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Fodor GH, Habre W, Balogh AL, Südy R, Babik B, Peták F. Optimal crystalloid volume ratio for blood replacement for maintaining hemodynamic stability and lung function: an experimental randomized controlled study. BMC Anesthesiol 2019; 19:21. [PMID: 30760207 PMCID: PMC6375132 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-019-0691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crystalloids are first line in fluid resuscitation therapy, however there is a lack of evidence-based recommendations on the volume to be administered. Therefore, we aimed at comparing the systemic hemodynamic and respiratory effects of volume replacement therapy with a 1:1 ratio to the historical 1:3 ratio. METHODS Anesthetized, ventilated rats randomly included in 3 groups: blood withdrawal and replacement with crystalloid in 1:1 ratio (Group 1, n = 11), traditional 1:3 ratio (Group 3, n = 12) and a control group with no interventions (Group C, n = 9). Arterial blood of 5% of the total blood volume was withdrawn 7 times, and replaced stepwise with different volume rations of Ringer's acetate, according to group assignments. Airway resistance (Raw), respiratory tissue damping (G) and tissue elastance (H), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were assessed following each step of fluid replacement with a crystalloid (CR1-CR6). Lung edema index was measured from histological samples. RESULTS Raw decreased in Groups 1 and 3 following CR3 (p < 0.02) without differences between the groups. H elevated in all groups (p < 0.02), with significantly higher changes in Group 3 compared to Groups C and 1 (both p = 0.03). No differences in MAP or HR were present between Groups 1 and 3. Lung edema was noted in Group 3 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fluid resuscitation therapy by administering a 1:1 blood replacement ratio revealed adequate compensation capacity and physiological homeostasis similar with no lung stiffening and pulmonary edema. Therefore, considering this ratio promotes the restrictive fluid administration in the presence of continuous and occult bleeding.
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Tolnai J, Fodor GH, Babik B, Dos Santos Rocha A, Bayat S, Peták F, Habre W. Volumetric but Not Time Capnography Detects Ventilation/Perfusion Mismatch in Injured Rabbit Lung. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1805. [PMID: 30618817 PMCID: PMC6299046 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas time capnography (Tcap) is routinely displayed during mechanical ventilation, the volumetric representation (Vcap) is seldom used. We compared the diagnostic value of indices derived from Tcap and Vcap following ventilation to perfusion ratio ( ) mismatch subsequent to experimentally induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and alveolar recruitment by elevating the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Lung injury was induced by iv lipopolysaccharide, whole lung lavage and injurious ventilation in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated rabbits (n = 26). Mainstream Tcap and Vcap were performed to assess normalized phase 2 (Sn2T, Sn2V) and phase 3 slopes (Sn3T, Sn3V) in the time and volumetric domains. Vcap was also used to estimate Enghoff’s physiological dead space (VDE). Lung oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) and intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) were derived from arterial and central venous blood gas samples. All measurements were made under baseline conditions, and, following lung injury, under moderate (6 cmH2O) and high PEEP levels (9 cmH2O). Lung injury deteriorated the PaO2/FiO2 (baseline vs. injured 466 ± 10.2 [95% confidence interval] vs. 77.3 ± 17.1 mmHg, p < 0.05) and compromised all mechanical parameters significantly, whereas Tcap parameters exhibited contradictory or inconsistent changes. Conversely, Vcap indices exhibited consistent changes and provided excellent diagnostic value in detecting lung-function deterioration subsequent to lung injury [area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 1.0 ± 0.0, 0.87 ± 0.22 and 0.86 ± 0.22 for VDE, Sn3V and Sn3V/Sn2V, respectively]. Elevated PEEP increased PaO2/FiO2 and decreased Qs/Qt, which was reflected only in the Vcap slope ratio (Sn3V/Sn2V, p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate the limited value of Tcap to detect ventilation to perfusion ratio ( ) mismatch, following severe lung injury. Conversely, indices derived from Vcap proved to be sensitive for detecting lung volume loss and alveolar recruitment. Therefore, promotion of Vcap is of paramount importance as a real-time, non-invasive, bedside monitoring modality to detect the development of and to follow-up the progression of lung injury in a model of ARDS.
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Babik B, Peták F, Agócs S, Blaskovics I, Alács E, Bodó K, Südy R. Diabetes mellitus: endotheldiszfunkció és haemostasiselváltozások. Orv Hetil 2018; 159:1335-1345. [DOI: 10.1556/650.2018.31130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus involves a group of chronic metabolic disorders with elevated blood glucose concentrations. Since this disease needs lifelong treatment and care, the medical and social aspects present major public health concerns and pose a global challenge for health care providers. The number of aged patients with degenerative diseases undergoing surgical procedures is continuously increasing, resulting in an overwhelming dominance of diabetes in the perioperative care. There is a particular need for an increased awareness of diabetic patients in cardiovascular units, where the incidence of this disease reaches as high as 30–40%. The main hallmarks of the pathologic metabolic milieu of diabetes are hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and pathologic lipid metabolism. The biochemical, cellular and organ-level pathophysiological changes lead to endothelial dysfunction including a low-grade prothrombotic balance, inflammatory state and, as a consequence, impaired micro- and macrocirculation. Diabetes is also followed by platelet dysfunction resulting from intracellular hyperglycaemia, because thrombocytes have insulin-independent glucose transporters in their cell membrane. The levels of the coagulation factors of the plasma are increased, and these factors are also modified by oxidation and glycation. Diabetes mellitus is a prothrombotic condition resulting from direct and indirect tendencies of the endothelial platelet and the plasma coagulation factors. The basic “bench to clinical basics” knowledge of the endothelial dysfunction and prothrombotic balance in diabetes may contribute to the better understanding of the clinical focuses in the perioperative care of patients with diabetes mellitus. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(33): 1335–1345.
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Albu G, Sottas C, Dolci M, Walesa M, Peták F, Habre W. Cardiorespiratory Alterations Following Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution in a Pediatric and an Adult Porcine Model. Anesth Analg 2018; 126:995-1003. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Porra L, Dégrugilliers L, Broche L, Albu G, Strengell S, Suhonen H, Fodor GH, Peták F, Suortti P, Habre W, Sovijärvi ARA, Bayat S. Quantitative Imaging of Regional Aerosol Deposition, Lung Ventilation and Morphology by Synchrotron Radiation CT. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3519. [PMID: 29476086 PMCID: PMC5824954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the determinants of inhaled aerosol particle distribution and targeting in the lung, knowledge of regional deposition, lung morphology and regional ventilation, is crucial. No single imaging modality allows the acquisition of all such data together. Here we assessed the feasibility of dual-energy synchrotron radiation imaging to this end in anesthetized rabbits; both in normal lung (n = 6) and following methacholine (MCH)-induced bronchoconstriction (n = 6), a model of asthma. We used K-edge subtraction CT (KES) imaging to quantitatively map the regional deposition of iodine-containing aerosol particles. Morphological and regional ventilation images were obtained, followed by quantitative regional iodine deposition maps, after 5 and 10 minutes of aerosol administration. Iodine deposition was markedly inhomogeneous both in normal lung and after induced bronchoconstrition. Deposition was significantly reduced in the MCH group at both time points, with a strong dependency on inspiratory flow in both conditions (R2 = 0.71; p < 0.0001). We demonstrate for the first time, the feasibility of KES CT for quantitative imaging of lung deposition of aerosol particles, regional ventilation and morphology. Since these are among the main factors determining lung aerosol deposition, we expect this imaging approach to bring new contributions to the understanding of lung aerosol delivery, targeting, and ultimately biological efficacy.
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Balogh AL, Peták F, Fodor GH, Sudy R, Babik B. Sevoflurane Relieves Lung Function Deterioration After Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017. [PMID: 28629872 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.02.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate sevoflurane's potential to alleviate the detrimental pulmonary changes after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). DESIGN Prospective, randomized clinical investigation. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS One hundred ninety patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS Ninety-nine patients under intravenous anesthesia were administered 1 minimal alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for 5 minutes after being weaned from CPB (group SEV); intravenous anesthesia was maintained in the other 91 patients (group CTRL). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Measurements were performed with open chest: before CPB, after CPB, and after intervention. The lungs' mechanical impedance and capnogram traces were recorded, arterial and central venous blood samples were analyzed, and lung compliance was documented. Airway resistance, tissue damping, and elastance were obtained from the impedance spectra. The capnogram phase III slope was determined using linear regression. The partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio and shunt fraction were calculated from blood gas parameters. After CPB, sevoflurane induced bronchodilation, reflected in marked drops in airway resistance and smaller improvements in lung tissue viscoelasticity indicated by decreases in tissue damping and elastance. These changes were reflected in a decreased capnogram phase III slope and shunt fraction and increased partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio and lung compliance. The more severe deteriorations that occurred after CPB, the greater improvements by sevoflurane were observed. CONCLUSIONS Sevoflurane can alleviate CPB-induced bronchoconstriction, compromised lung tissue mechanics, and enhanced intrapulmonary shunt. This benefit has particular importance in patients with severe CPB-induced lung function deterioration.
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Peták F, Fodor GH, Babik B, Habre W. Airway mechanics and lung tissue viscoelasticity: effects of altered blood hematocrit in the pulmonary circulation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:261-7. [PMID: 27283919 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01103.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of the hematocrit (Hct) of the blood in the pulmonary vasculature to the overall lung mechanics has not been characterized. We therefore set out to establish how changes of the Hct level in the pulmonary circulation affect the airway and lung tissue viscoelastic properties. The Hct level of the blood in an isolated perfused rat lung model was randomly altered. Intermediate (26.5%), followed by low (6.6%) or normal (43.7%), Hct was set in two consecutive sequences. The pulmonary capillary pressure was maintained constant throughout the experiment, and the pulmonary hemodynamic parameters were monitored continuously. The airway resistance (Raw), the viscous (G) and elastic (H) parameters, and the hysteresivity (η = G/H) of the lung tissues were obtained from measurements of forced oscillatory input impedance data. Raw was not affected by the alterations of the Hct levels. As concerns the lung tissues, the decrease of Hct to intermediate or low levels resulted in close to proportional decreases in the viscoelastic parameters G [16.5 ± 7.7% (SD), 12.1 ± 9.5%, P < 0.005] and H (13.2 ± 8.6%, 10.8 ± 4.7%, P < 0.001). No significant changes in η were detected in a wide range of Hct, which indicates that coupled processes cause alterations in the resistive and elastic properties of the lungs following Hct changes in the pulmonary circulation. The diminishment of the viscous and elastic parameters of the pulmonary parenchyma following a reduction of blood Hct demonstrates the significant contribution of the red blood cells to the overall lung viscoelasticity.
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Filep Á, Fodor GH, Kun-Szabó F, Tiszlavicz L, Rázga Z, Bozsó G, Bozóki Z, Szabó G, Peták F. Exposure to urban PM1 in rats: development of bronchial inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Respir Res 2016; 17:26. [PMID: 26966003 PMCID: PMC4785744 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several epidemiological and laboratory studies have evidenced the fact that atmospheric particulate matter (PM) increases the risk of respiratory morbidity. It is well known that the smallest fraction of PM (PM1 - particulate matter having a diameter below 1 μm) penetrates the deepest into the airways. The ratio of the different size fractions in PM is highly variable, but in industrial areas PM1 can be significant. Despite these facts, the health effects of PM1 have been poorly investigated and air quality standards are based on PM10 and PM2.5 (PM having diameters below 10 μm and 2.5 μm, respectively) concentrations. Therefore, this study aimed at determining whether exposure to ambient PM1 at a near alert threshold level for PM10 has respiratory consequences in rats. Methods Rats were either exposed for 6 weeks to 100 μg/m3 (alert threshold level for PM10 in Hungary) urban submicron aerosol, or were kept in room air. End-expiratory lung volume, airway resistance (Raw) and respiratory tissue mechanics were measured. Respiratory mechanics were measured under baseline conditions and following intravenous methacholine challenges to characterize the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AH). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed and lung histology was performed. Results No significant differences were detected in lung volume and mechanical parameters at baseline. However, the exposed rats exhibited significantly greater MCh-induced responses in Raw, demonstrating the progression of AH. The associated bronchial inflammation was evidenced by the accumulation of inflammatory cells in BALF and by lung histology. Conclusions Our findings suggest that exposure to concentrated ambient PM1 (mass concentration at the threshold level for PM10) leads to the development of mild respiratory symptoms in healthy adult rats, which may suggest a need for the reconsideration of threshold limits for airborne PM1.
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Bayat S, Porra L, Broche L, Albu G, Malaspinas I, Doras C, Strengell S, Peták F, Habre W. Effect of surfactant on regional lung function in an experimental model of respiratory distress syndrome in rabbit. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:290-8. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00047.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the changes in regional lung function following instillation of surfactant in a model of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) induced by whole lung lavage and mechanical ventilation in eight anaesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated New Zealand White rabbits. Regional specific ventilation (sV̇) was measured by K-edge subtraction synchrotron computed tomography during xenon washin. Lung regions were classified as poorly aerated (PA), normally aerated (NA), or hyperinflated (HI) based on regional density. A functional category was defined within each class based on sV̇ distribution (High, Normal, and Low). Airway resistance (Raw), respiratory tissue damping (G), and elastance (H) were measured by forced oscillation technique at low frequencies before and after whole lung saline lavage-induced (100 ml/kg) RDS, and 5 and 45 min after intratracheal instillation of beractant (75 mg/kg). Surfactant instillation improved Raw, G, and H ( P < 0.05 each), and gas exchange and decreased atelectasis ( P < 0.001). It also significantly improved lung aeration and ventilation in atelectatic lung regions. However, in regions that had remained normally aerated after lavage, it decreased regional aeration and increased sV̇ ( P < 0.001) and sV̇ heterogeneity. Although surfactant treatment improved both central airway and tissue mechanics and improved regional lung function of initially poorly aerated and atelectatic lung, it deteriorated regional lung function when local aeration was normal prior to administration. Local mechanical and functional heterogeneity can potentially contribute to the worsening of RDS and gas exchange. These data underscore the need for reassessing the benefits of routine prophylactic vs. continuous positive airway pressure and early “rescue” surfactant therapy in very immature infants.
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Doras C, Le Guen M, Peták F, Habre W. Cardiorespiratory effects of recruitment maneuvers and positive end expiratory pressure in an experimental context of acute lung injury and pulmonary hypertension. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:82. [PMID: 26228052 PMCID: PMC4521467 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recruitment maneuvers (RM) and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) are the cornerstone of the open lung strategy during ventilation, particularly during acute lung injury (ALI). However, these interventions may impact the pulmonary circulation and induce hemodynamic and respiratory effects, which in turn may be critical in case of pulmonary hypertension (PHT). We aimed to establish how ALI and PHT influence the cardiorespiratory effects of RM and PEEP. Methods Rabbits control or with monocrotaline-induced PHT were used. Forced oscillatory airway and tissue mechanics, effective lung volume (ELV), systemic and right ventricular hemodynamics and blood gas were assessed before and after RM, during baseline and following surfactant depletion by whole lung lavage. Results RM was more efficient in improving respiratory elastance and ELV in the surfactant-depleted lungs when PHT was concomitantly present. Moreover, the adverse changes in respiratory mechanics and ELV following ALI were lessened in the animals suffering from PHT. Conclusions During ventilation with open lung strategy, the role of PHT in conferring protection from the adverse respiratory consequences of ALI was evidenced. This finding advocates the safety of RM and PEEP in improving elastance and advancing lung reopening in the simultaneous presence of PHT and ALI.
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Habre W, Peták F. Perioperative use of oxygen: variabilities across age. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113 Suppl 2:ii26-36. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Czövek D, Peták F, Donati Y, Belin X, Pache JC, Barazzone Argiroffo C, Habre W. Prevention of hyperoxia-induced bronchial hyperreactivity by sildenafil and vasoactive intestinal peptide: impact of preserved lung function and structure. Respir Res 2014; 15:81. [PMID: 25117627 PMCID: PMC4261898 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hyperoxia exposure leads to the development of lung injury and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) via involvement of nitric oxide (NO) pathway. We aimed at characterizing whether the stimulation of the NO pathway by sildenafil or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is able to prevent the hyperoxia-induced development of BHR. The respective roles of the preserved lung volume and alveolar architecture, the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic potentials of these treatments in the diminished lung responsiveness were also characterized. Materials and methods Immature (28-day-old) rats were exposed for 72 hours to room air (Group C), hyperoxia (>95%, Group HC), or hyperoxia with the concomitant administration of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, Group HV) or sildenafil (Group HS). Following exposure, the end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) was assessed plethysmographically. Airway and respiratory tissue mechanics were measured under baseline conditions and following incremental doses of methacholine to assess BHR. Inflammation was assessed by analyzing the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), while biochemical and histological analyses were used to characterize the apoptotic and structural changes in the lungs. Results The BHR, the increased EELV, the aberrant alveolarization, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the BALF that developed in Group HC were all suppressed significantly by VIP or sildenafil treatment. The number of apoptotic cells increased significantly in Group HC, with no evidence of statistically significant effects on this adverse change in Groups HS and HV. Conclusions These findings suggest that stimulating the NO pathway by sildenafil and VIP exert their beneficial effect against hyperoxia-induced BHR via preserving normal EELV, inhibiting airway inflammation and preserving the physiological lung structure, whereas the antiapoptotic potential of these treatments were not apparent in this process.
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Fodor GH, Peták F, Erces D, Balogh AL, Babik B. Lung mechanical changes following bronchoaspiration in a porcine model: differentiation of direct and indirect mechanisms. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 199:41-9. [PMID: 24814560 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bronchoaspiration results in local deterioration of lung function through direct damage and/or indirect systemic effects related to neurohumoral pathways. We distinguished these effects by selectively intubating the two main bronchi in pigs while a PEEP of 4 or 10cm H2O was maintained. Gastric juice was instilled only into the right lung. Lung mechanical and ventilation defects were assessed by measuring unilateral pulmonary input impedance (ZL,s) and the third phase slope of the capnogram (SIII) for each lung side separately before the aspiration and for 120min thereafter. Marked transient elevations in ZL,s parameters and SIII were observed in the affected lung after aspiration. Elevating PEEP did not affect these responses in the ZL,s parameters, whereas it prevented the SIII increases. None of these indices changed in the intact left lung. These findings furnish evidence of the predominance of the local direct damage over the indirect systemic effects in the development of the deterioration of lung function, and demonstrate the benefit of an initially elevated PEEP following aspiration.
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Bayat S, Porra L, Albu G, Suhonen H, Strengell S, Suortti P, Sovijärvi A, Peták F, Habre W. Effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on regional ventilation distribution during mechanical ventilation after surfactant depletion. Anesthesiology 2013; 119:89-100. [PMID: 23559029 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e318291c165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilator-induced lung injury occurs due to exaggerated local stresses, repeated collapse, and opening of terminal air spaces in poorly aerated dependent lung, and increased stretch in nondependent lung. The aim of this study was to quantify the functional behavior of peripheral lung units in whole-lung lavage-induced surfactant depletion, and to assess the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure. METHODS The authors used synchrotron imaging to measure lung aeration and regional specific ventilation at positive end-expiratory pressure of 3 and 9 cm H2O, before and after whole-lung lavage in rabbits. Respiratory mechanical parameters were measured, and helium-washout was used to assess end-expiratory lung volume. RESULTS Atelectatic, poorly, normally aerated, hyperinflated, and trapped regions could be identified using the imaging technique used in this study. Surfactant depletion significantly increased atelectasis (6.3±3.3 [mean±SEM]% total lung area; P=0.04 vs. control) and poor aeration in dependent lung. Regional ventilation was distributed to poorly aerated regions with high (16.4±4.4%; P<0.001), normal (20.7±5.9%; P<0.001 vs. control), and low (5.7±1.2%; P<0.05 vs. control) specific ventilation. Significant redistribution of ventilation to normally aerated nondependent lung regions occurred (41.0±9.6%; P=0.03 vs. control). Increasing positive end-expiratory pressure level to 9 cm H2O significantly reduced poor aeration and recruited atelectasis, but ventilation redistribution persisted (39.2±9.5%; P<0.001 vs. control). CONCLUSIONS Ventilation of poorly aerated dependent lung regions, which can promote the local concentration of mechanical stresses, was the predominant functional behavior in surfactant-depleted lung. Potential tidal recruitment of atelectatic lung regions involved a smaller fraction of the imaged lung. Significant ventilation redistribution to aerated lung regions places these at risk of increased stretch injury.
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Layachi S, Porra L, Albu G, Trouillet N, Suhonen H, Peták F, Sevestre H, Suortti P, Sovijärvi A, Habre W, Bayat S. Role of cellular effectors in the emergence of ventilation defects during allergic bronchoconstriction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1057-64. [PMID: 23887899 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00844.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not known whether local factors within the airway wall or parenchyma may influence the emergence and spatial distribution of ventilation defects (VDs), thereby modulating the dynamic system behavior of the lung during bronchoconstriction. We assessed the relationship between the distribution of cellular effectors and the emergence of defects in regional ventilation distribution following allergen challenge. We performed high-resolution K-edge subtraction (KES) synchrotron imaging during xenon inhalation and measured the forced oscillatory input impedance in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized Brown-Norway rats (n = 12) at baseline and repeatedly following OVA challenge. Histological slices with best anatomic matching to the computed tomographic images were stained with a modified May-Grunwald Giemsa and immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal anti-rat CD68, in six rats. Slides were digitized and total cells and eosinophils were counted in the walls of bronchi and vessels randomly selected within and outside of VDs on the basis of xenon-KES images. Ventilated alveolar area decreased and ventilation heterogeneity, Newtonian resistance, tissue damping, and elastance increased following OVA challenge. Eosinophil, total cell, and CD68+ counts were significantly higher in the bronchial and vascular walls within vs. outside of the VDs. The minimal central airway diameters during OVA-induced bronchoconstriction were correlated with eosinophil (R = -0.85; P = 0.031) and total cell densities (R = -0.82; P = 0.046) in the airway walls within the poorly ventilated zones. Our findings suggest that allergic airway inflammation is locally heterogeneous and is topographically associated with the local emergence of VDs following allergen challenge.
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Babik B, Csorba Z, Czövek D, Mayr PN, Bogáts G, Peták F. Effects of respiratory mechanics on the capnogram phases: importance of dynamic compliance of the respiratory system. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:R177. [PMID: 23031408 PMCID: PMC3682277 DOI: 10.1186/cc11659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The slope of phase III of the capnogram (SIII) relates to progressive emptying of the alveoli, a ventilation/perfusion mismatch, and ventilation inhomogeneity. S(III) depends not only on the airway geometry, but also on the dynamic respiratory compliance (Crs); this latter effect has not been evaluated. Accordingly, we established the value of SIII for monitoring airway resistance during mechanical ventilation. METHODS Sidestream capnography was performed during mechanical ventilation in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery (n = 144). The airway resistance (Raw), total respiratory resistance and Crs displayed by the ventilator, the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and S(III) were measured in time domain (S(T-III)) and in a smaller cohort (n = 68) by volumetry (S(V-III)) with and without normalization to the average CO2 phase III concentration. Measurements were performed at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels of 3, 6 and 9 cmH2O in patients with healthy lungs (Group HL), and in patients with respiratory symptoms involving low (Group LC), medium (Group MC) or high Crs (Group HC). RESULTS S(T-III) and S(V-III) exhibited similar PEEP dependencies and distribution between the protocol groups formed on the basis of Crs. A wide interindividual scatter was observed in the overall Raw-S(T-III) relationship, which was primarily affected by Crs. Decreases in Raw with increasing PEEP were reflected in sharp falls in S(III) in Group HC, and in moderate decreases in S(III) in Group MC, whereas S(T-III) was insensitive to changes in airway caliber in Groups LC and HL. CONCLUSIONS SIII assessed in the time domain and by volumetry provide meaningful information about alterations in airway caliber, but only within an individual patient. Although S(T-III) may be of value for bedside monitoring of the airway properties, its sensitivity depends on Crs. Thus, assessment of the capnogram shape should always be coupled with Crs when the airway resistance or oxygenation are evaluated.
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Peták F, Czövek D, Novák Z. Spirometry and forced oscillations in the detection of airway hyperreactivity in asthmatic children. Pediatr Pulmonol 2012; 47:956-65. [PMID: 22451241 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Provocation tests are routinely used to detect airway hyperreactivity (AH) in the diagnosis of asthma. We compared the sensitivities of the forced oscillation technique (FOT) and spirometry in the detection of AH in asthmatic children. METHODS FOT and spirometry were performed in 20 asthmatic children (aged 5-18 years) following aerosolized histamine and methacholine at an interval of 2 weeks. The respiratory system input impedance was measured by FOT; the resistance at 6 Hz (R(6) ), the average resistance between 4 and 24 Hz, the area under the reactance curve (AX) and the resonant frequency were extracted from these recordings. Spirometry was used to obtain forced expiratory volumes and flow parameters. RESULTS Following provocation with the two agonists, the FOT detected the airway response as early as spirometry. When the greater variability of the impedance parameters was taken into account, the two methods were observed to have similar sensitivities. Among the lung function parameters studied, AX and R(6) were the most sensitive for the demonstration of AH. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that FOT is as suitable as spirometry for the measurement of bronchoconstriction and thus it may be considered for the detection of AH in asthmatic children. Since its application requires minimal cooperation, this approach imposes less stress and may be particularly favorable in the diagnosis of asthma at a young age.
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Czövek D, Novák Z, Somlai C, Asztalos T, Tiszlavicz L, Bozóki Z, Ajtai T, Utry N, Filep A, Bari F, Peták F. Respiratory consequences of red sludge dust inhalation in rats. Toxicol Lett 2011; 209:113-20. [PMID: 22209771 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The environmental disaster following flooding by red sludge in the Ajka region in Hungary poses a serious public health threat with particular concern regarding the potentially adverse respiratory effects of the inhalation of red sludge dust (RSD). The respiratory consequences of the inhalation of RSD obtained from field samples were investigated in rats. Rats were either exposed to RSD at a high concentration (2 weeks, 8h/day), or kept in room air. After the exposures, the airway resistance (R(aw)) and the respiratory tissues mechanics were measured under baseline condition, and following methacholine (MCh) challenges with the aim of establishing airway hyper-responsiveness (AH). Histopathology was performed to assess lung morphologic alterations. The physical properties and the chemical composition of the RSD were also characterized. The size distribution, chemical composition and topology of the RSD particles applied in our experiments were similar to those observed at the site of the disaster. The inhalation of RSD did not alter the basal respiratory mechanics, whereas it led to greater MCh-induced responses in R(aw), demonstrating the progression of mild AH. Histopathological investigations revealed fine, granular particles in the alveolar macrophages, as evidence that RSD had reached the lower respiratory tract and induced mild inflammation around the alveoli and the pulmonary vasculature. The mild respiratory symptoms that developed following short-term exposure of healthy individuals to high concentrations of airborne RSD do not appear to pose a greater respiratory hazard than the inhalation of urban dust at a comparable concentration.
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Bayat S, Albu G, Layachi S, Portier F, Fathi M, Peták F, Habre W. Acute hemorrhagic shock decreases airway resistance in anesthetized rat. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:458-64. [PMID: 21596916 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the relation between changes in pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics to those in the airway resistance, respiratory tissue mechanics, and thoracic gas volume (TGV) following acute hemorrhage and blood reinfusion in rats. Forced oscillation technique was used to measure airway resistance (Raw), respiratory tissue damping, and elastance at baseline and after stepwise 1-ml blood withdrawals up to 5 ml total, followed by stepwise reinfusion up to full restoration. Mean systemic (Pam) and pulmonary arterial pressures and suprarenal aortic blood flow were measured at each step. In supplemental animals, plethysmographic TGV, Pam, and respiratory mechanics measurements were performed. Blood volume loss (BVL) led to proportional decreases in Raw (66.5 ± 8.8 vs. 44.8 ± 9.0 cmH2O·s·l−1 with 5 ml, P < 0.001), Pam, and aortic blood flow. In contrast, tissue damping increased significantly (1,070 ± 91 vs. 1,235 ± 105 cmH2O/l, P = 0.009 with 5 ml BVL), whereas tissue elastance did not change significantly. TGV significantly increased with acute BVL (3.7 ± 0.2 vs. 4.2 ± 0.2 ml, P = 0.01). Stepwise reinfusions produced opposite changes in the above parameters, with Raw reaching a higher value than baseline ( P = 0.001) upon full volume restoration. Both adrenalin ( P = 0.015) and noradrenalin levels were elevated ( P = 0.010) after 5-ml blood withdrawal. Our data suggest that the decreases in Raw following BVL may be attributed to the following: 1) an increased TGV enhancing airway parenchymal tethering forces; and 2) an increase in circulating catecholamines. The apparent beneficial effect of a reduction in Raw in acute hemorrhagic shock is counteracted by an increase in dead space and the appearance of peripheral mechanical heterogeneities due to de-recruitment of the pulmonary vasculature.
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Babik B, Csorba Z, Czövek D, Mayr PN, Bogáts G, Peták F. O-67 Potential of dopamine to treat respiratory adverse events after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2011.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Csorba Z, Czövek D, Bogáts G, Peták F, Babik B. O-48 The open chest condition provides improved gas exchange and respiratory mechanics in cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2011.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Csorba Z, Czövek D, Bogáts G, Peták F, Babik B. O-63 Sevoflurane diminishes lung function deterioration caused by cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2011.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lele EE, Hantos Z, Bitay M, Szívós B, Bogáts G, Peták F, Babik B. Bronchoconstriction during alveolar hypocapnia and systemic hypercapnia in dogs with a cardiopulmonary bypass. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2011; 175:140-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Porra L, Peták F, Strengell S, Neitola K, Janosi TZ, Suhonen H, Suortti P, Sovijärvi ARA, Habre W, Bayat S. Acute cigarette smoke inhalation blunts lung responsiveness to methacholine and allergen in rabbit: differentiation of central and peripheral effects. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L242-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00033.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of active smoking in asthmatics, data on the short-term effect of acute mainstream tobacco smoke exposure on airway responsiveness are very scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the immediate effect of acute exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke on airway reactivity to subsequent nonspecific and allergenic challenges in healthy control ( n = 5) and ovalbumin-sensitized rabbits ( n = 6). We combined low-frequency forced oscillations and synchrotron radiation CT imaging to differentiate central airway and peripheral airway and lung parenchymal components of the response to airway provocation. Acute exposure to smoke generated by four successive cigarettes (CS) strongly inhibited the central airway response to subsequent IV methacholine (MCh) challenge. In the sensitized animals, although the response to ovalbumin was also inhibited in the central airways, mainstream CS did not blunt the peripheral airway response in this group. In additional groups of experiments, exposure to HEPA-filtered CS ( n = 6) similarly inhibited the MCh response, whereas CO (10,000 ppm for 4 min, n = 6) or nitric oxide inhalation instead of CS (240 ppm, 4 × 7 min, n = 5) failed to blunt nonspecific airway responsiveness. Pretreatment with α-chymotrypsin to inhibit endogenous VIP before CS exposure had no effect ( n = 4). Based on these observations, the gas phase of mainstream cigarette smoke may contain one or more short-term inhibitory components acting primarily on central airways and inhibiting the response to both specific and nonspecific airway provocation, but not on the lung periphery where both lung mechanical parameters, and synchrotron-imaging derived parameters, showed large changes in response to allergen challenge in sensitized animals.
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von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Habre W, Regli A, Pache JC, Fontao F, Janosi TZ, Beghetti M, Peták F. Precapillary pulmonary hypertension leads to reversible bronchial hyperreactivity in rats. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:129-39. [PMID: 20334605 DOI: 10.3109/01902140903214667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt may lead to precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PREPHT) with potential lung function impairment. The authors investigated the effects of PREPHT on lung responsiveness in a rat model of PREPHT by creating and repairing an abdominal aortocaval shunt (ACS). Rats were studied 4 weeks after the induction of ACS, and 4 weeks after its surgical repair. Control rats underwent sham surgery. To assess bronchial hyperreactivity, airway resistance (Raw) was measured at baseline and after increasing doses of methacholine. Raw was estimated by model fitting of the mechanical impedance of the respiratory system generated by forced oscillation technique. Lung morphological changes were assessed by histology. The prolonged presence of the ACS led to only minor changes in the basal respiratory mechanics, whereas it induced marked bronchial hyperreactivity, the methacholine-induced elevations in Raw being 49% +/- 5% before and 232% +/- 32% (P <.001) after ACS. These alterations were not associated with any changes in lung histology and were completely reversible on closure of the shunt. These results suggest that the induction of chronic increases in pulmonary blood flow and pressure causes reversible bronchial hyperreactivity. This may be consequent to the altered mechanical interdependence between the pulmonary vasculature and the respiratory tract.
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