Somatostatin analogues do not affect calcium metabolism in patients with acromegaly and primary hyperparathyroidism [corrected] due to MEN 1-like syndrome

Patients with clinical features of MEN 1 without mutations in the menin gene fulfill the criteria of MEN1-like syndrome. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is the most frequent clinical finding in both syndromes and is usually treated by surgery. However, PHP has been reported to respond to somatostatin analogues (SSA) in MEN 1 patients. 7 patients with PHP in the context of MEN 1-like syndrome (and absence of mutations in the menin gene) were enrolled in the study and treated with SSA for 6 months for the non-PHP disease before parathyroidectomy. Serum ionized calcium, phosphorus, and PTH concentrations, and 24-h urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion were measured before and after SSA therapy. Mean serum ionized calcium, phosphorus, and PTH concentrations did not significantly change after a 6-month course with SSA. SSA scintigraphy did not reveal uptake in the neck region corresponding to the parathyroid adenoma identified at surgery and confirmed at histology. However, immunohistochemistry revealed SS-type 2A receptor in parathyroid tissue samples of 6 out of 7 patients. SSA therapy does not affect calcium-phosphorus metabolism in patients with MEN 1-like syndrome, suggesting that the drug has no role in controlling PHP in these subset of patients.

Prospective study on the FDG-PET/CT predictive and prognostic values in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and radical surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer

BACKGROUND

2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) was carried out before and after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) followed by radical surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). The aim of this study was to define its predictive and prognostic values.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with cT3-T4 N-/+ carcinoma of medium/low rectum received daily 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy infusion and radiation therapy on 6-week period followed by surgery 7-8 weeks later. Tumour metabolic activity, expressed as maximum standardised uptake value (SUV-1 = at baseline and SUV-2 = pre-surgery), was calculated in the most active tumour site. Predictive and prognostic values of SUV-1, SUV-2 and Δ-SUV (percentage change of SUV-1 - SUV-2) were analysed towards pathological response (pR) in the surgical specimen and disease recurrence, respectively.

RESULTS

Eighty consecutive patients entered the study. SUV-1, SUV-2 and Δ-SUV appeared singly correlated with pR, but not one of them resulted an independent predictive factor at multivariate analysis. After a median follow-up of 44 months, 13 patients (16.2%) presented local and/or distant recurrence. SUV-2 ≤5 was associated with lower incidence of disease recurrence and resulted prognostic factor at multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Dual-time FDG-PET/CT in patients with LARC treated with NCRT and radical surgery supplies limited predictive information. However, an optimal metabolic response appears associated with a favourable patient outcome.

Role of recombinant human TSH in the management of large euthyroid multinodular goitre: a new therapeutic option? Pros and cons

Conventional 131I treatment has been used in the last 20 years for large nodular goitres when patients present high surgical risk or simply refuse surgery. 131I therapy causes a mean goitre volume reduction of about 40% after one year. However, the individual response is variable and for low radioiodine uptake and very large goitres, high 131I activities are needed in order to have a adequate 131I accumulation in the thyroid. rhTSH is approved for thyroid cancer management and has been tested off label in large goitres, in whom increases 131I uptake, thus reducing the 131I amount to be administered. The use of lower 131I activities allows to reduce the radiation burden to body and the time of social life restriction. Moreover, depending on the radiation regulations of the different countries, the 131I therapy could be carried out either as outpatients or in a shorter hospitalization period, implying a decrease of costs. The effects of rhTSH on goitre may be due not only to the 131I uptake increase, but also to a more homogeneous distribution of 131I in the gland, and to the thyroid cell activation that makes them more radiosensitive. Acute adverse effects are due to the surge of thyroid hormone in blood and to the goitre volume increase, that cause cardiac symptoms and tracheal compression, respectively. These effects are probably dose dependent and are negligible for rhTSH lower doses.

Relation between deletion of chromosome 1p36 and DNA ploidy in breast carcinoma: an interphase cytogenetic study

Aims-To investigate whether deletion of the 1p36 region of chromosome 1 is independent of DNA ploidy in breast cancer cells.Methods-Preparations of nuclei from 64 fresh primary breast tumours were studied using dual target fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) combining probes specific for the 1q12 (pUC 1.77) and 1p36 (1p-79) regions of chromosome 1. Signals were counted in 100-300 nuclei and the percentage of cells showing fewer p1-79 than pUC 1.77 signals was measured in each sample. DNA ploidy was investigated by cytofluorimetry in 55 tumour samples.Results-Chromosome 1 aberrations were detected in 56 samples. There were fewer p1-79 than pUC 1.77 signals in 53 samples. The 1p36 region was deleted in 11 samples in which a single p1-79 signal was detected; seven of these samples were diploid. Abnormalities were found in 17/24 diploid and 30/31 aneuploid tumours.Conclusions-Chromosome 1 aberrations, including deletion of the 1p36 region, were observed in diploid breast tumours. Deletion of the 1p36 region may be an early event in tumorigenesis. Given the frequency and importance of chromosome 1 aberrations in the biological behaviour of breast tumours, FISH, used in conjunction with cytofluorimetry, may be helpful for determining prognosis in patients with diploid tumours.

Recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) in 2009: new perspectives in diagnosis and therapy

Thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH) exerts a physiological stimulus to growth, function and ability to take up iodine of both normal and malignant follicular cells. For this reason, the metastases deriving from well differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) can be effectively treated with radioiodine but this procedure requires a strong TSH stimulus that can be obtained by withdrawing the L-thyroxine (LT4) therapy. However, both the social and personal life of patients while they are withdrawing the LT4 therapy are heavily affected by hypothyroidism. After more than a decade since the development of recombinant human TSH (rhTSH), this molecule has been introduced in the clinical practice (1998 in USA and 2001 in Europe) as a safe and reliable alternative to LT4 withdrawal. For several years the main clinical application of rhTSH was for diagnostic purposes (i.e. thyroglobulin stimulation) but, after the more recent demonstration of its efficacy in preparing DTC patients for radioiodine post surgical thyroid remnant ablation, also this application has been officially recognized worldwide. The validity of rhTSH has been also demonstrated in stimulating metastatic thyroid cancer cells but this employment is not yet officially approved and it can be used only in patients with contraindication to hypothyroidism (i.e. "compassionate use"). Other possible uses of rhTSH stimulation are related to its ability to enhance both 18FDG uptake during PET scan of metastatic DTC patients and the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy. The aim of this review was to recall how the rhTSH has been developed and progressively introduced in the clinical management of DTC patients.

High prevalence of retinoblastoma protein loss in triple-negative breast cancers and its association with a good prognosis in patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy

BACKGROUND

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive disease, nevertheless exhibiting a high response rate to chemotherapy. Since the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) loss confers a high sensitivity to chemotherapy regimens, we evaluated the prevalence of pRb loss in TNBCs and its relevance on the clinical outcome of patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

pRb status was prospectively evaluated by immunocytochemistry in 518 consecutive patients with complete receptor information. The predictive value of pRb status in TNBCs was determined according to the adjuvant therapeutic treatments.

RESULTS

Fifty-three tumors were identified as TNBCs. The prevalence of pRb loss was significantly higher in TNBCs than in the other cancer subtypes. All patients with TNBCs lacking pRb and treated with systemic chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) were disease free at a medium follow-up time of 109 months, whereas the clinical outcome of those expressing pRb was significantly poorer (P = 0.008). Analysis of disease-free survival including the established anatomo-clinical prognostic parameters indicated pRb loss as the only significant predictive factor.

CONCLUSIONS

pRb loss is much more frequent in TNBCs than in the other breast cancer subtypes. Patients with TNBCs lacking pRb had a very favorable clinical outcome if treated with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy.

KRAS and BRAF mutational status as response biomarkers to cetuximab combination therapy in advanced gastric cancer patients

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Background: The prognosis of advanced gastric cancer (GC) patients (pt) is still poor despite the introduction of new chemotherapy regimens. In colorectal cancer (CRC) it has been demonstrated that KRAS or BRAF mutations are associated with resistance to treatment with the anti-EGFR mAbs. We have assessed whether, and to what extent, the mutational profile of KRAS and BRAF genes affects the response to cetuximab combination therapy in GC. Methods: We have collected 44 tumor samples from pts affected by locally advanced or metastatic GC undergoing cetuximab combination therapy as first-line treatment in two consecutive phase II studies. Thirteen pts received cetuximab plus FOLFIRI (FOLCETUX Study) and 31 pts cetuximab plus cisplatin and docetaxel (DOCETUX Study). Genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from all cases. The mutational status of KRAS (exon 2) and BRAF (exon 15) was ascertained by PCR amplification followed by direct sequencing. The objective response was evaluated every 6 weeks by CT according to RECIST criteria. Results: KRAS and BRAF mutations were detected in 5 (11.4%) and 1 (2.3%), respectively, of the 44 tumors analyzed. These frequencies are consistent with those previously reported in GC. In the case of KRAS, 3 cases displayed amino acid substitutions of codon 12 and 1 of codon 13. One case had the A11V variant that had been reported in hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue of the stomach. The only BRAF mutation found in 1 sample was the classic V600E substitution. As a whole, 13.6 % of the analyzed tumors carried a mutation in either KRAS or BRAF genes. K-RAS and BRAF mutations were, as expected, mutually exclusive. In this pt cohort oncogenic activation of KRAS/BRAF-signaling pathways was not significantly associated to objective response (p= 0.757). Also, we found no correlation between KRAS/BRAF mutations and clinical outcome measured as overall survival. Conclusions: In advanced GC the frequency of mutations in KRAS and BRAF is lower as compared with CRC cancer. In our cases, the mutational status of KRAS and BRAF genes does not correlate with the response to cetuximab-based therapy in advanced gastric cancer patients.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Evaluation of Ki-67 in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

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Background: GISTs show a wide spectrum of biological behaviors which translates in an even wider spectrum of possible clinical courses. The two canonical parameters used for the prediction of GISTs’ prognosis are tumor size and mitotic index. However, few but controversial data on Ki-67 are also available. The aim of our study was to clarify the role of Ki-67 expression as a new biological marker in GISTs. Methods: Forty-one cases of GIST were examined. Twenty-six cases arose from stomach and 15 from small bowel. Immunohistochemical analysis for Ki-67 was stained on tissue samples and a cut-off value of >10% immunoreactive cells was used to distinguish between low (<= 10%) and high (>10%) Ki-67 nuclear expression. The expression of this cell-cycle related protein was correlated with tumor site (stomach; any other site), dimensions (<5 cm; >=5cm), mitotic index (<=5/50 HPFs; >5/50 HPFs), standard risk groups (low; intermediate-high) and disease free survival (DFS). Results: Ki-67 over-expression was positively correlated with tumor size >=5cm (p= 0.035). Not significant but a positive trend was seen with intermediate and high risk groups (p = 0.114), mitotic index >5/50 HPFs (p = 0.615). Lower levels of Ki-67 expression have been observed in gastric GISTs compared to any other site (29 cases with Ki-67 <=10% of which 21 gastric and 8 in other sites), even if these values were not statistically significant (p = 0.527). Moreover, Ki-67 over-expression was found to be significantly associated with a shorter DFS interval (p = 0.0196, analysis performed on 32 cases). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that Ki-67 over-expression is significantly correlated with larger GIST and with a shorter DFS, suggesting that Ki-67 evaluation can be a useful tool to predict biological behavior of GIST, even if further studies are needed. In a clinical perspective, such information could be used in association with standard risk factors to select patients who could benefit from adjuvant therapy.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Concurrent EGFr and Cox-2 expression in colorectal cancer: proliferation impact and tumour spreading

BACKGROUND

Many reports were produced on single epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (Cox-2) evaluation using immunohistochemical techniques (IHC), but very few works considered concurrent expression of these two proteins in the light of their impact on proliferation and tumour spreading. At least three molecular pathways (EGFr, Cox-2, and APC/beta-catenin molecular cascade) may interact in this malignancy giving rise to cross talking effects on proliferation and cancer spreading.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

To better detail these two latter aggressive features, we studied 205 sporadic colorectal cancer patients, comparing concurrent expression of EGFr, Cox-2, Ki-67, Cyclins D1-A, and E, with tumour spreading (budding) (BUD) and pN status.

RESULTS

Our results point to a different aggressive molecular profile due to Cox-2 expression. Cox-2 High expressing cases showed a clear EGFr proliferation-promoting role. On the contrary, EGFr seems directly involved in cancer cells spreading rather than in promoting cancer proliferation in Cox-2 Low/Negative cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Immunohistochemical profiling of colorectal cancer seems to be a promising approach, not only to define prognostic impact, but also to detail proliferation-related molecular interplays between EGFr and Cox-2 pathways, with these two latter proteins, at present, being the hottest pharmacological targets for colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention and therapy.

Prognostic significance of pathological biomarkers in patients with stage II-III colorectal cancer

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Background: Biopathological colorectal cancer (CRC) studies have provided information on pathogenesis, but it is unclear how important biomarkers actually are in predicting prognosis. The aim of our study was to define the prognostic significance of biomarkers and a biopathological profile that could predict an increase in the disease relapse risk in stage II-III CRC patients (pts). Methods: The primary tumor of the CRC pts treated with surgery was immunohistochemically evaluated on the Ki67, p53, bcl-2, TS, EGFR, MLH1 and MSH2 expressions. All 7 markers were measured using standard immunohistochemical techniques. The biomarker evaluations were scored by just one pathologist. Results: Between March 2001 and October 2006 the primary tumor of 242 consecutive pts was investigated. Pt characteristics were: males 141(58.3%), females 101(41.7%); median age 68.5 (24–88); primary tumor site: right colon 94(38.8%), left colon 148(61.2%); stage II 102(42.1%), stage III 81(33.5%), stage IV 59(24.4%). 5-fluorouracil based adjuvant chemotherapy was performed in 121 (66.1%) pts. After a median follow up of 30 months (1–80), 34 pts (10 pts stage II, 24 pts stage III) of 183 stage II-III pts (18.6%) had a disease recurrence. In a univariate analysis of stage II-III pts, a higher expression of Ki67 (= 50% positive cells) was significantly associated with an improved DFS (p= 0.014) and overall survival (OS) (p=0.010). Expression of p53, bcl-2, TS, EGFR, MLH1 and MSH2 were not significantly associated with DFS and OS. In a multivariate analysis adjusted for the impact of the disease stage and adjuvant chemotherapy, a higher expression of Ki67 was significantly associated with diminished risk of recurrence (HR: 0.395; 95% CI: 0.183–0.855, p=0.018) and death (HR: 0.179; 95% CI: 0.046–0.696, p=0.013). The evaluation of DNA mismatch repair status (MLH1, MSH2) demonstrated that the lack of MLH1 is more frequent in non-relapsed II-III stage pts than in IV stage pts (p= 0.024). Conclusions: This analysis showed a significant correlation between higher Ki67 expression and better DFS and OS in pts with stage II-III CRC. An higher frequency of MLH1 deficiency was observed in non-relapsed pts with stage II-III than in advanced disease.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Prognostic significance of ki67, p53, TS and EGFR in advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer patients treated with cetuximab plus FOLFIRI (FOLCETUX study)

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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between pathologic biomarkers and objective response (OR), time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) in advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer patients (pts) treated with cetuximab plus FOLFIRI. Methods: We analysed 32/38 pts with stomach or GEJ locally advanced/metastatic adenocarcinoma, EGFR+, enrolled in the Italian FOLCETUX study. The pts were treated as first line with cetuximab weekly at 400 mg/m2 iv loading dose, and then at 250 mg/m2 iv maintenance dose, plus FOLFIRI every 2 weeks, for a maximum of 24 weeks, then cetuximab alone was allowed in pts with CR/PR/SD. Expression of Ki67, p53, TS and EGFR was examined immunohistochemically in primary tumor and/or metastasis samples. Ki67, p53 and TS were categorized into a low and high value; EGFR was categorized into low, intermediate and high values. High cut-off was defined as: >50% Ki67; >20% p53; =9% cytoplasmatic and >30% nuclear TS; EGFR score (combining % neoplastic cell positive and intensity) was: low=0–2, intermediate=3–5, high=6–7. To avoid any discrepant evaluation the assessment was carried out centrally by just one pathologist. Results: The pt characteristics were: 22M/10F; median age 64.5 years (39–83); stomach 29(90.6%), GEJ 3(9.4%); intestinal histotype 21(65.6%), non-intestinal 11(34.4%); locally advanced disease 4(12.5%), metastatic disease 28(87.5%). The OR were: 15 CR+PR, 15 SD, 2 PD. No relationship was observed between Ki67, p53, TS and EGFR expression and OR (Chi-squared test/Fisher’s Exact Test). In the multivariate analysis adjusted for the impact of intestinal/non-intestinal histotype and locally advanced/metastatic disease, the low TS expression was associated with an improved TTP ( Table 1 ). Conclusions: This results suggest that TS, EGFR, p53 and Ki67 expressions are not significantly correlated with OR. Low TS expression is predictive of better TTP.

[Table: see text]

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Prognostic markers in stage II/III rectal cancer after neoadjuvant 5-fluorouracil-based chemoradiotherapy

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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of histologic tumor regression grade (TRG) and pathological biomarkers after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CT/RT) in rectal cancer pts. Methods: Pts entering the study had rectal adenocarcinoma and stage uT3-T4 N-/+ with location <12 cm from the anal margin. CT consisted of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) 225 mg/m2/die continuous infusion IV d1–38 with/without oxaliplatin (OXA) 60 mg/m2 weekly infusion IV for 6 times. RT was delivered up to a dose of 50.4 Gy in daily fractions of 1.8 Gy. Rectal surgery with TME was performed 6–8 weeks after neoadjuvant therapy. Eight courses of adjuvant CT (LV5FU2) were given after surgery. Immunohistochemical determination of Ki67, p53, bcl2, TS, EGFR, MLH1, MSH2 was performed in pre-treatment biopsy and operative specimen; TRG (Dworak) response (0=none, 1=low, 2–3= intermediate, 4=complete) and circumferential resection margin (CRM) were evaluated on surgical specimens. Results: Between March 2002 and December 2006, 56 pts had completed the integrated treatment. Pt characteristics were: 39M/17F; stage uT3N- 32(57.1%), uT3N+ 15(26.8%), uT3Nx 4(7.1%), uT4N+ 4(7.1%), uT4Nx 1(1.8%). CT was 5FU in 15(26.8%) pts, 5FU/OXA in 41(73.2%) pts. Pathological downstaging was achieved in 31(55.4%) pts, including 9(16.1%) pCR. After a median follow-up of 28.5(6–58) months, 7(12.5%) pts had disease recurrence. TRG evaluation was: no TRG0, 9(16.1%) TRG1, 21(37.5%) TRG2, 17(30.4%) TRG3, 9(16.1%) TRG4. CRM was negative in 91% of pts. By means of univariate analysis, TRG was found to be significantly correlated with DFS (estimated median DFS was 23 months in TRG1 pts, not achieved in TRG2–4 pts; p<0.0001). Other factors correlating significantly with a better DFS by univariate analysis included ypT0–2 (p=0.013) and pN- (p=0.002) categories, CRM- (p=0.024) and lower Ki67 expression post-CT/RT (p=0.012). Using multivariate analysis, we found that TRG2–4 was the strongest DFS prognostic factor (HR=0.0312; 95% CI: 0.003–0.40, p=0.008). Conclusions: In this analysis complete (TRG4) and intermediate (TRG2+3) pathological response produced improved DFS. Significant favorable prognostic factors were the ypT0–2/pN- categories, CRM- status and lower Ki67 expression after CT/RT.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Controversial relationship between the expression of the RB pathway components and RB protein phosphorylation in human breast cancer

Recent data challenge the relevance of the RB pathway to cancer based on RB inactivation, at least in breast tumors. To obtain information on the actual role of the components of the RB pathway in tumor progression we decided to investigate whether their quantitative changes were associated with variations in the level of RB phosphorylation in human breast cancer. A series of 68 human primary breast carcinomas was studied. Five cases were excluded from the study due to their lack of RB expression. In the remaining 63 cases the expression of cyclin D1, cdk4, cyclin E, and INK4a mRNA was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. The level of RB phosphorylated protein (ppRB) and p27 expression was immunohistochemically analyzed by measuring the percentage of stained cells (labeling index, LI). Cell proliferation rate was measured by Ki67 LI evaluation. The ppRB LI ranged from 5.2 to 73.8 and, as expected, was strongly related to the Ki67 LI (r=0.80; p<0.001). The expression of cyclin D1 mRNA, expressed in arbitrary units (a. u.), ranged from 1.15 to 123.0 and was inversely related to the ppRB LI (p=0.021) and Ki67 LI (p<0.001). Neither the cdk4 (range from 0.07 to 1.13 a. u.) nor the cyclin E (range from 0.13 to 9.27 a. u.) mRNA expression was significantly associated with the ppRB LI (p=0.962 and p=0.103, respectively). Cyclin E was related to Ki67 LI (p=0.022). Both INK4a mRNA (range from 0.01 to 0.60 a. u.) and p27 (LI from 0.0 to 73.1) values were inversely related to the ppRB LI (p=0.022 and p=0.014, respectively). Cyclin D1, cdk4, and cyclin E mRNA expressions were not significantly related to one another. In human primary breast cancers, the expression levels of the factors known to facilitate the cell cycle progression by RB protein phosphorylation were not positively related to ppRB-LI. Pathological increases of cyclin D, cdk4, and cyclin E are very likely associated with other biological functions other than their well-established action on cell cycle progression.

Relationship between the RB1 mRNA level and the expression of phosphorylated RB protein in human breast cancers: their relevance in cell proliferation activity and patient clinical outcome

The aim of the present study was to ascertain the relationship between the level of RB1 mRNA and the expression of phosphorylated RB protein and the relevance of these two parameters in cancer cell proliferation and clinical outcome in human breast cancer. Sixty-eight primary human breast cancers were considered. The amount of RB1 mRNA was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The level of RB phosphorylation was immunohistochemical defined by measuring the phosphorylated (pp) RB labelling index (LI). Cell proliferation rate was measured by calculating the Ki67 LI. No relation was found between the RB1 mRNA level and the ppRB LI (p=0.565). Both RB1 mRNA value and ppRB LI were related (in an inverse and direct manner, respectively) to Ki67 LI. RB1 mRNA expression was more strictly associated with KI67 LI (p=0.001) than the ppRB LI (p=0.013). Regarding the patient clinical outcome, the separately considered RB parameters did not reach the prognostic significance. However, patients with low RB1 mRNA quantity and patients with high ppRB LI, taken together, had a significantly shorter disease free and overall survival than the group comprehending patients with high RB1 mRNA value and low ppRB LI, and this despite the low number of patients considered. Our results demonstrated that the ppRB LI was independent of the RB1 mRNA level; that both RB parameters are related to the cell proliferation rate and, if collectively considered, have a high informative value on breast tumour prognosis.

Prognostic relevance of a novel semiquantitative classification of Bcl2 immunohistochemical expression in human infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast

BACKGROUND

Bcl2 is an important prognostic parameter in human breast cancer. However, the evaluation of Bcl2 expression by immunohistochemistry is carried out using arbitrary scoring criteria. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical relevance of a novel, semiquantitative classification of the Bcl2 immunostaining based on both the distribution and the intensity of the staining reaction.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The proposed classification was first validated in 69 breast cancer specimens by comparing the Bcl2 immunostaining with the Bcl2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. Since a highly significant association was found between protein and mRNA for Bcl2, the immunohistochemical scoring system was applied to 442 patients with infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast with long-term follow-up (median observation time 106 months).

RESULTS

In the entire series, the Bcl2 variable was an independent predictor of clinical outcome, and its prognostic independence was maintained when lymph node-negative and -positive patients were considered separately. In this regard, of particular interest was the observation of a subgroup of node-negative breast cancer patients with a negative Bcl2 immunostaining, who had a very high probability of relapse or death (respectively about five and seven times greater than patients with a positive Bcl2 immunostaining). Moreover, the Bcl2 variable retained prognostic significance also in subgroups of patients treated with either adjuvant endocrine therapy or chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrated that in breast cancer, Bcl2 protein expression parallels its mRNA level, and it has a highly significant and independent prognostic relevance.

Phase II study of cetuximab in combination with FOLFIRI in patients with untreated advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FOLCETUX study)

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cetuximab combined with FOLFIRI as a first-line treatment of advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Untreated patients with confirmed advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma received cetuximab at an initial dose of 400 mg/m(2) intravenously (i.v.) followed by weekly doses of 250 mg/m(2), CPT 11 180 mg/m(2) i.v. on day 1, LFA 100 mg/m(2) i.v. followed by 5-FU 400 mg/m(2) i.v. bolus, and 600 mg/m(2) i.v. 22-h continuous infusion on days 1 and 2 (FOLFIRI) every 2 weeks, for a maximum of 24 weeks, then cetuximab alone was allowed in patients with a complete response, partial response, or stable disease. Antitumor activity was assessed by computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) at baseline and after 6 weeks, and further by CT alone or CT and PET every 6 weeks.

RESULTS

Thirty-eight patients were enrolled (median age 63.5 years, range 39-83; median Karnofsky performance status 90, range 70-100; stomach 89.5% and GEJ 10.5%; locally advanced disease 13.2% and metastatic disease 86.8%). All 38 patients were assessed for safety and survival, and 34 patients were assessed for overall response rates (ORR). The ORR was 44.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 27.5% to 60.9%]. The median time-to-progression was 8 months (95% CI 7-9). At the median follow-up time of 11 months, 55.3% of patients were alive, with a median expected survival time of 16 months (95% CI 9-23). Grade 3-4 toxicity included neutropenia (42.1%), acne-like rash (21.1%), diarrhea (7.9%), asthenia (5.3%), stomatitis (5.3%), and hypertransaminasemia (5.3%). There was one (2.6%) treatment-related death.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of cetuximab and FOLFIRI is active in gastric and GEJ adenocarcinoma. The higher toxicity appears to be limited to neutropenia.

Deuterium enhancement in H3+ in pre-stellar cores

Deuterium enhancement of monodeuterated species has been recognized for more than 30 years as a result of chemical fractionation that results from the difference in zero-point energies of deuterated and hydrogenated molecules. The key reaction is the deuteron exchange in the reaction between HD, the reservoir of deuterium in dark interstellar clouds, and the H3+ molecular ion, leading to the production of H2D+ molecule, and the low temperature in dark interstellar clouds favours this production. Furthermore, the presence of multiply deuterated species have incited our group to proceed further and consider the subsequent reaction of H2D+ with HD, leading to D2H+, which can further react with HD to produce D3+. In pre-stellar cores, where CO was found to be depleted, this production should be increased as CO would normally destroy H3+. The first model including D2H+ and D3+ predicted that these molecules should be as abundant as H2D+. The first detection of the D2H+ was made possible by the recent laboratory measurement for the frequency of the fundamental line of para-D2H+. Here, we present observations of H2D+ and D2H+ towards a sample of dark clouds and pre-stellar cores and show how the distribution of ortho-H2D+ (1(1,0)-1(1,1)) can trace the deuterium factory in pre-stellar cores. We also present how future instrumentation will improve our knowledge concerning the deuterium enhancement of H3+.

Molecular determination of epidermal growth factor receptor in normal and neoplastic colorectal mucosa

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) is considered a major target for treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). We found a mean EGFr content significantly lower but more activated in colonic neoplastic tissue than in paired normal mucosa. Phosphorylated (pY1068) EGFr detection in CRC may be a better tool than EGFr detection to select patients for targeted therapies.

The “in situ” expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I antigens is not altered by cryopreservation in human arterial allografts

This study was aimed to establish whether the cryopreservation procedure we currently use in clinics can modify arterial homograft antigenicity. To this purpose, we performed an immunohistochemical study on fresh and cryopreserved human arterial homografts to visualize the expression of HLA class I heavy and light chains "in situ" by using the HC-10 and Namb-1 monoclonal antibodies. Human femoral arteries and thoracic aortas were harvested from 18 heart-beating donors and sampled before and after cryopreservation. Arterial segments were frozen in liquid nitrogen vapors in a controlled rate freezing system. After thawing, samples were processed for routine immunohistochemistry. To standardize immunostaining, flow-cytometry indirect immunofluorescence analysis was performed on HUVEC; immunohistochemistry of human ovarian cortical vessels was performed as an additional positive control. Negative controls were performed by omitting tissue incubation with primary antibodies. HLA-class I antigens were markedly expressed by endothelial cells lining surface intima and adventitial vasa vasorum; a moderate expression was found in medial smooth muscle cells. Except for the surface unreactivity caused by loss of endothelium, results from cryopreserved arterial allografts were strictly comparable to those observed in fresh, unfrozen tissues. These results support the view that cryopreserved arterial allografts are immunogenic as their fresh counterparts; apart from smooth muscle cells which retained a moderate expression of HLA class I antigens following cryopreservation, our study suggests that the highly HC-10 positive endothelial cells we found to line the rich adventitial network of vasa vasorum are expected to be one of the major targets of the serological response in the recipient.

Dyskerin expression influences the level of ribosomal RNA pseudo-uridylation and telomerase RNA component in human breast cancer

Dyskerin is a nucleolar protein, altered in dyskeratosis congenita, which carries out two separate functions, both fundamental for proliferating cells. One function is the pseudo-uridylation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules, necessary for their processing, and the other is the stabilization of the telomerase RNA component, necessary for telomerase activity. A significant feature of dyskeratosis congenita is an increased susceptibility to cancer; so far, however, no data have been reported on dyskerin changes in human tumours. Therefore, in this study, the distribution of dyskerin in a large series of human tumours from the lung, breast, and colon, as well as from B-cell lymphomas, was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Dyskerin proved never to be lost or delocalized outside the nucleolus. A quantitative analysis of dyskerin mRNA expression was then performed in 70 breast carcinomas together with the evaluation of telomerase RNA component levels and rRNA pseudo-uridylation. Dyskerin mRNA levels were highly variable and directly associated with both telomerase RNA component levels and rRNA pseudo-uridylation. Dyskerin gene silencing in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line reduced telomerase activity and rRNA pseudo-uridylation. Significantly, patients with low dyskerin expression were characterized by a better clinical outcome than those with a high dyskerin level. These data indicate that dyskerin is not lost in human cancers and that the levels of its expression and function are associated with tumour progression.