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de Brun V, Meikle A, Casal A, Sequeira M, Contreras-Solís I, Carriquiry M, Forcada F, Sosa C, Abecia J. Periconceptional undernutrition modifies endocrine profiles and hepatic gene expression in sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:710-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abecia JA, Casao A, Pascual-Alonso M, Lobón S, Aguayo-Ulloa LA, Forcada F, Meikle A, Sosa C, Marín RH, Silva MA, Maria GA. Periconceptional undernutrition increases quantity and quality of oocyte population, but not cognitive or emotional response of 60-day-old lambs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 99:501-10. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hortells L, Sosa C, Millán Á, Sorribas V. Calcification in vitro: experimental factors that induce nanocrystal formation (1077.9). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1077.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Martín-Pardillos A, Sosa C, Millán Á, Sorribas V. Effect of water fluoridation on the development of medial vascular calcification in uremic rats. Toxicology 2014; 318:40-50. [PMID: 24561004 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Public water fluoridation is a common policy for improving dental health. Fluoride replaces the hydroxyls of hydroxyapatite, thereby improving the strength of tooth enamel, but this process can also occur in other active calcifications. This paper studies the effects of water fluoridation during the course of vascular calcification in renal disease. The effect of fluoride was studied in vitro and in vivo. Rat aortic smooth muscle cells were calcified with 2mM Pi for 5 days. Fluoride concentrations of 5-10 μM--similar to those found in people who drink fluoridated water--partially prevented calcification, death, and osteogene expression in vitro. The anticalcifying mechanism was independent of cell activity, matrix Gla protein, and fetuin A expressions, and it exhibited an IC50 of 8.7 μM fluoride. In vivo, however, fluoridation of drinking water at 1.5mg/L (concentration recommended by the WHO) and 15 mg/L dramatically increased the incipient aortic calcification observed in rats with experimental chronic kidney disease (CKD, 5/6-nephrectomy), fed a Pi-rich fodder (1.2% Pi). Fluoride further declined the remaining renal function of the CKD animals, an effect that most likely overwhelmed the positive effect of fluoride on calcification in vitro. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that fluoride did not modify the Ca/P atomic ratio, but it was incorporated into the lattice of in vivo deposits. Fluoride also converted the crystallization pattern from plate to rode-like structures. In conclusion, while fluoride prevents calcification in vitro, the WHO's recommended concentrations in drinking water become nephrotoxic to CKD rats, thereby aggravating renal disease and making media vascular calcification significant.
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Vázquez M, Forcada F, Sosa C, Casao A, Sartore I, Fernández-Foren A, Meikle A, Abecia J. Effect of exogenous melatonin on embryo viability and uterine environment in undernourished ewes. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 141:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sosa C, Forcada F, Meikle A, Abecia J. Increase in ovine plasma cortisol at oestrus and its relation with the metabolic status during the sexual cycle in sheep. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2012.704793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sosa C, Vispe E, Núñez C, Baeta M, Casalod Y, Bolea M, Hedges REM, Martinez-Jarreta B. Association between ancient bone preservation and dna yield: a multidisciplinary approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:102-9. [PMID: 23595645 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ancient molecular typing depends on DNA survival in archaeological bones. Finding valuable tools to predict DNA presence in ancient samples, which can be measured prior to undertaking a genetic study, has become an important issue as a consequence of the peculiarities of archaeological samples. Since the survival of DNA is explained by complex interrelations of multiple variables, the aim of the present study was to analyze morphological, structural, chemical, and biological aspects of a set of medieval human bones, to provide an accurate reflection of the state of preservation of the bony components and to relate it with DNA presence. Archaeological bones that yielded amplifiable DNA presented high collagen content (generally more than 12%), low racemization values of aspartic acid (lesser than 0.08), leucine and glutamic acid, low infrared splitting factor, small size of crystallite, and more compact appearance of bone in the scanning electron micrographs. Whether these patterns are characteristic of ancient bones or specific of each burial site or specimen requires further investigation.
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Núñez C, Baeta M, Aznar JM, Sosa C, Casalod Y, Bolea M, Martínez de Pancorbo M, Martínez Jarreta B. Genetic diversity of 10 X chromosome STRs in an admixed population of Nicaragua. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 7:e95-6. [PMID: 23523364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Baeta M, Núñez C, Aznar JM, Sosa C, Casalod Y, Bolea M, González-Andrade F, de Pancorbo MM, Martínez-Jarreta B. Analysis of 10 X-STRs in three population groups from Ecuador. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 7:e19-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Martín-Pardillos A, Sosa C, Sorribas V. Arsenic Increases Pi-Mediated Vascular Calcification and Induces Premature Senescence in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:641-53. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Alonso J, Sosa C, Verde M, Balsamo A, Moraes M, Zolessi M, Bertolino L, Amaral J, Di Giovanni J. O043 RISK FACTORS FOR TERM SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE. A CASE-CONTROL STUDY IN AN URUGUAYAN POPULATION. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(12)60473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alonso J, Sosa C, Perez N, Brum C, Sotero G, Rodriguez G, Silvera J. W071 PROCALCITONIN AND ROUTINE BIOMARKERS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF MATERNAL AND FETAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH PPROM. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(12)61796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Torrado J, Farro I, Farro F, Bia D, Zocalo Y, Sosa C, Scasso S, Zunini S, Armentano R, Alonso J. O603 CAROTID-RADIAL PULSE WAVE VELOCITY AS AN ALTERNATIVE TOOL FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION: POTENTIAL ROLE IN PREDICTING AND CLASSIFYING HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(12)61033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Johnson T, Adanu R, Obama V, Guinto V, Sosa C, Addington C. I168 IJGO AUTHOR WORKSHOP: AN INSIDER'S GUIDE TO GETTING PUBLISHED. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(12)60198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sosa C. Anita Brady and Tony SchiratoUnderstanding Judith Butler. London: SAGE, 2011. 152 pp. ISBN 978–1–84787–607–2, £63.00 (cloth). FEMINIST THEORY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1464700112454388b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Núnéz C, Sosa C, Baeta M, Geppert M, Turnbough M, Phillips N, Casalod Y, Bolea M, Roby R, Budowle B, Martínez-Jarreta B. Genetic analysis of 7 medieval skeletons from the Aragonese Pyrenees. Croat Med J 2012; 52:336-43. [PMID: 21674829 PMCID: PMC3118721 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2011.52.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To perform a genetic characterization of 7 skeletons from medieval age found in a burial site in the Aragonese Pyrenees. Methods Allele frequencies of autosomal short tandem repeats (STR) loci were determined by 3 different STR systems. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplogroups were determined by sequencing of the hypervariable segment 1 of mtDNA and typing of phylogenetic Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNP) markers, respectively. Possible familial relationships were also investigated. Results Complete or partial STR profiles were obtained in 3 of the 7 samples. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup was determined in 6 samples, with 5 of them corresponding to the haplogroup H and 1 to the haplogroup U5a. Y-chromosome haplogroup was determined in 2 samples, corresponding to the haplogroup R. In one of them, the sub-branch R1b1b2 was determined. mtDNA sequences indicated that some of the individuals could be maternally related, while STR profiles indicated no direct family relationships. Conclusions Despite the antiquity of the samples and great difficulty that genetic analyses entail, the combined use of autosomal STR markers, Y-chromosome informative SNPs, and mtDNA sequences allowed us to genotype a group of skeletons from the medieval age.
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Baeta M, Núñez C, Sosa C, Bolea M, Casalod Y, González-Andrade F, Roewer L, Martínez-Jarreta B. Mitochondrial diversity in Amerindian Kichwa and Mestizo populations from Ecuador. Int J Legal Med 2011; 126:299-302. [PMID: 22189782 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-011-0656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study presents mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data from 107 unrelated individuals from two of the major ethnic groups in Ecuador: Amerindian Kichwas (n = 65) and Mestizos (n = 42). We characterized the diversity of the matrilineal lineages of these Ecuadorian groups by analyzing the entire mtDNA control region. Different patterns of diversity were observed in the two groups as result of the unique historical and demographic events which have occurred in each population. Higher genetic diversity values were obtained for the Mestizo group than for the Amerindian group. Interestingly, only Native American lineages were detected in the two population samples, but with differences in the haplogroup distribution: Kichwa (A, 49%; B, 3%; C, 8%; and D, 40%) and Mestizo (A, 33%; B, 33%; C, 10%; and D, 24%). Analysis of the complete mtDNA control region proved to be useful to increase the discrimination power between individuals who showed common haplotypes in HVSI and HVSII segments; and added valuable information to the phylogenetic interpretation of mtDNA haplotypes.
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Nuñez C, Baeta M, Sosa C, Casalod Y, Ge J, Budowle B, Martínez-Jarreta B. Reconstructing the population history of Nicaragua by means of mtDNA, Y-chromosome STRs, and autosomal STR markers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 143:591-600. [PMID: 20721944 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Before the arrival of the Spaniards in Nicaragua, diverse Native American groups inhabited the territory. In colonial times, Native Nicaraguan populations interacted with Europeans and slaves from Africa. To ascertain the extent of this genetic admixture and provide genetic evidence about the origin of the Nicaraguan ancestors, we analyzed the mitochondrial control region (HVSI and HVSII), 17 Y chromosome STRs, and 15 autosomal STRs in 165 Mestizo individuals from Nicaragua. To carry out interpopulation comparisons, HVSI sequences from 29 American populations were compiled from the literature. The results reveal a close relationship between Oto-manguean, Uto-Aztecan, Mayan groups from Mexico, and a Chibchan group to Nicaraguan lineages. The Native American contribution to present-day Nicaraguan Mestizos accounts for most of the maternal lineages, whereas the majority of Nicaraguan Y chromosome haplogroups can be traced back to a West Eurasian origin. Pairwise Fst distances based on Y-STRs between Nicaragua and European, African and Native American populations show that Nicaragua is much closer to Europeans than the other populations. Additionally, admixture proportions based on autosomal STRs indicate a predominantly Spanish contribution. Our study reveals that the Nicaraguan Mestizo population harbors a high proportion of European male and Native American female substrate. Finally, the amount of African ancestry is also interesting, probably because of the contribution of Spanish conquerors with North African genetic traces or that of West African slaves.
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Baeta M, Núñez C, González-Andrade F, Sosa C, Casalod Y, Bolea M, Zweynert S, Vacas Cruz O, González-Solorzano J, Geppert M, Roewer L, Martínez-Jarreta B. Mitochondrial analysis revealed high homogeneity in the Waorani population—The last nomadic group of hunter-gatherers from Ecuador. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Alonso J, Balsa A, Caffera M, Piriz G, Sosa C. O42 Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and its association with perinatal outcomes in Uruguay. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(09)60414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sosa C, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Abecia JA, Forcada F, Meikle A. Short-Term Undernutrition Affects Final Development of Ovulatory Follicles in Sheep Synchronized for Ovulation. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 45:1033-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vázquez M, Forcada F, Casao A, Sosa C, Palacín I, Abecia J. Effects of melatonin and undernutrition on the viability of ovine embryos during anestrus and the breeding season. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 112:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Sosa C, Abecia E, Casalod Y, Baeta M, Núñez C, Luna A, Pérez-Cárceles MD, Martínez-Jarreta B. A preliminary study on the incidence of heteroplasmy in mitochondrial DNA from vitreous humour. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2009; 11 Suppl 1:S460-2. [PMID: 19261523 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitreous humour is routinely sampled in Forensic Medicine as several post-mortem analyses can be performed. However, it is not used for DNA analyses probably due to its scarce cellularity. In these samples, in which the study of nuclear DNA is difficult, the analysis of mtDNA is an alternative approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of vitreous humour for forensic identification purposes. Samples were collected during vitrectomy from retinopathy patients, in collection bags with saline solution. Blood samples were also obtained in order to contrast results. Before DNA organic extraction, several centrifugation steps were needed to concentrate the vitreous humour samples. Unlike blood, direct amplification of 400-bp fragments of the hipervariable regions I and II (HVI and HVII) was not successful, possibly due to damage to the DNA strand caused by the surgery conditions (UV radiation, oxidative stress). Therefore, amplification of two overlapping fragments for each control region was performed in vitreous humour. In order to eliminate undesired products, all samples were purified by an enzymatic method. Thereafter, mtDNA fragments were sequenced using dye terminators in a MegaBACE 500 capillary sequencer. Sequences of HVI and HVII of approximately 400 bp were obtained from all samples. The sequences obtained from each patient matched almost perfectly those from blood. In summary, herein we describe for the first time a methodology suitable for the mtDNA analysis of vitreous humour samples.
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Vázquez MI, Forcada F, Casao A, Abecia JA, Sosa C, Palacín I. Undernutrition and exogenous melatonin can affect the in vitro developmental competence of ovine oocytes on a seasonal basis. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 45:677-84. [PMID: 19281597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of exogenous melatonin and level of nutrition on oocyte competence, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and early embryonic development in sheep during seasonal anoestrus (SA) and the reproductive season (RS). Adult Rasa Aragonesa ewes were assigned randomly to one of four treatment groups in two experiments based on a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Individuals were treated (+MEL) or not treated (-MEL) with a subcutaneous implant of melatonin for 42 days and then were fed 1.5 (Control, C) or 0.5 (Low, L) times the daily maintenance requirements for 20 days. Ewes were synchronized and mated at oestrus (Day = 0). On Day 5, ovaries were collected and oocytes were used for IVF. Season had a significant (p < 0.01) effect on the number of oocytes recovered (RS: 19.6 +/- 1.0; SA: 14.5 +/- 1.0) and the number of healthy oocytes (RS: 13.9 +/- 0.7; SA: 9.0 +/- 0.7). In the RS, neither nutrition nor melatonin had a significant effect on the evaluated oocytes quality parameters although melatonin implants appeared to reduce the number of unhealthy oocytes in the undernourished group (p < 0.05). During SA, in undernourished ewes exogenous melatonin tended to increase the number of healthy (L+MEL: 9.4 +/- 1.0, L-MEL: 7.6 +/- 1.4; p < 0.1), and significantly improved both cleaved oocytes (L+MEL: 7.0 +/- 0.7, L-MEL: 4.1 +/- 0.9; p < 0.05) and blastocyst rate (L+MEL: 37.2, L-MEL: 21.9%; p < 0.05). In conclusion, oocyte competence in ewes was affected by season, and melatonin implants appeared to improve developmental competence in the seasonal anoestrous period, particularly in experimentally undernourished ewes.
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Sosa C, Abecia JA, Carriquiry M, Forcada F, Martin GB, Palacín I, Meikle A. Early pregnancy alters the metabolic responses to restricted nutrition in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2009; 36:13-23. [PMID: 18838244 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether a 27-day period of nutrition at half-maintenance during early pregnancy (up to Day 14) could alter maternal endocrine responses. Forty-six ewes were fed all or half of their maintenance requirements and slaughtered on Day 14 of the oestrous cycle or pregnancy. We used real time RT-PCR to study gene expression of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and leptin in adipose tissue and GHR, GHR1A and of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the liver. Blood profiles of metabolites and metabolic hormones were also determined. Throughout the experiment, underfed animals presented lower body weight and body condition, greater plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and lower plasma concentrations of leptin, compared to adequately fed animals. Undernutrition affected the patterns of gene expression in adipose and hepatic tissues, and the responses differed between pregnant and non-pregnant ewes. In adequately fed ewes, pregnancy up-regulated leptin mRNA expression in adipose tissue, a response that was impaired in underfed ewes. The hepatic expression of IGF-I mRNA was increased by pregnancy in underfed animals while no effect was observed in adequately fed ewes. It remains to be determined whether the changes in the endocrine milieu are paralleled by modifications in uterine gene expression that could alter the environment of the embryo during early pregnancy.
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