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Han J, Dai M, Zhao Y, Cai E, Zhang L, Jia X, Sun N, Fei X, Shu H. Compatibility effects of ginseng and Ligustrum lucidum Ait herb pair on hematopoietic recovery in mice with cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression and its material basis. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:291-299. [PMID: 32148411 PMCID: PMC7031745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng (G) and Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LLA) are core traditional Chinese medicines in treating myelosuppression formula. The present study was designed to profile effect of G and LLA herb pair (G-LLA) on myelosuppressed mice. Methods The mice myelosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide (Cy). Hematopoietic function of bone marrow was measured by hemopoietic progenitor cell culture and peripheral blood count, and serum hemopoietic factors were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow cell cycle was performed by flow cytometry. HPLC was used to measure 20 potential chemical components related to myelosuppression, including ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, Rd, Rk3, Rh4, 20 (S)-Rg3, 20 (R)-Rg3, Rk1, Rg5, salidroside, and so on. Results G, LLA, and G-LLA improved the amount of peripheral blood cells and bone marrow cells of myelosuppressed mice (P < 0.01). They significantly increased the colony quantity of colony-forming unit–granulocyte macrophage, burst-forming unit−erythroid, colony-forming unit−erythroid, and colony-forming unit−megakaryocyte and amount of G2/M and S phase cells (P < 0.01). They also significantly decreased the amount of hematopoiesis-related cytokines (P < 0.01). The content of chemical components in G-LLA changed, and the change of rare saponin was the most obvious. Conclusion These results show that G-LLA herb pair might produce synergistic or complementary compatibility effects on bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy. It suggests that the substance basis of G-LLA for treating bone marrow suppression may be effective chemical components.
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Zhang S, Sun H, Wang C, Zheng X, Jia X, Cai E, Zhao Y. Comparative analysis of active ingredients and effects of the combination of Panax ginseng and Ophiopogon japonicus at different proportions on chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression mouse. Food Funct 2019; 10:1563-1570. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the combination of Panax ginseng and Ophiopogon japonicus (PG–OJ) herbs at different ratios on myelosuppression induced by chemotherapy.
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Wang W, Jiang Y, Cai E, Li B, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Zhang L, Gao Y. L-menthol exhibits antidepressive-like effects mediated by the modification of 5-HTergic, GABAergic and DAergic systems. Cogn Neurodyn 2018; 13:191-200. [PMID: 30956723 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-018-9513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression disorder, also known as depression, with a significant and persistent low mood as the main clinical features, is the main type of mood disorders. L-menthol (LM), the main active ingredient of mint, has been considered as safe and healthy natural ingredient by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA. In this study, LM (40 mg/kg, i.g.) produced antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test (FST) in mice. The sub-effective dose (5 mg/kg, i.g.) of LM combined with the sub-effective dose of fluoxetine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or reboxetine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) could significantly shorten the immobility time in the FST. Pretreatment with ondansetron (a highly selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, 8 mg/kg, i.p.), bicuculline [a competitive γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, 4 mg/kg, i.p.] and haloperidol (a non-selective D2 receptor antagonist, 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reversed the antidepressant-like effect of LM (40 mg/kg, i.g.). In contrast, prazosin (a α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (an agonist at the glutamate site, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) did not eliminate the antidepressant-like effect of LM. All of these above indicated that LM is able to induce an antidepressant-like effect mediated by the modification of 5-HTergic, GABAergic and DAergic systems in the FST. LM might be used as combination therapy in depressed patients and is a potential antidepressant.
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Fu T, Liu X, Liu J, Cai E, Zhao Y, Li H, Zhang L, Li P, Gao Y. α-Mangostin exhibits antidepressant-like effects mediated by the modification of GABAergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:868-871. [PMID: 30417675 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1503659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored the antidepressant-like activity of α-mangostin (α-MG) and the possible mechanism in this process in the tail suspension test (TST) in mice. The results revealed that α-MG (5 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited markedly antidepressant-like activity, which could be reversed by pretreatment with haloperidol (a non-selective D2 receptor antagonist), bicuculline (a competitive GABA antagonist), p-chlorophenylalanine (an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis). Meanwhile, α-MG also effectively increased the brain DA, 5-HT and GABA levels in mice exposed to TST, indicating that the antidepressant-like effect of α-MG might be mediated by the GABAergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic systems.[Formula: see text].
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Han J, Xia J, Zhang L, Cai E, Zhao Y, Fei X, Jia X, Yang H, Liu S. Studies of the effects and mechanisms of ginsenoside Re and Rk 3 on myelosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:618-624. [PMID: 31695568 PMCID: PMC6823735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Re (Re) is one of the major components of Panax ginseng Meyer. Ginsenoside Rk3 (Rk3) is a secondary metabolite of Re. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects and underlying mechanisms of Re and Rk3 on cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. Methods The mice myelosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide. Peripheral blood cells, bone marrow nucleated cells, and colony yield of hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro were counted. The levels of erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in plasma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow cell cycle was performed by flow cytometry. The expression of apoptotic protein bcl-2, bax, and caspase-3 was detected by Western blotting. Results Both Re and Rk3 could improve peripheral blood cells, bone marrow nucleated cell counts, thymus index, and spleen index. Furthermore, they could enhance the yield of colonies cultured in vitro and make the levels of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, erythropoietin, and thrombopoietin normal, reduce the ratio of G0/G1 phase cells, and increase the proliferation index. Finally, Re and Rk3 could upregulate the expression of bcl-2, whereas they could downregulate the expression of bax and caspase-3. Conclusion Re and Rk3 could improve the hematopoietic function of myelosuppressed mice. The effect of Rk3 was superior to that of Re at any dose. Regulating the levels of cytokines, promoting cells enter the normal cell cycle, regulating the balance of bcl-2/bax, and inhibiting the expression of caspase-3 may be the effects of Re and Rk3 on myelosuppression.
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhao Y, Cai E, Zhu H, Li P, Liu J. Protective Effects of Sesquiterpenoids from the Root of Panax ginseng on Fulminant Liver Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide/d-Galactosamine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7758-7763. [PMID: 29974747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is reported that sesquiterpenoids from Panax ginseng (SPG) possess various pharmacological activities, for example, antidepressant, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. The purpose of this study was to examine the hepatoprotective effects of SPG (2.5 and 10 mg/kg, i.g.) on fulminant liver injury induced by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and discuss its mechanisms of action. After 24 h of d-GalN (400 mg/kg, i.p.) and LPS (25 μg/kg, i.p.) exposure, the serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level, hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), and hepatic tissue histology were measured. Expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), sirtuin type 1 (Sirt 1), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were determined by western blotting. The results indicated that SPG evidently restrained the increase of serum ALT and AST levels induced by d-GalN/LPS. SPG obviously downregulated TNF-α and IL-1β levels and their mRNA expression in liver. In addition, d-GalN/LPS injection induced severe oxidative stress in liver by boosting the MDA level as well as decreasing CAT, GSH, and SOD capacities, and SPG reversed these changes. Meanwhile, SPG inhibited NF-κB activation induced by d-GalN/LPS and upregulated Sirt 1, Nrf2, and HO-1 expression levels. Therefore, SPG might protect against the fulminant liver injury induced by d-GalN/LPS via inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. The protective effect of SPG on fulminant liver injury induced by d-GalN/LPS might be mediated by the Sirt 1/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway. All of these results implied that SPG might be a promising food additive and therapeutic agent for fulminant liver injury.
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Fu T, Li H, Zhao Y, Cai E, Zhu H, Li P, Liu J. Hepatoprotective effect of α-mangostin against lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:896-901. [PMID: 30119260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of α-mangostin (α-MG) on lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN)-induced acute liver failure and discover its potential mechanisms in mice. The results showed that α-MG could attenuate LPS/D-GalN-induced liver pathological injury, and decrease the hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β and 6 (IL-1β, IL-6) levels and recovery hepatic glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities. The results also indicated that α-MG inhibited LPS/D-GalN-induced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression and NF-κB activation. In addition, α-MG up-regulated the expressions of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In conclusion, the results indicated that α-MG could protect against LPS/D-GalN-induced liver failure by activating Nrf2 to induce antioxidant defense and inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway to induce anti-inflammatory effect.
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Sun S, Zhao S, Yang Q, Wang W, Cai E, Wen Y, Yu L, Wang Z, Cai J. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 promotes cisplatin resistance by reducing cellular platinum accumulation. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1853-1864. [PMID: 29630768 PMCID: PMC5989839 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), which is overexpressed in a wide range of tumors, contributes to ovarian cancer malignancy in several different ways. We aimed to illustrate the role of EZH2 in ovarian cancer cisplatin resistance and to identify possible underlying mechanisms of this role that may provide a rationale for targeting EZH2 in cancer treatment. Here, we present data indicating that EZH2 overexpression is associated with cisplatin resistance and intracellular platinum drug accumulation. Measurements of EZH2 in 84 ovarian cancer patients suggested that patients with high EZH2 levels tend to have poor responses to cisplatin. The EZH2 level progressively increased in cells receiving repeated cisplatin exposure. Downregulation of EZH2 not only sensitized cellular reactions to cisplatin and increased cellular platinum accumulation when cells were exposed to both cisplatin and BODIPY-Pt (a fluorescent cisplatin complex) but also protected copper transporter 1, a high-affinity copper transporter closely related to cisplatin resistance, from cisplatin-induced proteasomal degradation. Overall, these findings identify a new mechanism that expands the unrecognized role of EZH2 in ovarian cancer cisplatin resistance.
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Yin Y, Liu X, Liu J, Cai E, Zhu H, Li H, Zhang L, Li P, Zhao Y. Beta-sitosterol and its derivatives repress lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute hepatic injury by inhibiting the oxidation and inflammation in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1525-1533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cai E, Li S, Swetter S, Sarin K. 1216 Multiple primary melanomas are associated with increased risk of internal malignancy. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Fu T, Wang S, Liu J, Cai E, Li H, Li P, Zhao Y. Protective effects of α-mangostin against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 827:173-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bian X, Liu X, Liu J, Zhao Y, Li H, Cai E, Li P, Gao Y. Study on antidepressant activity of chiisanoside in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 57:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cai E, Han J, Yang L, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Chen Q, Guo M, He X. Novel Method of Preparation and Activity Research on Arctigenin from Fructus Arctii. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 14:87-94. [PMID: 29576707 PMCID: PMC5858248 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_514_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Arctigenin has many pharmacological activities with clinical significance and is derived from Arctium lappa L. However, the present extraction method is inefficient and does not have meaningful industrial production. Objective: A new method to directly prepare arctigenin was established by combining enzyme-assisted extraction and central composite design. Arctigenin's further pharmacological activity was also surveyed in vitro. Materials and Methods: β-D-Glucosidase, a food-grade enzyme, was added directly to the fruits of A. lappa L. to hydrolyze the arctiin to arctigenin, and the obtained samples were subsequently subjected to ethanol (30%, v/v) extraction. The pharmacological activity of the extraction and arctigenin was determined by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and scavenging nitrite. Results: The factors investigated include the enzyme concentration (0.5%–2.5%), ultrasound time (10 min−3 0 min), and extraction temperature (30°C–50°C). From the analysis of the results by Design-Expert (V8.0.6), the optimal extraction conditions were obtained: enzyme concentration (1.4%), ultrasound time (25 min), and extraction temperature (45°C). The highest yield of arctigenin, obtained under the optimal conditions was 6.39%, representing an increase of 28.15% compared to the reference extraction without enzyme processing. The IC50 values of the extraction and arctigenin, respectively, for inhibiting AChE were 0.572 mg/ml and 0.462 mg/ml, and those for nitrite-scavenging were 34.571 mg/ml and 17.49 mg/ml. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that using an enzyme directly in the production is an effective means for extracting arctigenin from Fructus arctii. The extraction has the activities of inhibiting AChE and scavenging nitrite, probably because there has arctigenin in it. It is implied that the extraction and arctigenin could contribute to human health in clinical applications. SUMMARY The new method of adding enzyme directly to the preparation of arctigenin was carried out instead of preparing arctigenin by two-step method Three factors affecting the efficiency of preparation were analyzed and discussed include the enzyme concentration, ultrasound time, and extraction temperature by central composite design This new method of preparing arctigenin improved the yield significantly than other methods Arctigenin has remarkable pharmacological activities of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase and scavenging nitrite.
Abbreviations used: AChE: Acetylcholinesterase, CCD: Central composite design, TCM: Traditional Chinese medicines, AD:
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Wang W, Liu X, Liu J, Cai E, Zhao Y, Li H, Zhang L, Li P, Gao Y. Sesquiterpenoids from the Root of Panax ginseng Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior through the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/Tropomyosin-Related Kinase B and Sirtuin Type 1/Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:265-271. [PMID: 29237268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The previous study indicated sesquiterpenoids from the root of Panax ginseng (SPG) exhibited a significant antidepressant-like effect, which might be mediated by the modification of the dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic systems. This study was to investigate antidepressant effects and mechanisms on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behavior of SPG. In the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST), SPG (0.25 and 1 mg/kg, i.g.) and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) effectively reduced the immobility time. SPG treatment significantly reduced serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and increased suppressed superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the hippocampus. In addition, SPG effectively upregulated the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), and sirtuin type 1 (Sirt 1) expression in the hippocampus and downregulated the inhibitor of κB-α (IκB-α) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) phosphorylation. These results suggested that SPG exhibited an antidepressant-like effect through the BDNF/TrkB and Sirt 1/NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Yin Y, Liu X, Liu J, Cai E, Zhao Y, Li H, Zhang L, Li P, Gao Y. The effect of beta-sitosterol and its derivatives on depression by the modification of 5-HT, DA and GABA-ergic systems in mice. RSC Adv 2018; 8:671-680. [PMID: 35538977 PMCID: PMC9076981 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-sitosterol belongs to the group of phytosterols, which are active trace components existing in natural plants, known as the "key of life", and have a steroid nucleus structure similar to cholesterol. Due to the insolubility issue of beta-sitosterol, most pharmacological studies and clinical applications are limited. Therefore, the modification of beta-sitosterol into its derivatives to enhance its pharmacologic activity is viable. In this study, 4 kinds of new beta-sitosterol derivative were obtained by an esterification reaction with beta-sitosterol, organic acids, EDCI and DMAP in dichloromethane. The chemical structures were defined by IR and NMR. Beta-sitosterol and its derivatives were used to carry out antidepressant research in the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST) in mice. Additionally, the roles of different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) in the antidepressant-like effect of Sit-S, which is one of the beta-sitosterol derivatives, were also investigated. The results showed that the derivatives exhibited a stronger antidepressant activity than beta-sitosterol. Among the derivatives, administration of Sit-S (4 mg kg-1) gave the lowest immobility time in the TST, demonstrating that Sit-S exhibited the strongest antidepressant-like activity. The study into the roles of different parts of the CNS in the antidepressant-like effect of Sit-S showed that agomelatine (40 mg kg-1), haloperidol (0.2 mg kg-1) and bicuculline (4 mg kg-1) reversed the antidepressant effect of Sit-S (4 mg kg-1). This study confirmed the conclusions that beta-sitosterol derivatives broaden the pharmacological effects of beta-sitosterol, Sit-S (4 mg kg-1) exhibits antidepressant-like effects, and this antidepressant-like effect on male adult mice is mediated by the 5-HT, DA and GABA-ergic systems.
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Chen G, Li H, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Cai E, Gao Y, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang L. Saponins from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng prevent obesity via regulating thermogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:393-403. [PMID: 28599882 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mouse model was used to evaluate the dietary effect of saponins from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng (SLG), and to explore its mechanism of action in producing anti-obesity effects. The results indicate that SLG showed significant anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese mice, represented by decreased serum levels of free fatty acids (FFA), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, glucose, leptin and insulin, as well as a reduction in overall body and liver weight, epididymal adipose tissue weight, and food efficiency, and inhibition of abnormal increases in acyl carnitine levels normally caused by an HFD. Additionally, the down-regulated expression of PPARγ, FAS, CD36, FATP2 and up-regulated expression of CPT-1, UCP-2, PPARα, HSL, and ATGL in liver tissue was induced by SLG. In addition, the SLG groups showed decreased PPARγ, aP2 and leptin mRNA levels and increased expression of PPARα, PGC-1α, UCP-1 and UCP-3 genes in adipose tissues, compared with the HFD group. In short, SLG may play a key role in producing anti-obesity effects in mice fed an HFD, and its mechanism may be related to regulation of thermogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis.
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Lin M, Li H, Zhao Y, Cai E, Zhu H, Gao Y, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang L, Tang G. 2-Naphthoic acid ergosterol ester, an ergosterol derivative, exhibits anti-tumor activity by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. Steroids 2017; 122:9-15. [PMID: 28377207 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterol is a natural component of vegetable oil and includes ergosterol (ER) and β-sitosterol. In this study, three new ergosterol monoester derivatives were obtained from the reflux reaction with ergosterol, organic acids (furoic acid, salicylic acid, and 2-naphthoic acid), EDCI, and DMAP in dichloromethane. The chemical structures were defined by IR and NMR. On the basis of the results, 2-naphthoic acid ergosterol ester (NE) had the highest tumor inhibition rate and was selected to study anti-tumor activity and its mechanism at doses of 0.025mmol/kg and 0.1mmol/kg in H22-tumor bearing mice. Compared with ER, NE exhibited more stronger anti-tumor activity in vivo. Furthermore, biochemical parameters of ALT, AST, BUN, and CRE showed that NE had little toxicity to mice. NE significantly improved serum cytokine levels of IFN-γ and decreased VEGF levels. Moreover, H&E staining, TUNEL assay, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting indicated that NE exhibited anti-tumor activity in vivo by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. In brief, the present study provided a method to improve ER anti-tumor activity and a reference for a new anti-tumor agent.
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Ge W, Li H, Zhao Y, Cai E, Zhu H, Gao Y, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang L. Study on antidepressant activity of sesquiterpenoids from ginseng root. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Cai E, Guo S, Yang L, Han M, Xia J, Zhao Y, Gao X, Wang Y. Synthesis and antitumour activity of arctigenin amino acid ester derivatives against H22 hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:406-411. [PMID: 28415847 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1314279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Arctigenin (ARG) is famous in its abundant pharmacological activity. However, many researches in it entered the bottleneck period because of its poor water solubility. The derivatives of ARG have been synthesised with five amino acids which have t-Butyloxy carbonyl (BOC) as a protective group. We examined the effects of removing BOC. The results showed that the amino acid derivatives without protective group have better water solubility and nitrite-clearing ability than ARG. Based on these results, ARG6' and ARG9' were selected at a dosage of 40 mg/kg to evaluate their antitumour activity. The percentage inhibition rate of ARG6' and ARG9' were 55.87 and 51.40, respectively, which was twice as much as ARG. Furthermore, they could increase liver and kidney indexes and produce less damage in these organs. In brief, this study provides a basis for new drug development.
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Lin M, Li H, Zhao Y, Cai E, Zhu H, Gao Y, Liu S, Yang H, Zhang L, Tang G, Wang R. Ergosteryl 2-naphthoate, An Ergosterol Derivative, Exhibits Antidepressant Effects Mediated by the Modification of GABAergic and Glutamatergic Systems. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040565. [PMID: 28362353 PMCID: PMC6154707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols are a kind of natural component including sitosterol, campesterol, avenasterol, ergosterol (Er) and others. Their main natural sources are vegetable oils and their processed products, followed by grains, by-products of cereals and nuts, and small amounts of fruits, vegetables and mushrooms. In this study, three new Er monoester derivatives were obtained from the reflux reaction with Er: organic acids (furoic acid, salicylic acid and 2-naphthoic acid), 1-Ethylethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCI) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in dichloromethane. Their chemical structures were defined by IR and NMR. The present study was also undertaken to investigate the antidepressant-like effects of Er and its derivatives in male adult mice models of depression, and their probable involvement of GABAergic and glutamatergic systems by the forced swim test (FST). The results indicated that Er and its derivatives display antidepressant effects. Moreover, one derivative of Er, ergosteryl 2-naphthoate (ErN), exhibited stronger antidepressant activity in vivo compared to Er. Acute administration of ErN (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and a combination of ErN (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), reboxetine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), and tianeptine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the immobility time in the FST. Pretreatment with bicuculline (a competitive γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, 4 mg/kg, i.p.) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA, an agonist at the glutamate site, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) effectively reversed the antidepressant-like effect of ErN (5 mg/kg, i.p.). However, prazosin (a α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and haloperidol (a non-selective D2 receptor antagonist, 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) did not eliminate the reduced immobility time. Altogether, these results indicated that ErN produced antidepressant-like activity, which might be mediated by GABAergic and glutamatergic systems.
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Scott SA, van der Zanden C, Cai E, McGahan CE, Kwon JS. Prognostic significance of peritoneal cytology in low-intermediate risk endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 145:262-268. [PMID: 28359690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is uncertainty surrounding the prognostic value and clinical utility of peritoneal cytology in endometrial cancer. Our primary objective was to determine if positive cytology is associated with disease-free and overall survival in women treated surgically for endometrial cancer, specifically those with low or intermediate risk disease. METHODS This was a retrospective population-based cohort study of British Columbia Cancer Registry patients who underwent surgery with peritoneal washings for endometrioid-type endometrial cancer from 2003 to 2009. Low risk was defined as Stage IA grade 1 or 2, and intermediate risk defined as Stage IA grade 3, or Stage IB grade 1 or 2 tumours. Five-year overall and disease free-survival were assessed using Kaplan-Meier estimation. Potential covariates including peritoneal cytology, grade, depth of myometrial invasion, LVSI, age, and adjuvant therapy were evaluated in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS There were 849 patients, of whom 370 (43.6%) and 298 (35.1%) had low- and intermediate-risk disease, respectively. Overall, forty-nine (5.8%) patients had positive cytology, including 6 and 9 with low- and intermediate-risk respectively (2.2% within low and intermediate risk combined). Positive peritoneal cytology was not significantly associated with disease-free (HR 3.17, 95% CI 0.91-11.03) or overall survival (HR 1.33, 95% CI 0.47-3.76) in low and intermediate risk patients. Only age and extensive LVSI were associated with lower overall survival (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.08-1.13, and HR 2.39, 95% CI 1.02-5.61, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Positive peritoneal cytology was not associated with disease-free and overall survival in women with low and intermediate risk endometrial cancer.
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Huang Y, Xiong D, Xu Y, Yu J, Xian Y, Cai E. [Effect of the traditional Chinese medicine compound Yisui Lixue decoction on apoptosis of marrow cells in rats with myelodysplastic syndrome induced by
dimethyl benzanthracene]. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:26-34. [PMID: 28216494 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of the traditional Chinese medicine compound Yisui Lixue decoction on apoptosis of marrow cells in rats with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) induced by dimethyl benzanthracene (DMBA).
Methods: The rats with MDS induced by the chemical mutagens DMBA were divided into 5 groups (12 rats in each group): a control group, a model+PBS group, a model+compound Zaofan pill group, a model+low dose of Yisui Lixue decoction group and a model+high dose of Yisui Lixue decoction group. After DMBA treatment for 14 days, rats were treated with different drugs for 1 month and executed on the 31 day. The peripheral blood cells, expressions of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), apoptosis of bone marrow cells were measured.
Results: The counts of peripheral leukocyte, erythrocyte, hemoglobin and platelet in the model+PBS group were significantly decreased compared with those in the control group (P<0.01), while the peripheral hemograms of the treatment groups were improved significantly compared with those in the model+PBS group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), especially in the model+high dose group (P<0.01). In the model+PBS group, the expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 was significantly increased (P<0.01) or decreased (P<0.01), respectively, which were reversed by treatment of Yisui Lixue decoction (P<0.05 or P<0.01), especially in the model+high dose group (P<0.01). Compared with control group, the total apoptosis rate, earlier apoptosis and later apoptosis rate of bone marrow cells in the model+PBS group were increased (P<0.01), which were blocked by treatment of Yisui Lixue decoction (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the model+high dose group was better than the model+low dose group.
Conclusion: The traditional Chinese medicine compound Yisui Lixue decoction can improve peripheral hemogram, decrease the expression of Bax, increase the expression of Bcl-2, and reduce the apoptosis of bone marrow cells.
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Chen Q, Yang L, Han M, Cai E, Zhao Y. Synthesis and pharmacological activity evaluation of arctigenin monoester derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1792-1801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Cai E, Rieger K, Rogers A, Bernet L, Teng J, Sun B, Tang J, Lee A, Fry M, Ting F, Wang G, Sarin K. 406 Postzygotic mutations in the actin gene ACTB causes Becker’s nevus and Becker’s nevus syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huang YJ, Xiong DS, Xu YH, Yu J, Xian Y, Cai E. [Effects and Mechanism of Yisui Lixue Decoction on Dyshaematopoiesis of Marrow Cell in Model Rats with Myelodysplastic Syndrome Induced by Dimethyl Benzanthracene]. ZHONG YAO CAI = ZHONGYAOCAI = JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINAL MATERIALS 2016; 39:619-624. [PMID: 30091358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and mechanism of Yisui Lixue decoction on dyshaematopoiesis of marrow cell in model rat with myelodysplastic syndrome( MDS) induced by dimethyl benzanthracene( DMBA). METHODS The model rats with MDS were induced by the chemical mutagens DMBA,which randomly divided into normal control group,physiological saline model group,compound Zaofan pill group, low dose group and high dose group of Yisui Lixue decoction,with 12 rats in each group. The rats were treated with different drugs for one month from the 14 th day, and executed on the 31 th day. The degree of bone marrow hyperplasia,dyshaematopoiesis,IL-3 and TNF-α in serum, the expression of CD34,and the proportion of the original cells were measured in the experimental group. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the degree of bone marrow hyperplasia was hyperactive and dyshaematopoiesis was more obvious in the physiological saline model group; and in the treatment group were improved, especially in the high dose group of Yisui Lixue decoction. Compared with the normal control group, the content of IL-3 in serum was decreased and TNF-α was increased( P< 0. 01) in the physiological saline model group; the content of IL-3 was increased( P < 0. 05) and THF-α was decreased( P < 0. 05) in the treatment groups, the effects were more obvious( P < 0. 01) in the high dose group of Yisui Lixue decoction. Compared with the normal control group, the positive expression of CD34 and CD45 were significantly increased( P < 0. 01) in the physiological saline model group, and those in treatment groups were decreased( P < 0. 05),especially in the high dose group of Yisui Lixue decoction( P < 0. 01). CONCLUSION Yisui Lixue decoction can improve the degree of bone marrow hyperplasia, dyshaematopoiesis, elevate the expression of IL-3,reduce the expression of TNF-α and CD34 and CD45.
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