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Fritz G. Notizen: Neue Wasserstoffverbindungen des Siliciums und des Phosphors. Das Silylphosphin SiH3 · PH2. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-1953-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fritz G. Notizen: Über die Spaltung der Si—O-Bindung mit LiAlH4 unter Bildung von Siliciumwasserstoff-Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-1955-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bei dem Versuch, aus Si2OCl6 mit Hilfe von LiAIH4 das Disiloxan Si2OH6 herzustellen wurde festgestellt, daß dieses Produkt praktisch gar nicht gebildet wird, sondern daß in stürmisch verlaufender Reaktion als flüchtiges Reaktionsprodukt das SiH4 entsteht. Neben der bekannten Reaktion der Si-CI-Bindung mit LiAIH4 zu Si-H 1 hat sich in unserem Fall die Spaltung der im Si2OCl6 vorhandenen Si—O—Si-Bindung unter Ausbildung einer Si-H-Bindung vollzogen.
Eine ausführliche Veröffentlichung erfolgt demnächst an anderer Stelle.
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Bel S, Gaudineau A, Zorgnotti L, Sananes N, Fritz G, Langer B. Enquête sur les pratiques de maturation cervicale en France. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 42:301-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sananès N, Langer B, Gaudineau A, Kutnahorsky R, Aissi G, Fritz G, Boudier E, Viville B, Nisand I, Favre R. Prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery in singleton pregnancies: where are we and where are we going? A review of literature. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2014; 34:457-61. [PMID: 24661250 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2014.896325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prematurity is the chief cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study is to review the different methods for predicting preterm delivery in asymptomatic pregnant women and in situations of threatened preterm delivery. A search of the PubMed/Medline database was carried out for the years 1980-2012. We included studies for predicting preterm birth in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Models for predicting preterm delivery based on maternal factors, cervical length and obstetric history in first trimester of pregnancy is a valuable avenue of research. Nevertheless, prediction accuracy still needs to be improved. In the second and third trimesters, routine digital vaginal examination is of no value in asymptomatic women. Echography of the cervix is not useful except in patients with a history of late miscarriage or preterm delivery in order to offer them a preventive treatment. In symptomatic women, the combination of digital vaginal examination, cervical echography and fibronectin gives the best predictive results. Electromyography of the uterus and elastography of the cervix are interesting avenues for future research. Identifying patients at risk of preterm delivery should be considered differently at each stage of pregnancy.
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Boisramé T, Sananès N, Fritz G, Boudier E, Viville B, Aissi G, Favre R, Langer B. [Abruptio placentae. Diagnosis, management and maternal-fetal prognosis: a retrospective study of 100 cases]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 42:78-83. [PMID: 24309032 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To update knowledge on placental abruption because there are few recent series published although the perinatal care has progressed. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective observational study has been conducted on 100 consecutive cases of abruptio placentae, occurring from January 2008 to June 2011, in the two maternity units of the University Hospital of Strasbourg (France). RESULTS One hundred and five births among which five twin pregnancies were included. Clinical context was evident in 91% of cases, but the classic clinical triad was present in only 4% of cases. Clots were found at immediate placenta examination in 77% of cases. Pathological diagnosis was directly in accordance with clinical diagnosis in half the cases. Mean date of childbirth was 33 weeks of amenorrhea and 6 days. Sixty-seven patients gave birth prematurely. Among them, 50 patients delivered before 34 weeks. Sixty caesareans were performed in emergency before labor, including 47 with general anesthesia. Twelve patients had post-partum haemorrhage and ten coagulation disorders. There was no maternal death. Perinatal mortality was 19% with 13 fetal deaths in utero (12.4%), four children born in an apparent death state with resuscitation failure (3.8%) and three neonatal deaths (2.8%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Placental abruption is a serious and unpredictable situation. Joint medical care of obstetricians and intensivists is often required. Perinatal mortality mainly occurs in utero.
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Hinterleitner C, Huelsenbeck J, Henninger C, Wartlick F, Schorr A, Kaina B, Fritz G. Rac1 signaling protects monocytic AML cells expressing the MLL-AF9 oncogene from caspase-mediated apoptotic death. Apoptosis 2013; 18:963-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bopp A, Wartlick F, Henninger C, Kaina B, Fritz G. Rac1 modulates acute and subacute genotoxin-induced hepatic stress responses, fibrosis and liver aging. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e558. [PMID: 23519127 PMCID: PMC3613835 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the importance of the Ras-homologous GTPase Rac1 for the hepatic response to genotoxic insults and liver aging, rac1 was deleted in liver of mice by Mx1-Cre-based recombination. Knockout of rac1 caused complex changes in basal as well as doxorubicin and ionizing radiation-induced mRNA expression of various genotoxic stress response-related genes, including hspa1b, rad51, wrn and xpc. Rac1 deletion protected the liver from acute toxicity following doxorubicin treatment. Moreover, the level of S139 phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX), which is indicative of DNA damage, and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-6) and pro-fibrotic (CTGF, TGFβ, αSMA) factors were mitigated in rac1 knockout animals. By contrast, lack of rac1 promoted subacute hepatotoxicity, which was determined 3 weeks after injection of multiple low doses of doxorubicin by assaying the γH2AX level, mitotic index and pro-fibrotic gene expression. Regarding ionizing radiation, rac1 deficiency had no major effects on DNA damage induction or acute pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic stress responses. Mice lacking hepatic rac1 for extended period of time (15 months) revealed increased mRNA expression of fibrosis-related factors (CTGF, TGFβ, collagen, MMP1) and fibrotic tissue remodeling. In addition, protein expression of the senescence marker p16 was enhanced in the absence of rac1. Taken together, the data provide evidence that Rac1 is required for doxorubicin-induced DNA damage induction. It is also involved in both the acute and delayed inflammatory and fibrotic stress response in the liver following doxorubicin, but not ionizing radiation, treatment and, furthermore, protects against endogenous liver aging.
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Langer B, Gaudineau A, Sananes N, Fritz G. [Management of patients with a history of late abortion or very premature delivery]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 41:123-9. [PMID: 23375989 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2012.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients have a very late abortion or premature delivery in 2-3 % of pregnancies. Management in a subsequent pregnancy should seek an infection, a fetal cause (aneuploidy, malformation syndrome, intrauterine death) or vascular pathology (preeclampsia, IUGR, intrauterine death). In women with a late abortion or very premature childbirth history, several preventive treatments of prematurity are now available. The main cause of prematurity is ascending infection from the vagina. Cerclage or pessary is designed to better isolate the uterine cavity. Their effectiveness has been validated in patients for whom the repeated measurement of cervical length by transvaginal ultrasound shows a cervical length <25mm. Early pregnancy vaginosis and treatment with Dalacin(®) seem to significantly reduce the risk of prematurity. Finally, the routine administration of intramuscular or vaginal progesterone at the beginning of the 2(nd) quarter also proved effective in several randomized studies.
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Gaudineau A, Doray B, Schaefer E, Sananès N, Fritz G, Kohler M, Alembik Y, Viville B, Favre R, Langer B. Postnatal phenotype according to prenatal ultrasound features of Noonan syndrome: a retrospective study of 28 cases. Prenat Diagn 2013; 33:238-41. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bopp A, Wartlick F, Schwarz M, Fritz G. 698 Role of Rac1 in DEN-induced Liver Carcinogenesis. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71340-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Toure F, Fritz G, Li Q, Rai V, Zou Y, Rosario R, Ramasamy R, Alberts A, Rieu P, Yan S, Schmidt A. Rôle de la formine mDia1 dans la signalisation intracellulaire de RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation end products) au cours du remodelage vasculaire. Nephrol Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2011.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Huelsenbeck J, Henninger C, Schad A, Lackner KJ, Kaina B, Fritz G. Inhibition of Rac1 signaling by lovastatin protects against anthracycline-induced cardiac toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e190. [PMID: 21833028 PMCID: PMC3181415 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Normal tissue damage limits the efficacy of anticancer therapy. For anthracyclines, the clinically most relevant adverse effect is cardiotoxicity. The mechanisms involved are poorly understood and putative cardioprotectants are controversially discussed. Here, we show that the lipid-lowering drug lovastatin protects rat H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from doxorubicin in vitro. Protection by lovastatin is related to inhibition of the Ras-homologous GTPase Rac1. It rests on a reduced formation of DNA double-strand breaks, resulting from the inhibition of topoisomerase II by doxorubicin. Doxorubicin transport and reactive oxygen species are not involved. Protection by lovastatin was confirmed in vivo. In mice, lovastatin mitigated acute doxorubicin-induced heart and liver damage as indicated by reduced mRNA levels of the pro-fibrotic cytokine connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, respectively. Lovastatin also protected from doxorubicin-provoked subacute cardiac damage as shown by lowered mRNA levels of CTGF and atrial natriuretic peptide. Increase in the serum concentration of troponin I and cardiac fibrosis following doxorubicin treatment were also reduced by lovastatin. Whereas protecting the heart from harmful doxorubicin effects, lovastatin augmented its anticancer efficacy in a mouse xenograft model with human sarcoma cells. These data show that statins lower the incidence of cardiac tissue injury after anthracycline treatment in a Rac1-dependent manner, without impairing the therapeutic efficacy.
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Osmak M, Fritz G, Cimbora-Zovko T. 1026 Mechanisms involved in increased sensitivity of cisplatin resistant human laryngeal carcinoma cells to lovastatin. EJC Suppl 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(09)70319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Fritz G. Targeting the Mevalonate Pathway for Improved Anticancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2009; 9:626-38. [DOI: 10.2174/156800909789057033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fritz G, Brachetti C, Kaina B. Lovastatin causes sensitization of HeLa cells to ionizing radiation‐induced apoptosis by the abrogation of G2 blockage. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 79:601-10. [PMID: 14555343 DOI: 10.1080/09553000310001609233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of inhibition of Ras/Rho-regulated signalling by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) on radiation-induced cell killing and apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different human cell lines were pretreated or not with lovastatin before exposure to gamma-rays. Afterwards, radiation-induced cell killing, formation and repair of double-strand breaks, activation of radiation-inducible signal mechanisms (i.e. p53, p21, extracellular-signal-related kinase (ERK), NF-kappaB), changes in cell cycle progression and apoptosis were analysed. RESULTS As shown by a colony formation assay, lovastatin sensitized HeLa cells to gamma-radiation-induced cell killing. The lovastatin effect was cell-type specific. Neither the level of gamma-ray-induced double-strand breaks nor its repair were affected by lovastatin. Sensitization was independent of p53/p21Waf1- and NF-kappaB-related mechanisms. Radiation-stimulated activation of ERKs was attenuated by lovastatin. Cell cycle analyses revealed that the level of gamma-ray-induced G2 blockage was not affected by lovastatin. However, as analysed up to 72 h after irradiation, lovastatin pretreated cells showed an accelerated abrogation of G2 blockage as compared with the control. G2 abrogation is paralleled by an increase in the frequency of apoptotic and necrotic cells. CONCLUSIONS The data show that lovastatin can render human cells more sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of gamma-rays. This is related to abrogation of G2 blockage and a concomitant increase in apoptotic/necrotic cell death.
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Stebel A, Brachetti C, Kunkel M, Schmidt M, Fritz G. Progression of breast tumors is accompanied by a decrease in expression of the Rho guanine exchange factor Tiam1. Oncol Rep 2009; 21:217-222. [PMID: 19082465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the expression level of Ras-homologous (Rho) GTPases and the Rho guanine exchange factor (GEF) T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1 (Tiam1) in breast tumor specimens (n=106) by immunohistochemistry. Rho and Rho-GEF expression scores were compared to clinically established diagnostic and prognostic parameters. We found that RhoA and RhoB scores slightly increased with tumor grade, whereas the Rac1 score remained unaffected. The most significant effects were observed for the Rac1-specific GEF Tiam1. Tiam1 expression scores significantly decreased with the increase in tumor grade, tumor spreading and proliferation. Furthermore, Tiam1 expression was inversely related to the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and estrogen receptor (ER) expression but not the progesterone receptor (PR) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). A low Tiam1 expression was associated with p53 positivity without being related to HER2/neu status. The data show that Tiam1 expression decreases with the progression of breast carcinomas and is inversely associated with several established breast tumor markers. Therefore, we suggest that Tiam1 counteracts the progression of breast carcinomas and is suitable as a novel breast tumor marker.
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Ahlers O, Nachtigall I, Lenze J, Goldmann A, Schulte E, Höhne C, Fritz G, Keh D. Intraoperative thoracic epidural anaesthesia attenuates stress-induced immunosuppression in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery †. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:781-7. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aen287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Ziegler G, Ludwig L, Fritz G. Effect of the Specific Benzodiazepine Antagonist Ro 15-1788 on Sleep. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1017194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bergholz R, Lehmann TN, Fritz G, Rüther K. Fourier transformed steady-state flash evoked potentials for continuous monitoring of visual pathway function. Doc Ophthalmol 2007; 116:217-29. [PMID: 17922154 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-007-9085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Damrot J, Nübel T, Epe B, Roos WP, Kaina B, Fritz G. Lovastatin protects human endothelial cells from the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the anticancer drugs doxorubicin and etoposide. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:988-97. [PMID: 17088865 PMCID: PMC2014634 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are frequently used lipid-lowering drugs. Moreover, they exert pleiotropic effects on cellular stress responses and death. Here, we analysed whether lovastatin affects the sensitivity of primary human endothelial cells (HUVEC) to the anticancer drug doxorubicin. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated whether pretreatment of HUVEC with low dose of lovastatin influences the cellular sensitivity to doxorubicin. To this end, cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis as well as DNA damage-triggered stress response were analysed. KEY RESULTS Lovastatin reduced the cytotoxic potency of doxorubicin in HUVEC. Lovastatin attenuated the doxorubicin-induced increase in p53 as well as activation of checkpoint kinase (Chk-1) and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK). Acquired doxorubicin resistance was independent of alterations in doxorubicin efflux and cell cycle progression. Also, doxorubicin-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and formation of oxidative DNA lesions remained unaffected by lovastatin. However, lovastatin impaired DNA strand break formation induced by doxorubicin. Notably, lovastatin also conferred cross-resistance to the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of etoposide, indicating that lovastatin shields topoisomerase II against poisons. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Based on these data, we suggest that lovastatin-mediated resistance to topoisomerase II inhibitors is due to a reduction in DNA damage and, hence, it attenuates stress responses leading to cell death that are triggered by DNA damage. Therefore, lovastatin might be useful clinically for alleviating side-effects of anticancer therapies that include topoisomerase II inhibitors.
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Schulz U, Keh D, Fritz G, Barner C, Kerner T, Schneider GH, Trottenberg T, Kupsch A, Boemke W. „Schlaf-Wach-Schlaf“-Technik zur CS Wachkraniotomie. Anaesthesist 2006; 55:585-98. [PMID: 16688387 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-006-1023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Awake craniotomy in tumor and epilepsy surgery or for the implantation of electrodes for deep brain stimulation requires specific anesthesiological strategies. Propofol allows for quick emergence and has little effect on the respiratory function of the usually spontaneously breathing patient. Pain control may be instituted by hemiscalp block for trepanation or local infiltration for deep brain electrode implantation. In addition, low dose remifentanil is recommended for trepanation (i.e. tumor or epilepsy surgery). The airway may be secured by an ordinary Magill tube placed transnasally with its tip underneath the epiglottis. To protect the patient against vomiting an adequate antiemetic prophylaxis is required.
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Fritz G, Einsle O, Rudolf M, Schiffer A, Kroneck PMH. Key Bacterial Multi-Centered Metal Enzymes Involved in Nitrate and Sulfate Respiration. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 10:223-33. [PMID: 16645317 DOI: 10.1159/000091567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many essential life processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, depend on transition metal ions and their ability to catalyze multi-electron redox and hydrolytic transformations. Here we review some recent structural studies on three multi-site metal enzymes involved in respiratory processes which represent important branches within the global cycles of nitrogen and sulfur: (i) the multi-heme enzyme cytochrome c nitrite reductase, (ii) the FAD, FeS-enzyme adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate reductase, and (iii) the siroheme, FeS-enzyme sulfite reductase. Structural information comes from X-ray crystallography and spectroscopical techniques, in special cases catalytically competent intermediates could be trapped and characterized by X-ray crystallography.
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Graveland-Bikker JF, Fritz G, Glatter O, de Kruif CG. Growth and structure of α-lactalbumin nanotubes. J Appl Crystallogr 2006. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889805043244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial hydrolysis of α-lactalbumin by a protease fromBacillus licheniformisunder appropriate conditions leads to the formation of nanotubular structures. The growth of α-lactalbumin nanotubes and their dimensions were analysed using transmission electron microscopy, static light scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering. The scattering data were fitted using a model describing the growth of the tubes and using the form factor of a hollow tube. The cylinder diameter was calculated to be 19.9 (2) nm and the cavity diameter 8.7 (7) nm. The elongation rate of the nanotubes was about 10 nm min−1under the experimental conditions.
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Apfel CC, Bacher A, Biedler A, Danner K, Danzeisen O, Eberhart LHJ, Forst H, Fritz G, Hergert M, Frings G, Goebel A, Hopf HB, Kerger H, Kranke P, Lange M, Mertzlufft F, Motsch J, Paura A, Roewer N, Schneider E, Stoecklein K, Wermelt J, Zernak C. Eine faktorielle Studie von 6 Interventionen zur Vermeidung von �belkeit und Erbrechen nach Narkosen. Anaesthesist 2005; 54:201-9. [PMID: 15731931 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-005-0803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Untreated, one third of patients who undergo surgery will have postoperative nausea and vomiting. Although many trials have been conducted, the relative benefits of prophylactic antiemetic interventions given alone or in combination remain unknown. METHODS In a randomized, controlled trial of factorial design, 5,199 patients at high risk for postoperative nausea and vomiting were randomly assigned to 1 of 64 possible combinations of 6 prophylactic interventions: 1) 4 mg of ondansetron or no ondansetron; 2) 4 mg of dexamethasone or no dexamethasone; 3) 1.25 mg of droperidol or no droperidol; 4) propofol or a volatile anesthetic; 5) nitrogen or nitrous oxide; 6) remifentanil or fentanyl. The primary aim parameter was nausea and vomiting within 24 h after surgery, which was evaluated blindly. RESULTS Ondansetron, dexamethasone, and droperidol each reduced the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting by about 26%, propofol reduced the risk by 19%, and nitrogen by 12%. The risk reduction with both of these agents (i.e., total intravenous anesthesia) was thus similar to that observed with each of the antiemetics alone. All the interventions acted independently of each other and independently of the patients' baseline risk. Consequently, the relative risks associated with the combined interventions could be estimated by multiplying the relative risks associated with each intervention. However, absolute risk reduction was a critical function of patients' baseline risk. CONCLUSIONS Because antiemetic interventions are similarly effective and act independently, the safest or least expensive should be used first. Prophylaxis is rarely warranted in low-risk patients, moderate-risk patients may benefit from a single intervention, and multiple interventions should be reserved for high-risk patients.
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