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Khan E, Memon BI, Ayaz A, Malik F, Shamim SF, Polani FS, Zafar A. Trend of syphilis in Pakistan, 1991-2008. Indian J Med Microbiol 2010; 28:263-4. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.66473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hernandez-Ilizaliturri FJ, Deeb G, Zinzani PL, Pileri SA, Malik F, Macon WR, Witzig TE, Goy A, Czuczman MS. Response of relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with nongerminal center B-cell phenotype to lenalidomide (L) alone or in combination with rituximab (R). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.8038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Malik F, Khawar R, Chaudhry HR, Humphreys GW. Emotion recognition and duration of untreated first-episode psychosis among patients in Pakistan. East Asian Arch Psychiatry 2010; 20:31-38. [PMID: 22351808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of duration of untreated psychosis on emotion recognition in patients with first-episode psychosis. METHODS A sample of 60 patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective and substance-induced psychoses were selected from psychiatric inpatients and outpatients of 3 hospitals in Lahore and 1 in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Patients were divided into short (n = 28) and long (n = 32) duration of untreated psychosis groups, according to whether they had had symptoms for < 80 or ≥ 80 weeks, respectively. Emotion recognition ability was assessed with the help of the Urdu version of a computerised experimental FEEL (Facially Expressed Emotion Labeling) test using 6 basic emotional expressions that appeared on a computer screen followed by possible responses. RESULTS Patients with prolonged durations of untreated psychosis showed poorer performance in recognition of facial expressions of emotion than those with short durations of untreated psychosis. This was apparent in general and especially for expressions of anger, surprise, and sadness. First-episode psychosis patients showed higher accuracy rates for recognising positive as opposed to negative emotions. The duration of untreated psychosis correlated positively with positive symptoms of psychosis. Symptom distribution differed across categories of psychosis, but there were similarities in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. CONCLUSIONS These findings support recourse to early detection and intervention strategies in psychosis and provide valuable information on how first-episode psychosis patients behave in complex emotional and social situations.
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Abstract
Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) incorporates various sexual disorders including hypoactive sexual desire disorder, sexual arousal disorder, orgasmic and sexual pain disorders. Although many strategies have been formulated for the treatment of male sexual problems, FSD remains an area that warrants further research and trial studies to identify the most efficacious treatment options. Research has highlighted numerous pharmacological interventions that have been trialled and found to exhibit positive effects. These include hormonal therapies, prostaglandins, dopaminergic agonists, phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors and melanocortin agonists.
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Springham S, Malik F, Roshan M, Talebitaher A, Rawat R, Lee P. Ferrofluidic masking of solid state nuclear track detectors during etching. RADIAT MEAS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Husaini S, Zaidi J, Malik F, Arif M. Application of nuclear track membrane for the reduction of pollutants in the industrial effluent. RADIAT MEAS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Evans LH, Lavignon M, Peterson K, Hasenkrug K, Robertson S, Malik F, Virtaneva K. In vivo interactions of ecotropic and polytropic murine leukemia viruses in mixed retrovirus infections. J Virol 2006; 80:4748-57. [PMID: 16641268 PMCID: PMC1472087 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.10.4748-4757.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed retrovirus infections are the rule rather than the exception in mice and other species, including humans. Interactions of retroviruses in mixed infections and their effects on disease induction are poorly understood. Upon infection of mice, ecotropic retroviruses recombine with endogenous proviruses to generate polytropic viruses that utilize different cellular receptors. Interactions among the retroviruses of this mixed infection facilitate disease induction. Using mice infected with defined mixtures of the ecotropic Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) and different polytropic viruses, we demonstrate several dramatic effects of mixed infections. Remarkably, inoculation of F-MuLV with polytropic MuLVs completely suppressed the generation of new recombinant viruses and dramatically altered disease induction. Co-inoculation of F-MuLV with one polytropic virus significantly lengthened survival times, while inoculation with another polytropic MuLV induced a rapid and severe neurological disease. In both instances, the level of the polytropic MuLV was increased 100- to 1,000-fold, whereas the ecotropic MuLV level remained unchanged. Surprisingly, nearly all of the polytropic MuLV genomes were packaged within F-MuLV virions (pseudotyped) very soon after infection. At this time, only a fractional percentage of cells in the mouse were infected by either virus, indicating that the co-inoculated viruses had infected the same small subpopulation of susceptible cells. The profound amplification of polytropic MuLVs in coinfected mice may be facilitated by pseudotyping or, alternatively, by transactivation of the polytropic virus in the coinfected cells. This study illustrates the complexity of the interactions between components of mixed retrovirus infections and the dramatic effects of these interactions on disease processes.
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Khan E, Malik F, Qureshi I, Husaini S, Ali N, Mehmood A. Measurement of neutron fluence with CR-39 using a UV spectrophotometer. RADIAT MEAS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2005.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Khawaja MR, Khawaja MR, Majeed A, Malik F, Merchant KA, Maqsood M, Malik R, Mazahir S, Naqvi H. Prescription pattern of benzodiazepines for inpatients at a tertiary care university hospital in Pakistan. J PAK MED ASSOC 2005; 55:259-63. [PMID: 16045100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the point prevalence of benzodiazepine prescriptions for inpatients at a tertiary care university hospital in Pakistan and to correlate it with prescription patterns of various specialties, indications and demographic variables of the patients. METHODS This 24-hours point prevalence study was done at The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. By convenient random sampling, 208 inpatients were interviewed. Patients' files were also studied to record the drugs administered. Data was entered into questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS 10.0. RESULTS The point prevalence of the benzodiazepines was 21.2%. It was higher among males than females and among surgical than non-surgical patients. Midazolam was the most commonly used benzodiazepine, followed by Alprazolam and Lorazepam. Pre-anesthesia and psychiatric symptoms were the two most common indications. Oral route was used in 84% patients for drug administration and mean Valium equivalent dosage was 4.86 mg/day. Mean length of prescription was 3 days. Longer duration of hospitalization was a significant predictor of the requirement of benzodiazepine prescription (p-value = 0.020). CONCLUSION Prescription pattern of benzodiazepines at a tertiary care university hospital is similar to that reported in the developed countries through monitoring at various levels by physicians, clinical pharmacist and nursing staff. Data regarding the prescription pattern of benzodiazepines is scarce, and it needs to be expanded to formulate clear guidelines regarding their prescription.
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Alamgir ASM, Owens N, Lavignon M, Malik F, Evans LH. Precise identification of endogenous proviruses of NFS/N mice participating in recombination with moloney ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV) to generate polytropic MuLVs. J Virol 2005; 79:4664-71. [PMID: 15795252 PMCID: PMC1069548 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.8.4664-4671.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polytropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) are generated by recombination of ecotropic MuLVs with env genes of a family of endogenous proviruses in mice, resulting in viruses with an expanded host range and greater virulence. Inbred mouse strains contain numerous endogenous proviruses that are potential donors of the env gene sequences of polytropic MuLVs; however, the precise identification of those proviruses that participate in recombination has been elusive. Three different structural groups of proviruses in NFS/N mice have been described and different ecotropic MuLVs preferentially recombine with different groups of proviruses. In contrast to other ecotropic MuLVs such as Friend MuLV or Akv that recombine predominantly with a single group of proviruses, Moloney MuLV (M-MuLV) recombines with at least two distinct groups. In this study, we determined that only three endogenous proviruses, two of one group and one of another group, are major participants in recombination with M-MuLV. Furthermore, the distinction between the polytropic MuLVs generated by M-MuLV and other ecotropic MuLVs is the result of recombination with a single endogenous provirus. This provirus exhibits a frameshift mutation in the 3' region of the surface glycoprotein-encoding sequences that is excluded in recombinants with M-MuLV. The sites of recombination between the env genes of M-MuLV and endogenous proviruses were confined to a short region exhibiting maximum homology between the ecotropic and polytropic env sequences and maximum stability of predicted RNA secondary structure. These observations suggest a possible mechanism for the specificity of recombination observed for different ecotropic MuLVs.
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Uddin SN, Malik F, Bari MA, Siddiqui NI, Khan GK, Rahman S, Sadequzzaman M. Angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mymensingh Med J 2005; 14:32-7. [PMID: 15695951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Coronary angiographic characteristics of fifty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease (CAD) were compared with fifty non diabetic patients with CAD. Type 2 diabetic patients undergoing clinically indicated elective coronary angiography were individually matched with fifty non diabetic coronary artery disease patients for age, sex and major risk factors. No significant difference was present between the mean age, presenting complains and other coronary risk factors between the two groups. Severity and extent of coronary artery involvement was assessed by a coronary artery score (CAS) using the segmental distribution method for coronary artery lesions and morphometric analysis of atherosclerotic lesion was done. Type 2 diabetic patients had a higher CAS (11.74+/-5.04 vs 8.72+/-4.87; P<0.001) as compared to the non-diabetic patients. Multivessel disease were more prevalent in both the groups (82% vs 68%; P>0.05) but diabetic patients had significantly higher number of triple vessel disease (58% vs. 38%; P<0.001). Normal coronary arteries and single vessel disease were more prevalent in non-diabetic patients (32% vs. 18%; P<0.05). As compared to non-diabetic group diabetic patients had a higher total number of diseased vessels (78.66% vs. 68%; P<0.01), a higher lesion per patient ratio (3.94+/-1.80 vs 3+/-1.67:P<0.001) and more proximal lesions (40.83% vs. 34.70%; P>.05) though not statistically significant. Morphometric analysis of coronary artery lesions revealed that diabetic patients had significantly higher number of multiple irregularity lesions (24.37% vs. 15.33%; P<0.01) and lesions were more obstructive (lesion involving 70-90% of coronary lumen: 70.53.% vs. 57.33%; P<0.05). Though there was no significant difference between the systolic left ventricular function between the two groups but significant higher regional wall motion abnormality was found more in diabetic patients (76%vs 62%; P<0.01). So type 2 diabetic patients had more severe and extensive atherosclerotic lesion in their coronary arteries than the matched non diabetic control on coronary angiography suggesting an independent effect of diabetic mellitus on atherosclerotic process specially in our population.
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Bari MA, Rahman S, Uddin SN, Malik F, Ahsan SA, Rahman S. Comparison and outcome of commissurotomy by metallic valvotome and balloon commissurotomy. Mymensingh Med J 2005; 14:3-5. [PMID: 15695943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the echocardiographic outcome of percutaneous transvenous metallic mitral commissurotomy (PMMC) and Percutaneous transvenous balloon mitral commissurotomy (PTMC). This prospective comparative study was carried out during the period of January 1999 to June 2000 in the department of Cardiology, National Institute of cardiovascular diseases (NICVD) and national heart foundation hospital, Dhaka Bangladesh. Two dimension, M-mode, spectral and colour Doppler studies were done to all patient of mitral stenosis both before and after PMMC and PTMC. The increased in mitral valve area in PMMC was statistically significant than PTMC. (P<0.047).
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Goldmeier D, Malik F, Phillips R, Green J. Cost implications of sexual dysfunction: the female picture. Int J Impot Res 2004; 16:130-4. [PMID: 14961049 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the clinical workload, outcome and direct costs of managing women with sexual dysfunction in an NHS clinic in the UK. A retrospective analysis of a 3-month period showed that of 47 referrals to the clinic, 38 undertook treatment. The therapists' assessments suggested that over 80% of patients improved on treatment. The average cost per patient was pound 472 (compared to pound 335 per annum for erectile dysfunction, which included physician's and drug costs). The average cost by type of practitioner was pound 278 (psychologist), pound 322 (physician), pound 532 (physician and psychologist) and pound 597 (sex therapist). Patients required between 1 and 51 treatment sessions, which were mainly restricted to psychological therapy. Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) represents a significant economic burden to the NHS. Further research on the potential role and cost effectiveness of pharmacological agents for FSD is warranted.
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Uddin SN, Siddiqui NI, Bagum F, Malik F, Rahman S, Ali MS. Coronary artery disease in young adults - angiographic profile. Mymensingh Med J 2004; 13:11-5. [PMID: 14747777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Angiographic profile of fifty young patients of coronary artery disease aged 40 or under were analysed and compared with those of fifty older patients. Mean age of younger and older group was 36.34 (range 28 to 40 years) and 55.28 (44-74 years) years respectively and most of the patients were male in both the group (92 Vs 94%). Older patients were more diabetes (40 Vs 24%) and hypertensive (38 Vs 60%) but the younger patients had more family history of premature coronary artery disease (50% Vs 24%). The incidence of smoking and dyslipidemia did not vary between the two groups. Older patients had more history of myocardial infarction (69 Vs 58%) but angina were more in young patients (42 Vs 31%). Coronary angiography revealed more number of multivessel disease in older patients (74 Vs 54%) but the younger patients had more normal coronary arteries and single vessel disease (46 vs 26%). Coronary athesclerosis was also extensive in older patients as revealed by the higher coronary score, more involvement of coronary segments, more number of diseased and diffusely involved coronary vessel in older patients. Older patients needed more revasalarization process (74 Vs 60%), more coronary bypass surgery (40 Vs 24%) and had more inoperable vessels (16% Vs 4%) than the younger patients. So the younger patients having less extensive coronary artery athesclerosis with better prognostic probability should be evaluated angiographically for further definitive management in the from of revascularization.
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Uddin SN, Siddiqui NI, Begum F, Malik F, Rahman S. Correlation between severity of coronary artery athesclerosis and duration and severity of diabetes mellitus in type 2 diabetic patients. Mymensingh Med J 2003; 12:85-8. [PMID: 12894038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Hundred patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus with coronary artery disease undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography were studied to determine the relation between the severity and duration of diabetes mellitus and the severity of coronary artery disease. A coronary scoring system using segmental distribution method was used to determine the severity of coronary artery disease and severity of diabetes was assessed by the level of fasting blood glucose within 48 hours of the procedure and also considering the types of treatment received for diabetes mellitus. No significant correlation was demonstrated between the severity of coronary artery disease and the severity (r =.089602; P>0.1) nor the duration (r =0.07865; P> 0.1) of diabetes mellitus on univariate analysis. So the Type 2 diabetic patients had an increased incidence of atherosclerosis in their coronary angiograms did not reflect an angiographically evident progressive coronary artery disease and results of this study suggest that the progress of large vessel coronary athesclerotic disease in diabetes mellitus of adult onset takes place independently of the progress of diabetes mellitus itself.
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Uddin SN, Begum F, Malik F, Rahman S. Coronary artery disease in young patients: clinical review and risk factor analysis. Mymensingh Med J 2003; 12:3-7. [PMID: 12715632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Fifty consecutive younger patients (< or = 40 years) with coronary artery disease, who underwent coronary angiography in National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases were evaluated clinically and coronary risk factors were analyzed and compared with those of fifty older patients with coronary artery disease. Mean age of younger and older patients were 37.31 and 54.58 years respectively and myocardial infarction was the most common presenting complain in both the groups. Smoking and family history of premature coronary artery disease were more common in younger patients but the older patients were more diabetic and hypertensive. Central obesity and dyslipidemia did not vary between the two groups. Fifty percent of younger patients had one or two modifiable risk factors where sixty four percent of older patients had three or more modifiable risk factors. Forty four percent younger patients had hypercholesterolemia but a majority of patients had either isolated hypertriglyciredemia or decrease high density lipoprotein cholesterol or both with normal total cholesterol level but the total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol index were more than 4.5. Younger patients had more number of normal coronary or single vessel diseases but older group had more number of triple vessel diseases. So the higher incidence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with central obesity suggesting insulin resistance along with unique profile of dyslipidemia, higher incidence of smoking and familial predisposition of premature coronary artery disease may be responsible for higher incidence of coronary artery disease at a premature younger age in this population.
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Malik F, Khan E, Qureshi I, Husaini S, Sajid M, Karim S, Jamil K. Swelling in CR-39 and its effect on bulk etch-rate. RADIAT MEAS 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(02)00053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Husaini S, Khan E, Khattak N, Qureshi A, Malik F, Qureshi I, Karim T, Khan H. The study of crystalline etch products of CR-39. RADIAT MEAS 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(01)00259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Khan E, Qureshi I, Baluch J, Shahzad M, Karim S, Sajid M, Malik F, Husaini S, Khan H. Heavy ion interactions of () Pb with U. RADIAT MEAS 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(01)00156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Malik F, Brew J, Maidment S, Delgado C, Francis G. Peg-modified erythropoietin with improved efficacy. Exp Hematol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Smart SC, Knickelbine T, Malik F, Sagar KB. Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery disease in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Importance of chamber size and systolic wall stress. Circulation 2000; 101:258-63. [PMID: 10645921 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.101.3.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular hypertrophy is a heterogeneous disorder with distinct morphologies. Changes in wall thickness, left ventricular chamber diameter, and mass alter systolic wall stress of the left ventricle and may influence ischemic threshold. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the different patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy on the accuracy of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography. METHODS AND RESULTS Three-hundred eighty-six patients underwent multistage dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography and diagnostic angiography. Echocardiograms were measured for mean and relative wall thicknesses, chamber size, left ventricular mass, and end-systolic wall stress. The patterns of ventricular hypertrophy were concentric hypertrophy (increased wall thickness and mass), eccentric hypertrophy (normal wall thickness and increased mass), and concentric remodeling (increased wall thickness and normal mass). The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for the detection of coronary artery disease were 85%, 87%, and 86%, respectively. Increased left ventricular mass index alone did not affect accuracy. Sensitivity was markedly reduced (36%) only in those with concentric remodeling. The univariate predictors of false-negative studies were single-vessel left circumflex disease, increased wall thickness, small chamber size, hyperdynamic ejection fraction, and left ventricular concentric remodeling. Multivariate predictors were concentric remodeling (P<0.0001; odds ratio, 13.5), left ventricular ejection fraction >2 SD above normal (P<0.0001), and single-vessel left circumflex disease (P<0.0007; odds ratio, 7.6). Sensitivity was excellent in patients with small ventricles and normal wall thickness and in those with normal or large chambers regardless of wall thickness. CONCLUSIONS Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography is an accurate test in most patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, but it is insensitive in the small subset with concentric remodeling.
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Leonard S, Malik F. Osteocarcinoma in a Siamese kitten. Vet Rec 1998; 143:148. [PMID: 9725193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Francis GE, Fisher D, Delgado C, Malik F, Gardiner A, Neale D. PEGylation of cytokines and other therapeutic proteins and peptides: the importance of biological optimisation of coupling techniques. Int J Hematol 1998; 68:1-18. [PMID: 9713164 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-5710(98)00039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification, PEGylation, is a well established technique which has the capacity to solve or ameliorate many of the problems of protein and peptide pharmaceuticals. It is one of the most important of the molecule altering structural chemistry (MASC) techniques and in many settings is enabling technology. The use of PEG as a linker molecule is also beginning to make a contribution to the production of exciting new products. We have previously reviewed the marked differences between methods of PEGylation and the surprising and dramatic impact of different coupling techniques (using different activated PEGs) on factors such as retention of bioactivity, stability and immunogenicity of the resulting PEGylated proteins and peptides. Numerous factors play a part in this variation: the presence or absence of linkers between the PEG and the target molecule; the nature and stability of the bond(s) between the PEG, linker and target; the impact of PEG attachment on surface charge; the coupling conditions; and the relative toxicity of the activated polymer and/or coproduct(s). These are not, however, the only sources of qualitative differences in PEGylated products. Our own experience whilst developing a linkerless PEGylation technique (i.e. one attaching only PEG to the target molecule), which we devised to overcome all the major problems of pre-existing PEGylation techniques, was that considerable modification of the prototype method and a process of 'biological optimisation' was required to achieve good results in terms of conservation of bioactivity. Biological optimisation has not, as far as we are aware, been systematically applied by other groups working in PEGylation. It is the term we use to describe an iterative process for examining and refining all the steps in the PEGylation process, including manufacturing the activated polymer, in order to achieve the best possible conservation of bioactivity and other beneficial features of the method. The application of this biologically optimised PEGylation technique, using tresyl monomethoxy PEG (TMPEG), to a variety of target proteins reveals, as outlined in this review, an exceptional ability to conserve biological activity of the target. This, and the benefit of adding nothing other than PEG itself (which has an excellent safety record), to the protein, as well as other manufacturing and practical advantages, makes the method ideal for the modification of cytokines and other therapeutic proteins.
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Malik F. Does Exogenous Melatonin Influence Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Heart Failure? A Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(97)84796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schultze-Mosgau A, Diedrich K, Baschat A, Felberbaum R, Ortmann O, Bauer O, Schill T, Malik F, Küpker W. O-052. Paracrine changes in the peritoneal environment of women with endometriosis undergoing GnRH agonist therapy. Hum Reprod 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/12.suppl_2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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