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Hein R, Gross L, Trenk D, Jacobshagen C, Geisler T, Hadamitzky M, Huber K, Nagy F, Dezsi CA, Merkely B, Huczek Z, Koltowski L, Massberg S, Aradi D, Sibbing D. P2267De-escalation of antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndrome patients: outcome of diabetics in the randomized TROPICAL-ACS trial. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy565.p2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Nemes D, Kovács R, Nagy F, Mező M, Poczok N, Ujhelyi Z, Pető Á, Fehér P, Fenyvesi F, Váradi J, Vecsernyés M, Bácskay I. Interaction between Different Pharmaceutical Excipients in Liquid Dosage Forms-Assessment of Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E1827. [PMID: 30041418 PMCID: PMC6100184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the safety of parabens as pharmaceutical preservatives is debated. Recent studies investigated their interference with the oestrogen receptors, nevertheless their carcinogenic activity was also proved. That was the reason why the re-evaluation of the biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of parabens is required using modern investigation methods. We aimed to test the cytotoxic, antifungal and antibacterial effect of parabens on Caco-2 cells, C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Two complex systems (glycerol-Polysorbate 20; ethanol-Capryol PGMC™) were formulated to study-with the MTT-assay and microdilution method, respectively-how other excipients may modify the biocompatibility and antimicrobial effect of parabens. In the case of cytotoxicity, the toxicity of these two systems was highly influenced by co-solvents and surfactants. The fungi and bacteria had significantly different resistance in the formulations and in some cases the excipients could highly modify the effectiveness of parabens both in an agonistic and in a counteractive way. These results indicate that with appropriate selection, non-preservative excipients can contribute to the antimicrobial safety of the products, thus they may decrease the required preservative concentration.
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Kardos T, Kovács R, Kardos G, Varga I, Bozó A, Tóth Z, Nagy F, Majoros L. Poor in vivo efficacy of caspofungin, micafungin and amphotericin B against wild-type Candida krusei clinical isolates does not correlate with in vitro susceptibility results. J Chemother 2018; 30:233-239. [PMID: 30025501 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2018.1487150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We determined micafungin, caspofungin and amphotericin B (AMB) minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) and killing rates in RPMI-1640 and in RPMI-1640 with 50% serum against three Candida krusei bloodstream isolates. MIC ranges in RPMI-1640 were 0.125-0.25, 0.25 and 0.125-0.5 mg/L, in RPMI-1640 with 50% serum, MICs were 64-128-, 8- and 4-16-fold higher, respectively. In RPMI-1640 micafungin and caspofungin at 1, 4, 16 and 32 mg/L as well as AMB at 2 mg/L were fungicidal against all isolates in ≤3.96, ≤4.42 and 14.96 h, respectively. In RPMI-1640 with 50% serum, caspofungin was fungicidal for all isolates only at 32 mg/L, micafungin and AMB were fungistatic. In neutropenic mice, 5 mg/kg caspofungin and 1 mg/kg AMB were ineffective against two of the three isolates. Thus, in vivo efficacy of echinocandins and AMB is weak or absent against C. krusei. Prescribers treating C. krusei infections with echinocandins should watch out for clinical resistance and therapeutic failure.
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Kovács R, Tóth Z, Nagy F, Daróczi L, Bozó A, Majoros L. Activity of exogenous tyrosol in combination with caspofungin and micafungin against Candida parapsilosis
sessile cells. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1529-1536. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kovács R, Bozó A, Gesztelyi R, Domán M, Kardos G, Nagy F, Tóth Z, Majoros L. Effect of caspofungin and micafungin in combination with farnesol against Candida parapsilosis biofilms. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 47:304-10. [PMID: 26968084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro activities of caspofungin and micafungin were determined with and without farnesol against Candida parapsilosis biofilms. Drug interactions were examined using the XTT colorimetric assay-based broth microdilution chequerboard method. Drug-drug interactions were assessed utilising the FICI, Bliss independence models and time-kill experiments. Median sessile MICs of five C. parapsilosis clinical isolates ranged between 32-256 mg/L, 16-512 mg/L and >300 μM for caspofungin, micafungin and farnesol, respectively. Median MICs for caspofungin and micafungin in combination with farnesol showed 8-64- and 4-64-fold decreases, respectively. Paradoxical growth noticed with both echinocandins was eliminated by farnesol. Based on FICIs for sessile clinical isolates, synergism was observed for caspofungin (range of median FICIs, 0.155-0.5) and micafungin (range of median FICIs, 0.093-0.5). Concordantly, MacSynergy analysis and global fitting of non-linear regression based on a Bliss independence models also showed synergism for caspofungin and micafungin. In line with FICI findings and the Bliss independence model, synergistic interactions were confirmed by time-kill experiments. The metabolic activity of fungal cells was significantly inhibited by caspofungin+farnesol at all three tested combinations (4 mg/L+75 μM, 8 mg/L+75 μM and 16 mg/L+75 μM) between 3 and 24 h compared with the control (P<0.05-0.001). Significant inhibition was observed for micafungin+farnesol between 3 and 12h (P<0.001) but not at 24 h. Despite the favourable effect of farnesol in combination with echinocandins, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm its therapeutic advantage in catheter-associated infections caused by C. parapsilosis.
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Aschermann Z, Nagy F, Perlaki G, Janszky J, Schwarcz A, Kovacs N, Bogner P, Komoly S, Orsi G. ‘Wind-up’ in Parkinson's disease: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur J Pain 2015; 19:1288-97. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fazekas B, Polyánka H, Bebes A, Tax G, Szabó K, Farkas K, Kinyó A, Nagy F, Kemény L, Széll M, Ádám É. UVB-dependent changes in the expression of fast-responding early genes is modulated by huCOP1 in keratinocytes. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 140:215-22. [PMID: 25169772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) B is the most prominent physical carcinogen in the environment leading to the development of various skin cancers. We have previously demonstrated that the human ortholog of the Arabidopsis thaliana constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 (COP1) protein, huCOP1, is expressed in keratinocytes in a UVB-regulated manner and is a negative regulator of p53 as a posttranslational modifier. However, it was not known whether huCOP1 plays a role in mediating the UVB-induced early transcriptional responses of human keratinocytes. In this study, we report that stable siRNA-mediated silencing of huCOP1 affects the UVB response of several genes within 2 h of irradiation, indicating that altered huCOP1 expression sensitizes the cells toward UVB. Pathway analysis identified a molecular network in which 13 of the 30 examined UVB-regulated genes were organized around three central proteins. Since the expression of the investigated genes was upregulated by UVB in the siCOP1 cell line, we hypothesize that huCOP1 is a repressor of the identified pathway. Several members of the network have been implicated previously in the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers; therefore, clarifying the role of huCOP1 in these skin diseases may have clinical relevance in the future.
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Farkas K, Szepes Z, Nagy F, Bálint A, Bor R, Wittmann T, Molnár T. Letter: role of diet in the onset and relapse of inflammatory bowel disease from the patients' perspective. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:340. [PMID: 24397321 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Kovács N, Bosnyák E, Herceg M, Pál E, Aschermann Z, Janszky J, Késmárki I, Karádi K, Dóczi T, Nagy F, Komoly S. Are branded and generic extended-release ropinirole formulations equally efficacious? A rater-blinded, cross-over, multicenter study. J Neurol Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.07.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Molnár T, Földesi I, Farkas K, Lázár G, Tiszlavicz L, Szűcs M, Nagy F, Szepes Z, Bálint A, Bor R, Wittmann T. The diagnostic accuracy of fecal calprotectin in pouchitis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1347533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Farkas K, Bálint A, Nagy F, Szepes Z, Szűcs M, Wittmann T, Molnár T. Letter: factors that may predict response to ciclosporin in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:654. [PMID: 23406407 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Molnár T, Lakatos PL, Farkas K, Nagy F, Szepes Z, Miheller P, Horváth G, Papp M, Palatka K, Nyári T, Bálint A, Lőrinczy K, Wittmann T. Predictors of relapse in patients with Crohn's disease in remission after 1 year of biological therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013. [PMID: 23181359 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some of the most important questions relating to the use of biological therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases concern the duration of maintenance therapy. AIM To assess the disease course and frequency of relapse of Crohn's disease (CD) following discontinuation of biological therapy, and to determine predictive factors for relapse. METHODS One hundred twenty-one CD patients who had achieved clinical remission following 1 year of biological therapy and for whom biological therapy was then discontinued participated in this prospective observational study. Eighty-seven CD patients had received infliximab and 34 adalimumab. The definition of relapse was an increase of >100 points in CDAI to at least a CDAI of 150 points. RESULTS Biological therapy was restarted within 1 year of treatment cessation in 45% of patients. Logistic regression analysis revealed that previous biological therapy (P = 0.011) and dose intensification during the 1-year course of biological therapy (P = 0.024) were associated with the need for and the time to the restarting of biological therapy. Smoking was observed to have an effect that was not statistically significant (P = 0.053). CONCLUSIONS Biological therapy was restarted a median of 6 months after discontinuation in almost half of Crohn's disease patients in who had been in clinical remission following 1 year of biological therapy. These results suggest that, in the event of the presence of certain predictive factors, biological therapy should probably be continued for more than 1 year by most patients.
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Kaszás B, Kovács N, Balás I, Kállai J, Aschermann Z, Kerekes Z, Komoly S, Nagy F, Janszky J, Lucza T, Karádi K. Sensitivity and specificity of Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, Frontal Assessment Battery and Mini Mental State Examination for diagnosing dementia in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18:553-6. [PMID: 22405839 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among the non-motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD), cognitive impairment is one of the most troublesome problems. Highly sensitive and specific screening instruments for detecting dementia in PD (PDD) are required in the clinical practice. METHODS In our study we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of different neuropsychological tests (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination, ACE; Frontal Assessment Battery, FAB and Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, MDRS) in 73 Parkinson's disease patients without depression. By receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, these screening instruments were tested against the recently established clinical diagnostic criteria of PDD. RESULTS Best cut-off score for ACE to identify PDD was 80 points (sensitivity = 74.0%, specificity = 78.1%). For FAB the most optimal cut-off value was 12 points (sensitivity = 66.3%, specificity = 72.2%); whereas for MDRS it was 125 points (sensitivity = 89.8%, specificity = 98.3%). Among the examined test batteries, MDRS had the best clinicometric profile for detecting PDD. CONCLUSION Although the types of applied screening instruments might differ from movement disorder clinic to clinic within a country, determination of the most specific and sensitive test for the given population remains to be an important task. Our results demonstrated that the specificity and sensitivity of MDRS was better than those of ACE, FAB and MMSE in Hungary. However, further studies with larger sample size and more uniform criteria for participation are required to determine the most suitable screening instrument for cognitive impairment.
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Kiss LS, Szamosi T, Molnar T, Miheller P, Lakatos L, Vincze A, Palatka K, Barta Z, Gasztonyi B, Salamon A, Horvath G, Tóth GT, Farkas K, Banai J, Tulassay Z, Nagy F, Szenes M, Veres G, Lovasz BD, Vegh Z, Golovics PA, Szathmari M, Papp M, Lakatos PL. Early clinical remission and normalisation of CRP are the strongest predictors of efficacy, mucosal healing and dose escalation during the first year of adalimumab therapy in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:911-22. [PMID: 21883326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting tumour necrosis factor with proven efficacy in the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD). AIM To investigate the predictors of medium-term clinical efficacy and mucosal healing during adalimumab therapy, in patients with CD, in specialised centres approved for biological therapy in Hungary. METHODS Data capture of the 201 CD patients was standardised and prospective (male/female: 112/89, median age: 33.0 years, duration: 8 years). Previous infliximab therapy had been administered in 48% of patients, concomitant steroids in 41%, azathioprine in 69% and combined therapy in 27% of patients. RESULTS Overall clinical response and remission rates at 24 weeks were 78% and 52%, respectively; at 52 weeks were 69% and 44%, respectively. Endoscopic improvement and healing were achieved in 43% and 24% of patients. In a logistic regression model, clinical efficacy and CRP at week 12, need for combined immunosuppression at induction, shorter disease duration and smoking were identified as independent predictors for 12-month clinical outcome, whereas CRP at week 12, clinical remission at week 24, inflammatory parameters and nonsmoking were associated to endoscopic improvement/healing. Intensification to weekly dosing was needed in 16% of patients. Parallel azathioprine therapy and clinical remission at week 12 were inversely associated with dose escalation. CONCLUSIONS Clinical efficacy and normalised CRP at week 12 (early deep clinical remission) are associated with medium-term clinical efficacy and mucosal healing during adalimumab therapy, whereas need for combined immunosuppression at induction and smoking status are predictors for non-response. Parallel azathioprine therapy may decrease the probability for dose escalation.
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Molnár T, Farkas K, Nyári T, Nagy F, Szepes Z, Wittmann T. Every fourth patient with Crohn's disease has anti-TNF dependency. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:400-1. [PMID: 21726253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Molnár T, Farkas K, Nagy F, Szepes Z, Wittmann T. Growth retardation in the newborn of ulcerative colitis patients can be the consequence of drug therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:1253-4. [PMID: 21535053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Molnár T, Farkas K, Szepes Z, Nagy F, Wittmann T. Infliximab rescue therapy in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: is more really more? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:412-3. [PMID: 21198699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Molnár T, Farkas K, Palkó A, Eszlári E, Bitay M, Nagy E, Pálinkás A, Nagy F, Bogáts G, Wittmann T. Gastric penetration of epicardial pacemaker leads 8 years after cardiac surgery. Endoscopy 2010; 42 Suppl 2:E273-4. [PMID: 20931480 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1255775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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Fluhr R, Kuhlemeier C, Nagy F, Chua NH. Organ-specific and light-induced expression of plant genes. Science 2010; 232:1106-12. [PMID: 17754498 DOI: 10.1126/science.232.4754.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Light plays a pivotal role in the development of plants. The photoregulation of plant genes involves recognition of light quality and quantity by phytochrome and other light receptors. Two gene families, rbcS and Cab, which code for abundant proteins active in photosynthesis, the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and the chlorophyll a/b binding protein, show a 20-to 50-fold increase in transcript abundance in the light. Analyses in calli and transgenic plants of deletions of the rbcS gene and of chimeric constructions has allowed localization of two regions involved in light-induced transcription. One element is confined to a 33-base pair region surrounding the TATA box. In addition, an enhancer-like element contained within a 240-base pair fragment can confer phytochrome-induced transcription and organ specificity on nonregulated promoters.
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Rabia I, Nagy F, Ali E, Mohamed A, El-Assal F, El-Amir A. OL-037 Effect of treatment with antifibrotic drugs in combination with PZQ in immunized Schistosoma mansoni infected murine model. Int J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(10)60047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Aly I, Nagy F, El-Kersh W. PP-056 Monoclonal antibody-based ELISA versus commercial Fast Dot-ELISA technique in the diagnosis of human schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. Int J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(10)60124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Aly I, El-Ahwany E, El-Komy W, Nagy F. PP-188 Immunomodulation of hepatic morbidity in murine Schistosomiasis mansoni using fatty acid binding protein. Int J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(10)60256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Rabia I, Sabry H, Nagy F. PP-198 Comparison between different immunological techniques for detection of circulating Fasciola antigen in sheep. Int J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1201-9712(10)60266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Menczel L, Galiba G, Nagy F, Maliga P. Effect of radiation dosage on efficiency of chloroplast transfer by protoplast fusion in Nicotiana. Genetics 2010; 100:487-95. [PMID: 17246066 PMCID: PMC1201824 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/100.3.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts of Nicotiana tabacum SR1 were transferred into Nicotiana plumbaginifolia by protoplast fusion. The protoplasts of the organelle donor were irradiated with different lethal doses using a (60)Co source, to facilitate the elimination of their nuclei from the fusion products. After fusion induction, clones derived from fusion products and containing streptomycin-resistant N. tabacum SR1 chloroplasts were selected by their ability to green on a selective medium. When N. tabacum protoplasts were inactivated by iodoacetate instead of irradiation, the proportion of N. plumbaginifolia nuclear segregant clones was low (1-2%). Irradiation markedly increased this value: Using 50, 120, 210 and 300 J kg(-1) doses, the frequency of segregant clones was 44, 57, 84 and 70 percent, respectively. Regeneration of resistant N. plumbaginifolia plants with SR1 chloroplasts indicated that plastids can be rescued from the irradiated cells by fusion with untreated protoplasts. Resistant N. plumbaginifolia plants that were regenerated (43 clones studied) had diploid (2n = 2X = 20) or tetraploid chromosome numbers and were identical morphologically to parental plants. The absence of aneuploids suggests that in these clones irradiation resulted in complete elimination of the irradiated N. tabacum nuclei. Resistance is inherited maternally (five clones tested). The demonstration of chloroplast transfer and the presence of N. tabacum plastids in the N. plumbaginifolia plants was confirmed by chloroplast DNA fragmentation patterns after EcoRI digestion.
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