understood. Because functional NK cells are among the first population of lymphocytes to be detected in UCB transplant recipients, 2 months post-transplant on average, we wanted to establish whether NK cells could be implicated in reducing the risk of GVHD. Here, we confirm that early NK cells detected in UCB transplant recipients activate the granzyme/perforin lytic pathway and, in addition, they can mediate Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) activity, a finding not previously reported. Both pathways develop simultaneously and are detectable months before the other lymphocytes, notably CD8 are fully functional. Our contention, therefore, is that the low GVHD observed in UCB recipients may be partially due to early NK cells.
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Thomson B, Tritt R, Davis M, Kelley MR. Histology-specific expression of a DNA repair protein in pediatric rhabdomyosarcomas. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 23:234-9. [PMID: 11846302 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200105000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA repair enzymes have a critical role in cellular maintenance and survival. The enzyme apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox factor 1 (APE/ref1), a key protein in the base excision repair pathway, displays both repair and redox control. We examined the role of APE/ref1 in pediatric embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas (ARMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using an immunohistochemical method, fixed tissue from 31 newly diagnosed pediatric rhabdomyosarcomas were evaluated for expression of APE/ref1. Tissue was obtained from Indiana University and the Cooperative Human Tissue Network. RESULTS We demonstrated high levels of expression within the localized and metastatic embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. This contrasted with both localized and metastatic ARMS, which had low levels of APE/ref1 expression. This histology-specific difference proved to be significant (P = 0.003). Furthermore, the expression within all tumors examined was localized to the nucleus and did not differ between localized and metastatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS We propose several hypotheses to explain this histology-specific expression of APE/ref1 in pediatric rhabdomyosarcomas. Because the majority of ARMS expressed either the PAX3/FKHR or PAX7/FKHR fusion transcript, the low level of expression may be related to the redox activity of APE/ref1. The low levels may also be related to the bioreductive activity of APE/ref 1.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Biotransformation/physiology
- Carbon-Oxygen Lyases/biosynthesis
- Carbon-Oxygen Lyases/genetics
- Carbon-Oxygen Lyases/physiology
- Cell Nucleus/enzymology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- DNA Repair
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Daunorubicin/pharmacokinetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Feedback
- Female
- Forkhead Box Protein O1
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/drug therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/enzymology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/pathology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/drug therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/enzymology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/pathology
- Single-Blind Method
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/enzymology
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/genetics
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/pathology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Lau Q, Thomson B, Burstow D, Tesar P, Tam R. Is an annuloplasty ring necessary in mitral valve repair for isolated posterior leaflet prolapse? Heart Lung Circ 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1443-9506.2000.0948x.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Smith FO, Thomson B. T-cell recovery following marrow transplant: experience with delayed lymphocyte infusions to accelerate immune recovery or treat infectious problems. Pediatr Transplant 1999; 3 Suppl 1:59-64. [PMID: 10587973 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3046.1999.00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
All forms of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation are complicated by delayed immune reconstitution, which results in an increased risk of infectious complications and relapse of disease. Donor lymphocyte infusions have been used in an attempt to enhance immune recovery and for the prevention and treatment of specific infections following transplantation. While there is little data to support the use of donor lymphocytes for the enhancement of general immune function post-transplant, unselected and virus-specific donor T cells may have efficacy for the prophylaxis and treatment of infections and disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). While donor lymphocyte infusions may cause significant morbidity and mortality, they are a novel and potentially powerful approach for the treatment of frequently fatal post-transplant infectious complications.
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Kostrikis LG, Neumann AU, Thomson B, Korber BT, McHardy P, Karanicolas R, Deutsch L, Huang Y, Lew JF, McIntosh K, Pollack H, Borkowsky W, Spiegel HM, Palumbo P, Oleske J, Bardeguez A, Luzuriaga K, Sullivan J, Wolinsky SM, Koup RA, Ho DD, Moore JP. A polymorphism in the regulatory region of the CC-chemokine receptor 5 gene influences perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to African-American infants. J Virol 1999; 73:10264-71. [PMID: 10559343 PMCID: PMC113080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.12.10264-10271.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/1999] [Accepted: 09/07/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are natural mutations in the coding and noncoding regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) CC-chemokine coreceptor 5 (CCR5) and in the related CCR2 protein (the CCR2-64I mutation). Individuals homozygous for the CCR5-Delta32 allele, which prevents CCR5 expression, strongly resist HIV-1 infection. Several genetic polymorphisms have been identified within the CCR5 5' regulatory region, some of which influence the rate of disease progression in adult AIDS study cohorts. We genotyped 1,442 infants (1,235 uninfected and 207 HIV-1 infected) for five CCR5 and CCR2 polymorphisms: CCR5-59353-T/C, CCR5-59356-C/T CCR5-59402-A/G, CCR5-Delta32, and CCR2-64I. The clinical significance of each genotype was assessed by measuring whether it influenced the rate of perinatal HIV-1 transmission among 667 AZT-untreated mother-infant pairs (554 uninfected and 113 HIV-1 infected). We found that the mutant CCR5-59356-T allele is relatively common in African-Americans (20.6% allele frequency among 552 infants) and rare in Caucasians and Hispanics (3.4 and 5.6% of 174 and 458 infants, respectively; P < 0.001). There were 38 infants homozygous for CCR5-59356-T, of whom 35 were African-Americans. Among the African-American infants in the AZT-untreated group, there was a highly significant increase in HIV-1 transmission to infants with two mutant CCR5-59356-T alleles (47.6% of 21), compared to those with no or one mutant allele (13.4 to 14.1% of 187 and 71, respectively; P < 0.001). The increased relative risk was 5.9 (95% confidence interval, 2.3 to 15.3; P < 0.001). The frequency of the CCR5-59356-T mutation varies between population groups in the United States, a low frequency occurring in Caucasians and a higher frequency occurring in African-Americans. Homozygosity for CCR5-59356-T is strongly associated with an increased rate of perinatal HIV-1 transmission.
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Thomson B, Hawkins D, Felgenhauer J, Radich J. RT-PCR evaluation of peripheral blood, bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells in children and adolescents undergoing VACIME chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 24:527-33. [PMID: 10482938 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood stem cell support allows dose intensification of multiple cycle chemotherapy for metastatic tumors, including pediatric sarcomas. The VACIME protocol (vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, mesna and etoposide) utilizes peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) collected following the treatment cycle as support for subsequent dose- and time-intensive chemotherapy. A critical assumption is that PBSC collected in this manner will be purged of residual tumor cells in vivo. We tested this assumption using sensitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess the presence of the characteristic translocations of the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS), t(11;22), and t(2;13), respectively. We used RT-PCR to evaluate 122 samples of peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM) and PBSC collected from 12 pediatric patients with metastatic ESFT and ARMS. The samples included pre-therapy BM and PB, as well as BM, PB, and PBSC collections at various times in the VACIME treatment course. Molecular evidence of tumor contamination was detected in 1/40 PBSC collections from 12 patients. In all patients, we documented clearance of disease by RT-PCR in peripheral blood and bone marrow by week 9 of the VACIME protocol. In vivo purging in combination with the intensive VACIME regime appears to be effective in removing tumor cells from PBSC, bone marrow, and peripheral blood as detected by RT-PCR.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Bone Marrow Purging
- Bone Neoplasms/blood
- Bone Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/ultrastructure
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Cyclophosphamide/adverse effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Doxorubicin/administration & dosage
- Doxorubicin/adverse effects
- Etoposide/administration & dosage
- Etoposide/adverse effects
- Female
- Forkhead Box Protein O1
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Humans
- Ifosfamide/administration & dosage
- Ifosfamide/adverse effects
- Male
- Mesna/administration & dosage
- Mesna/adverse effects
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- PAX3 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors
- Proto-Oncogene Protein c-fli-1
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/blood
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/drug therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/blood
- Sarcoma, Ewing/drug therapy
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/blood
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Soft Tissue Neoplasms/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Vincristine/administration & dosage
- Vincristine/adverse effects
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Abstract
This paper was presented to an expert workshop on meat intake and colorectal cancer risk, held in Adelaide, Australia on 4 December 1998, as a contribution to discussion of the possible role of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in colorectal cancer. HCAs, which are genotoxic and carcinogenic to experimental animals, are formed in fish, meat and meat residues under certain cooking conditions which are relevant to human lifestyle practices. The most important variables contributing to the formation of HCAs are: cooking temperature (>150 degrees C), cooking time (>2 min), cooking method (frying, oven grilling/broiling, barbecuing), and meat type (e.g. sausage < whole meat). Humans will be exposed to HCAs from the consumption of meat or fish cooked by these methods and from the consumption of gravy prepared from pan residues. Approximately one-third of the meat consumed on a daily basis in New Zealand is cooked by methods likely to result in the formation of HCAs. When intake estimates are combined with animal cancer potency data, the greatest contributor to cancer risk is from the consumption of chicken. Red meat is no more implicated than any other meat type. Although the role of HCA in human cancer is yet to be clearly established, exposure can be minimized by lifestyle choices.
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50
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Begley CG, Basser R, Mansfield R, Thomson B, Parker WR, Layton J, To B, Cebon J, Sheridan WP, Fox RM, Green MD. Enhanced levels and enhanced clonogenic capacity of blood progenitor cells following administration of stem cell factor plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to humans. Blood 1997; 90:3378-89. [PMID: 9345020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of hematopoietic growth factors is being used increasingly to obtain populations of blood progenitor/stem cells (PBPC) for clinical transplantation. Here we examined the effect of combining stem cell factor (SCF ) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF ) versus G-CSF alone in a randomized clinical study involving 62 women with early-stage breast cancer. In the first patient cohorts, escalating doses of SCF were administered for 7 days with concurrent G-CSF administration. At baseline, levels of progenitor cells in the bone marrow or blood were comparable in the different patient groups. As with administration of G-CSF alone, the combination of SCF plus G-CSF did not alter the wide variation in levels of PBPC observed between individuals and did not alter the selective nature of PBPC release, with preferential release of day-14 granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CFC) versus day-7 GM-CFC. However, SCF acted to sustain the levels of PBPC after cessation of growth factor treatment; levels of PBPC were elevated 100-fold at later timepoints compared with G-CSF alone. In addition, the maximum levels of PBPC observed were increased approximately fivefold at day 5 of growth-factor administration. The increased levels of PBPC resulted in significantly increased levels of PBPC obtained by leukapheresis. In a subsequent patient cohort, 3-days pretreatment with SCF was introduced and followed by 7 days concurrent SCF plus G-CSF. The 3-days pretreatment with SCF resulted in an earlier wave of PBPC release in response to commencement of G-CSF. In addition, maximum PBPC levels in blood and PBPC yield in leukapheresis products were further increased. Unexpectedly however, SCF pretreatment resulted in progenitor cells with enhanced self-generation potential. Recloning assays documented the ability of approximately 30% of primary granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colonies from control cell populations to generate secondary GM colonies (n = 1,106 primary colonies examined). In contrast approximately 90% of GM colonies from PBPC after SCF pretreatment generated secondary clones and 65% generated secondary colonies. The action of SCF was not explicable in terms of altered SCF, GM-CSF, or G-CSF responsiveness, but SCF pretreatment was associated with maximum serum SCF levels at the time G-CSF was commenced. These results show that PBPC populations mobilized by different growth factor regimens can differ in their functional properties and caution against solely considering number of harvested progenitor cells without regard to their function.
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