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Balzer C, Oktavian R, Zandi M, Fairen-Jimenez D, Moghadam PZ. Wiz: A Web-Based Tool for Interactive Visualization of Big Data. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 1:100107. [PMID: 33294864 PMCID: PMC7691393 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In an age of information, visualizing and discerning meaning from data is as important as its collection. Interactive data visualization addresses both fronts by allowing researchers to explore data beyond what static images can offer. Here, we present Wiz, a web-based application for handling and visualizing large amounts of data. Wiz does not require programming or downloadable software for its use and allows scientists and non-scientists to unravel the complexity of data by splitting their relationships through 5D visual analytics, performing multivariate data analysis, such as principal component and linear discriminant analyses, all in vivid, publication-ready figures. With the explosion of high-throughput practices for materials discovery, information streaming capabilities, and the emphasis on industrial digitalization and artificial intelligence, we expect Wiz to serve as an invaluable tool to have a broad impact in our world of big data.
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Moghadam PZ, Li A, Liu XW, Bueno-Perez R, Wang SD, Wiggin SB, Wood PA, Fairen-Jimenez D. Targeted classification of metal-organic frameworks in the Cambridge structural database (CSD). Chem Sci 2020; 11:8373-8387. [PMID: 33384860 PMCID: PMC7690317 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale targeted exploration of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with characteristics such as specific surface chemistry or metal-cluster family has not been investigated so far.
Large-scale targeted exploration of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with characteristics such as specific surface chemistry or metal-cluster family has not been investigated so far. These definitions are particularly important because they can define the way MOFs interact with specific molecules (e.g. their hydrophilic/phobic character) or their physicochemical stability. We report here the development of algorithms to break down the overarching family of MOFs into a number of subgroups according to some of their key chemical and physical features. Available within the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre's (CCDC) software, we introduce new approaches to allow researchers to browse and efficiently look for targeted MOF families based on some of the most well-known secondary building units. We then classify them in terms of their crystalline properties: metal-cluster, network and pore dimensionality, surface chemistry (i.e. functional groups) and chirality. This dynamic database and family of algorithms allow experimentalists and computational users to benefit from the developed criteria to look for specific classes of MOFs but also enable users – and encourage them – to develop additional MOF queries based on desired chemistries. These tools are backed-up by an interactive web-based data explorer containing all the data obtained. We also demonstrate the usefulness of these tools with a high-throughput screening for hydrogen storage at room temperature. This toolbox, integrated in the CCDC software, will guide future exploration of MOFs and similar materials, as well as their design and development for an ever-increasing range of potential applications.
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Osterrieth JWM, Fairen-Jimenez D. Metal-Organic Framework Composites for Theragnostics and Drug Delivery Applications. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000005. [PMID: 32330358 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Among a plethora of nano-sized therapeutics, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been some of the most investigated novel materials for, predominantly, cancer drug delivery applications. Due to their large drug uptake capacities and slow-release mechanisms, MOFs are desirable drug delivery vehicles that protect and transport sensitive drug molecules to target sites. The inclusion of other guest materials into MOFs to make MOF-composite materials has added further functionality, from externally triggered drug release to improved pharmacokinetics and diagnostic aids. MOF-composites are synthetically versatile and can include examples such as magnetic nanoparticles in MOFs for MRI image contrast and polymer coatings that improve the blood-circulation time. From synthesis to applications, this review will consider the main developments in MOF-composite chemistry for biomedical applications and demonstrate the potential of these novel agents in nanomedicine. It is concluded that, although vast synthetic progress has been made in the field, it requires now to develop more biomedical expertise with a focus on rational model selection, a major comparative toxicity study, and advanced targeting techniques.
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Connolly BM, Madden DG, Wheatley AEH, Fairen-Jimenez D. Shaping the Future of Fuel: Monolithic Metal-Organic Frameworks for High-Density Gas Storage. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8541-8549. [PMID: 32294384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The environmental benefits of cleaner, gaseous fuels such as natural gas and hydrogen are widely reported. Yet, practical usage of these fuels is inhibited by current gas storage technology. Here, we discuss the wide-ranging potential of gas-fuels to revolutionize the energy sector and introduce the limitations of current storage technology that prevent this transition from taking place. The practical capabilities of adsorptive gas storage using porous, crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are examined with regard to recent benchmark results and ultimate storage targets in this field. In particular, the industrial limitations of typically powdered MOFs are discussed while recent breakthroughs in MOF processing are highlighted. We offer our perspective on the future of practical, rather than purely academic, MOF developments in the increasingly critical field of environmental fuel storage.
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Haddad S, Abánades Lázaro I, Fantham M, Mishra A, Silvestre-Albero J, Osterrieth JWM, Kaminski Schierle GS, Kaminski CF, Forgan RS, Fairen-Jimenez D. Design of a Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework System for Enhanced Targeted Delivery to Mitochondria. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6661-6674. [PMID: 32182066 PMCID: PMC7146860 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in oncogenesis and constitute one of the most important targets for cancer treatments. Although the most effective way to deliver drugs to mitochondria is by covalently linking them to a lipophilic cation, the in vivo delivery of free drugs still constitutes a critical bottleneck. Herein, we report the design of a mitochondria-targeted metal-organic framework (MOF) that greatly increases the efficacy of a model cancer drug, reducing the required dose to less than 1% compared to the free drug and ca. 10% compared to the nontargeted MOF. The performance of the system is evaluated using a holistic approach ranging from microscopy to transcriptomics. Super-resolution microscopy of MCF-7 cells treated with the targeted MOF system reveals important mitochondrial morphology changes that are clearly associated with cell death as soon as 30 min after incubation. Whole transcriptome analysis of cells indicates widespread changes in gene expression when treated with the MOF system, specifically in biological processes that have a profound effect on cell physiology and that are related to cell death. We show how targeting MOFs toward mitochondria represents a valuable strategy for the development of new drug delivery systems.
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Senanayak SP, Abdi-Jalebi M, Kamboj VS, Carey R, Shivanna R, Tian T, Schweicher G, Wang J, Giesbrecht N, Di Nuzzo D, Beere HE, Docampo P, Ritchie DA, Fairen-Jimenez D, Friend RH, Sirringhaus H. A general approach for hysteresis-free, operationally stable metal halide perovskite field-effect transistors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz4948. [PMID: 32300658 PMCID: PMC7148112 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz4948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite sustained research, application of lead halide perovskites in field-effect transistors (FETs) has substantial concerns in terms of operational instabilities and hysteresis effects which are linked to its ionic nature. Here, we investigate the mechanism behind these instabilities and demonstrate an effective route to suppress them to realize high-performance perovskite FETs with low hysteresis, high threshold voltage stability (ΔVt < 2 V over 10 hours of continuous operation), and high mobility values >1 cm2/V·s at room temperature. We show that multiple cation incorporation using strain-relieving cations like Cs and cations such as Rb, which act as passivation/crystallization modifying agents, is an effective strategy for reducing vacancy concentration and ion migration in perovskite FETs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that treatment of perovskite films with positive azeotrope solvents that act as Lewis bases (acids) enables a further reduction in defect density and substantial improvement in performance and stability of n-type (p-type) perovskite devices.
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Orellana-Tavra C, Köppen M, Li A, Stock N, Fairen-Jimenez D. Biocompatible, Crystalline, and Amorphous Bismuth-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5633-5641. [PMID: 31940165 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic flexibility of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with high loading capacities and biocompatibility makes them ideal candidates as drug delivery systems (DDSs). Here, we report the use of CAU-7, a biocompatible bismuth-based MOF, for the delivery of two cancer drugs, sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHC). We achieved loadings of 33 and 9 wt % for DCA and α-CHC, respectively. Interestingly, CAU-7 showed a gradual release of the drugs, achieving a release time of up to 17 days for DCA and 31 days for α-CHC. We then performed mechanical and thermal amorphization processes to attempt to delay the delivery of guest molecules even more. With the thermal treatment, we were able to achieve an outstanding 32% slower release of α-CHC from the thermally treated CAU-7. Using in vitro studies and endocytosis inhibitors, confocal microscopy, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we also demonstrated that CAU-7 was successfully internalized by cancer cells, partially avoiding lysosome degradation. Finally, we showed that CAU-7 loaded either with DCA or α-CHC had a higher therapeutic efficiency compared with the free drug approach, making CAU-7 a great option for biomedical application.
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Li A, Bueno-Perez R, Wiggin S, Fairen-Jimenez D. Enabling efficient exploration of metal–organic frameworks in the Cambridge Structural Database. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00299b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A tutorial review for mining the ever growing number of metal–organic frameworks data in the Cambridge Structural Database, for MOF scientists of all backgrounds.
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Teplensky MH, Fantham M, Poudel C, Hockings C, Lu M, Guna A, Aragones-Anglada M, Moghadam PZ, Li P, Farha OK, Bernaldo de Quirós Fernández S, Richards FM, Jodrell DI, Kaminski Schierle G, Kaminski CF, Fairen-Jimenez D. A Highly Porous Metal-Organic Framework System to Deliver Payloads for Gene Knockdown. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Evans AD, Cummings MS, Luebke R, Brown MS, Favero S, Attfield MP, Siperstein F, Fairen-Jimenez D, Hellgardt K, Purves R, Law D, Petit C. Screening Metal–Organic Frameworks for Dynamic CO/N2 Separation Using Complementary Adsorption Measurement Techniques. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Connolly BM, Aragones-Anglada M, Gandara-Loe J, Danaf NA, Lamb DC, Mehta JP, Vulpe D, Wuttke S, Silvestre-Albero J, Moghadam PZ, Wheatley AEH, Fairen-Jimenez D. Tuning porosity in macroscopic monolithic metal-organic frameworks for exceptional natural gas storage. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2345. [PMID: 31138802 PMCID: PMC6538620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread access to greener energy is required in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. A significant barrier to cleaner natural gas usage lies in the safety/efficiency limitations of storage technology. Despite highly porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) demonstrating record-breaking gas-storage capacities, their conventionally powdered morphology renders them non-viable. Traditional powder shaping utilising high pressure or chemical binders collapses porosity or creates low-density structures with reduced volumetric adsorption capacity. Here, we report the engineering of one of the most stable MOFs, Zr-UiO-66, without applying pressure or binders. The process yields centimetre-sized monoliths, displaying high microporosity and bulk density. We report the inclusion of variable, narrow mesopore volumes to the monoliths’ macrostructure and use this to optimise the pore-size distribution for gas uptake. The optimised mixed meso/microporous monoliths demonstrate Type II adsorption isotherms to achieve benchmark volumetric working capacities for methane and carbon dioxide. This represents a critical advance in the design of air-stable, conformed MOFs for commercial gas storage. While metal–organic frameworks exhibit record-breaking gas storage capacities, their typically powdered form hinders their industrial applicability. Here, the authors engineer UiO-66 into centimetre-sized monoliths with optimal pore-size distributions, achieving benchmark volumetric working capacities for both CH4 and CO2.
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Osterrieth JWM, Wright D, Noh H, Kung CW, Vulpe D, Li A, Park JE, Van Duyne RP, Moghadam PZ, Baumberg JJ, Farha OK, Fairen-Jimenez D. Core–Shell Gold Nanorod@Zirconium-Based Metal–Organic Framework Composites as in Situ Size-Selective Raman Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3893-3900. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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38
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Abánades Lázaro I, Haddad S, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Marshall RJ, Sastre B, Del Pozo V, Fairen-Jimenez D, Forgan RS. Surface-Functionalization of Zr-Fumarate MOF for Selective Cytotoxicity and Immune System Compatibility in Nanoscale Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31146-31157. [PMID: 30136840 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), network structures wherein metal ions or clusters link organic ligands into porous materials, are being actively researched as nanoscale drug delivery devices as they offer tunable structures with high cargo loading that can easily be further functionalized for targeting and enhanced physiological stability. The excellent biocompatibility of Zr has meant that its MOFs are among the most studied to date, in particular the archetypal Zr terephthalate UiO-66. In contrast, the isoreticular analog linked by fumarate (Zr-fum) has received little attention, despite the endogenous linker being part of the Krebs cycle. Herein, we report a comprehensive study of Zr-fum in the context of drug delivery. Reducing particle size is shown to increase uptake by cancer cells while reducing internalization by macrophages, immune system cells that remove foreign objects from the bloodstream. Zr-fum is compatible with defect loading of the drug dichloroacetate (DCA) as well as surface modification during synthesis, through coordination modulation and postsynthetically. DCA-loaded, PEGylated Zr-fum shows selective in vitro cytotoxicity toward HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells, likely as a consequence of its enhanced caveolae-mediated endocytosis compared to uncoated precursors, and it is well tolerated by HEK293 kidney cells, J774 macrophages, and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Compared to UiO-66, Zr-fum is more efficient at transporting the drug mimic calcein into HeLa cells, and DCA-loaded, PEGylated Zr-fum is more effective at reducing HeLa and MCF-7 cell proliferation than the analogous UiO-66 sample. In vitro examination of immune system response shows that Zr-fum samples induce less reactive oxygen species than UiO-66 analogs, possibly as a consequence of the linker being endogenous, and do not activate the C3 and C4 complement cascade pathways, suggesting that Zr-fum can avoid phagocytic activation. The results show that Zr-fum is an attractive alternative to UiO-66 for nanoscale drug delivery, and that a wide range of in vitro experiments is available to greatly inform the design of drug delivery systems prior to early stage animal studies.
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Mosca N, Vismara R, Fernandes JA, Tuci G, Di Nicola C, Domasevitch KV, Giacobbe C, Giambastiani G, Pettinari C, Aragones-Anglada M, Moghadam PZ, Fairen-Jimenez D, Rossin A, Galli S. Cover Feature: Nitro-Functionalized Bis(pyrazolate) Metal-Organic Frameworks as Carbon Dioxide Capture Materials under Ambient Conditions (Chem. Eur. J. 50/2018). Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mosca N, Vismara R, Fernandes JA, Tuci G, Di Nicola C, Domasevitch KV, Giacobbe C, Giambastiani G, Pettinari C, Aragones-Anglada M, Moghadam PZ, Fairen-Jimenez D, Rossin A, Galli S. Nitro-Functionalized Bis(pyrazolate) Metal-Organic Frameworks as Carbon Dioxide Capture Materials under Ambient Conditions. Chemistry 2018; 24:13170-13180. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Moghadam PZ, Islamoglu T, Goswami S, Exley J, Fantham M, Kaminski CF, Snurr RQ, Farha OK, Fairen-Jimenez D. Computer-aided discovery of a metal-organic framework with superior oxygen uptake. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1378. [PMID: 29643387 PMCID: PMC5895810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current advances in materials science have resulted in the rapid emergence of thousands of functional adsorbent materials in recent years. This clearly creates multiple opportunities for their potential application, but it also creates the following challenge: how does one identify the most promising structures, among the thousands of possibilities, for a particular application? Here, we present a case of computer-aided material discovery, in which we complete the full cycle from computational screening of metal–organic framework materials for oxygen storage, to identification, synthesis and measurement of oxygen adsorption in the top-ranked structure. We introduce an interactive visualization concept to analyze over 1000 unique structure–property plots in five dimensions and delimit the relationships between structural properties and oxygen adsorption performance at different pressures for 2932 already-synthesized structures. We also report a world-record holding material for oxygen storage, UMCM-152, which delivers 22.5% more oxygen than the best known material to date, to the best of our knowledge. The emergence of thousands of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has created the challenge of finding promising structures for particular applications. Here, the authors present a tool for computer-aided material discovery where a large number of MOFs are screened, with the top-ranked structure synthesized for oxygen storage applications.
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Abánades Lázaro I, Haddad S, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Orellana-Tavra C, Del Pozo V, Fairen-Jimenez D, Forgan RS. Mechanistic Investigation into the Selective Anticancer Cytotoxicity and Immune System Response of Surface-Functionalized, Dichloroacetate-Loaded, UiO-66 Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5255-5268. [PMID: 29356507 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The high drug-loading and excellent biocompatibilities of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have led to their application as drug-delivery systems (DDSs). Nanoparticle surface chemistry dominates both biostability and dispersion of DDSs while governing their interactions with biological systems, cellular and/or tissue targeting, and cellular internalization, leading to a requirement for versatile and reproducible surface functionalization protocols. Herein, we explore not only the effect of introducing different surface functionalities to the biocompatible Zr-MOF UiO-66 but also the efficacy of three surface modification protocols: (i) direct attachment of biomolecules [folic acid (FA) and biotin (Biot)] introduced as modulators for UiO-66 synthesis, (ii) our previously reported "click-modulation" approach to covalently attach polymers [poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly-l-lactide, and poly-N-isopropylacrylamide] to the surface of UiO-66 through click chemistry, and (iii) surface ligand exchange to postsynthetically coordinate FA, Biot, and heparin to UiO-66. The innovative use of a small molecule with metabolic anticancer activity, dichloroacetate (DCA), as a modulator during synthesis is described, and it is found to be compatible with all three protocols, yielding surface-coated, DCA-loaded (10-20 w/w %) nano-MOFs (70-170 nm). External surface modification generally enhances the stability and colloidal dispersion of UiO-66. Cellular internalization routes and efficiencies of UiO-66 by HeLa cervical cancer cells can be tuned by surface chemistry, and anticancer cytotoxicity of DCA-loaded MOFs correlates with the endocytosis efficiency and mechanisms. The MOFs with the most promising coatings (FA, PEG, poly-l-lactide, and poly-N-isopropylacrylamide) were extensively tested for selectivity of anticancer cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and HEK293 healthy kidney cells as well as for cell proliferation and reactive oxygen species production against J774 macrophages and peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from the blood of human donors. DCA-loaded, FA-modified UiO-66 selectively kills cancer cells without harming healthy ones or provoking immune system response in vitro, suggesting a significant targeting effect and great potential in anticancer drug delivery. The results provide mechanistic insight into the design and functionalization of MOFs for drug delivery and underline the availability of various in vitro techniques to potentially minimize early-stage in vivo animal studies following the three Rs: reduction, refinement, and replacement.
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Tian T, Zeng Z, Vulpe D, Casco ME, Divitini G, Midgley PA, Silvestre-Albero J, Tan JC, Moghadam PZ, Fairen-Jimenez D. A sol-gel monolithic metal-organic framework with enhanced methane uptake. NATURE MATERIALS 2018; 17:174-179. [PMID: 29251723 DOI: 10.1038/nmat5050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A critical bottleneck for the use of natural gas as a transportation fuel has been the development of materials capable of storing it in a sufficiently compact form at ambient temperature. Here we report the synthesis of a porous monolithic metal-organic framework (MOF), which after successful packing and densification reaches 259 cm3 (STP) cm-3 capacity. This is the highest value reported to date for conformed shape porous solids, and represents a greater than 50% improvement over any previously reported experimental value. Nanoindentation tests on the monolithic MOF showed robust mechanical properties, with hardness at least 130% greater than that previously measured in its conventional MOF counterparts. Our findings represent a substantial step in the application of mechanically robust conformed and densified MOFs for high volumetric energy storage and other industrial applications.
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Hobday CL, Bennett TD, Fairen-Jimenez D, Graham AJ, Morrison CA, Allan DR, Düren T, Moggach SA. Tuning the Swing Effect by Chemical Functionalization of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 140:382-387. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wood PA, Moghadam P, Li A, Wiggin S, Tao A, Maloney A, Ward S, Fairen-Jimenez D. Harnessing the knowledge of metal–organic frameworks. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317095171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Orellana-Tavra C, Haddad S, Marshall RJ, Abánades Lázaro I, Boix G, Imaz I, Maspoch D, Forgan RS, Fairen-Jimenez D. Tuning the Endocytosis Mechanism of Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks through Linker Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:35516-35525. [PMID: 28925254 PMCID: PMC5663390 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A critical bottleneck for the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as drug delivery systems has been allowing them to reach their intracellular targets without being degraded in the acidic environment of the lysosomes. Cells take up particles by endocytosis through multiple biochemical pathways, and the fate of these particles depends on these routes of entry. Here, we show the effect of functional group incorporation into a series of Zr-based MOFs on their endocytosis mechanisms, allowing us to design an efficient drug delivery system. In particular, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid ligands promote entry through the caveolin-pathway, allowing the particles to avoid lysosomal degradation and be delivered into the cytosol and enhancing their therapeutic activity when loaded with drugs.
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Teplensky MH, Fantham M, Li P, Wang TC, Mehta JP, Young LJ, Moghadam PZ, Hupp JT, Farha OK, Kaminski CF, Fairen-Jimenez D. Temperature Treatment of Highly Porous Zirconium-Containing Metal–Organic Frameworks Extends Drug Delivery Release. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7522-7532. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cliffe M, Castillo-Martínez E, Wu Y, Lee J, Forse AC, Firth FCN, Moghadam PZ, Fairen-Jimenez D, Gaultois MW, Hill JA, Magdysyuk OV, Slater B, Goodwin AL, Grey CP. Metal-Organic Nanosheets Formed via Defect-Mediated Transformation of a Hafnium Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5397-5404. [PMID: 28343394 PMCID: PMC5469521 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a hafnium-containing MOF, hcp UiO-67(Hf), which is a ligand-deficient layered analogue of the face-centered cubic fcu UiO-67(Hf). hcp UiO-67 accommodates its lower ligand:metal ratio compared to fcu UiO-67 through a new structural mechanism: the formation of a condensed "double cluster" (Hf12O8(OH)14), analogous to the condensation of coordination polyhedra in oxide frameworks. In oxide frameworks, variable stoichiometry can lead to more complex defect structures, e.g., crystallographic shear planes or modules with differing compositions, which can be the source of further chemical reactivity; likewise, the layered hcp UiO-67 can react further to reversibly form a two-dimensional metal-organic framework, hxl UiO-67. Both three-dimensional hcp UiO-67 and two-dimensional hxl UiO-67 can be delaminated to form metal-organic nanosheets. Delamination of hcp UiO-67 occurs through the cleavage of strong hafnium-carboxylate bonds and is effected under mild conditions, suggesting that defect-ordered MOFs could be a productive route to porous two-dimensional materials.
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Abánades Lázaro I, Haddad S, Sacca S, Orellana-Tavra C, Fairen-Jimenez D, Forgan RS. Selective Surface PEGylation of UiO-66 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Stability, Cell Uptake, and pH-Responsive Drug Delivery. Chem 2017; 2:561-578. [PMID: 28516168 PMCID: PMC5421152 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The high storage capacities and excellent biocompatibilities of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have made them emerging candidates as drug-delivery vectors. Incorporation of surface functionality is a route to enhanced properties, and here we report on a surface-modification procedure-click modulation-that controls their size and surface chemistry. The zirconium terephthalate MOF UiO-66 is (1) synthesized as ∼200 nm nanoparticles coated with functionalized modulators, (2) loaded with cargo, and (3) covalently surface modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains through mild bioconjugate reactions. At pH 7.4, the PEG chains endow the MOF with enhanced stability toward phosphates and overcome the "burst release" phenomenon by blocking interaction with the exterior of the nanoparticles, whereas at pH 5.5, stimuli-responsive drug release is achieved. The mode of cellular internalization is also tuned by nanoparticle surface chemistry, such that PEGylated UiO-66 potentially escapes lysosomal degradation through enhanced caveolae-mediated uptake. This makes it a highly promising vector, as demonstrated for dichloroacetic-acid-loaded materials, which exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity. The versatility of the click modulation protocol will allow a wide range of MOFs to be easily surface functionalized for a number of applications.
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Russell SE, González Carballo JM, Orellana-Tavra C, Fairen-Jimenez D, Morris RE. A comparison of copper and acid site zeolites for the production of nitric oxide for biomedical applications. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:3915-3920. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Copper-exchanged and acidic zeolites are shown to produce nitric oxide (NO) from a nitrite source in biologically active (nanomolar) concentrations.
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