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Rex M, Salawitch RJ, Toon GC, Sen B, Margitan JJ, Osterman GB, Blavier JF, Gao RS, Donnelly S, Keim E, Neuman J, Fahey DW, Webster CR, Scott DC, Herman RL, May RD, Moyer EJ, Gunson MR, Irion FW, Chang AY, Rinsland CP, Bui TP. Subsidence, mixing, and denitrification of Arctic polar vortex air measured during POLARIS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Toon GC, Blavier JF, Sen B, Salawitch RJ, Osterman GB, Notholt J, Rex M, McElroy CT, Russell JM. Ground-based observations of Arctic O3loss during spring and summer 1997. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sen B, Osterman GB, Salawitch RJ, Toon GC, Margitan JJ, Blavier JF, Chang AY, May RD, Webster CR, Stimpfle RM, Bonne GP, Voss PB, Perkins KK, Anderson JG, Cohen RC, Elkins JW, Dutton GS, Hurst DF, Romashkin PA, Atlas EL, Schauffler SM, Loewenstein M. The budget and partitioning of stratospheric chlorine during the 1997 Arctic summer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pougatchev NS, Jones NB, Connor BJ, Rinsland CP, Becker E, Coffey MT, Connors VS, Demoulin P, Dzhola AV, Fast H, Grechko EI, Hannigan JW, Koike M, Kondo Y, Mahieu E, Mankin WG, Mittermeier RL, Notholt J, Reichle HG, Sen B, Steele LP, Toon GC, Yurganov LN, Zander R, Zhao Y. Ground-based infrared solar spectroscopic measurements of carbon monoxide during 1994 Measurement of Air Pollution From Space flights. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sen B, Toon GC, Osterman GB, Blavier JF, Margitan JJ, Salawitch RJ, Yue GK. Measurements of reactive nitrogen in the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Notholt J, Toon GC, Lehmann R, Sen B, Blavier JF. Comparison of Arctic and Antarctic trace gas column abundances from ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jaegle L, Yung YL, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF. Balloon observations of organic and inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere: the role of HClO4 production on sulfate aerosols. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 1996; 23:1749-1752. [PMID: 11539365 DOI: 10.1029/96gl01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous observations of stratospheric organic and inorganic chlorine were made in September 1993 out of Fort Sumner, New Mexico, using JPL balloon-borne MkIV interferometer. Between 15 and 20 km, a significant fraction (20-60%) of the inorganic chlorine could not be accounted for by the sum of measured HCl, ClONO2, and HOCl. Laboratory measurements of the reaction of ClO radicals on sulfuric acid solutions have indicated that, along with HCl, small amounts of perchloric acid, HClO4, were formed. Very little is known about the fate of HClO4 in the stratosphere and we use a photochemical box model to determine the impact of this new species on the partitioning of inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere. Assuming that HClO4 is photochemically stable, it is shown that in the enhanced aerosol loading conditions resulting from Mt. Pinatubo's eruption, HClO4 could represent a significant reservoir of chlorine in the lower stratosphere, sequestering up to 0.2 ppbv (or 50%) of the total inorganic chlorine at 16 km. The occurrence of this new species could bring to closure the inorganic chlorine budget deficiency made apparent by recent ER-2 aircraft in situ measurements of HCl.
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Gordley LL, Russell JM, Mickley LJ, Frederick JE, Park JH, Stone KA, Beaver GM, McInerney JM, Deaver LE, Toon GC, Murcray FJ, Blatherwick RD, Gunson MR, Abbatt JPD, Mauldin RL, Mount GH, Sen B, Blavier JF. Validation of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide measurements made by the Halogen Occultation Experiment for UARS platform. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sen B, Toon GC, Blavier JF, Fleming EL, Jackman CH. Balloon-borne observations of midlatitude fluorine abundance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Roche AE, Kumer JB, Nightingale RW, Mergenthaler JL, Ely GA, Bailey PL, Massie ST, Gille JC, Edwards DP, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Webster CR, Traub WA, Jucks KW, Johnson DG, Murcray DG, Murcray FH, Goldman A, Zipf EC. Validation of CH4and N2O measurements by the cryogenic limb array etalon spectrometer instrument on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Park JH, Russell JM, Gordley LL, Drayson SR, Benner DC, McInerney JM, Gunson MR, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Webster CR, Zipf EC, Erdman P, Schmidt U, Schiller C. Validation of Halogen Occultation Experiment CH4measurements from the UARS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd02736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mergenthaler JL, Kumer JB, Roche AE, Nightingale RW, Potter JF, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Edwards D, Connell PS, Kinnison DE, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Murcray DG, Murcray FJ, Goldman A. Validation of CLAES ClONO2measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Roche AE, Nightingale RW, Ely GA, Uplinger WG, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Stachnik RA, Webster CR, May RD, Murcray DG, Murcray FJ, Goldman A, Traub WA, Jucks KW, Johnson DG. Comparison of correlative data with HNO3version 7 from the CLAES instrument deployed on the NASA Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kumer JB, Mergenthaler JL, Roche AE, Nightingale RW, Zele F, Gille JC, Massie ST, Bailey PL, Connell PS, Gunson MR, Abrams MC, Toon GC, Sen B, Blavier JF, Smith SE, Taylor FW. Comparison of CLAES preliminary N2O5data with correlative data and a model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abrams MC, Toon GC, Schindler RA. Practical example of the correction of Fourier-transform spectra for detector nonlinearity. APPLIED OPTICS 1994; 33:6307-6314. [PMID: 20941162 DOI: 10.1364/ao.33.006307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
HgCdTe photoconductive detectors can display a nonlinear response when illuminated. In interferometric applications, this behavior must be accounted for in the data transformation process to avoid errors in the measurement of the spectral distribution of the incident radiation. A model for the distortion of the interferogram is proposed and applied to solar observations made by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier-transform spectrometer during orbital sunrise and sunset from the Space Shuttle. Empirical estimation of the dc current level is necessary for this instrument, and satisfactory nonlinearity correction is obtained for several of the primary ATMOS optical filters. For ATMOS broadband optical filters that cover more than one half the alias bandwidth, the model is inadequate because of the presence of antialiasing electronic filters within the instrument, and it is necessary to resort to estimation and subtraction of the residual baseline offset. In either case the remaining base line offsets are typically smaller than 1%, which is satisfactory, although offset remains a significant systematic source of error in the estimation of the abundance of telluric and solar constituents from the spectra.
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Schaper PW, Lowes LL, Norton RH, Schoeberl MR, Lait LR, Newman PA. Evidence for subsidence in the 1989 Arctic winter stratosphere from airborne infrared composition measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Schaper PW, Lowes LL, Norton RH. Composition measurements of the 1989 Arctic winter stratosphere by airborne infrared solar absorption spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Margitan JJ, Brothers GA, Browell EV, Cariolle D, Coffey MT, Farman JC, Farmer CB, Gregory GL, Harder JW, Hofmann DJ, Hypes W, Ismail S, Jakoubek RO, Komhyr W, Kooi S, Krueger AJ, Larsen JC, Mankin W, McCormick MP, Mount GH, Proffitt MH, Ravishankara AR, Schmeltekopf AL, Starr WL, Toon GC, Torres A, Tuck AF, Wahner A, Watterson I. Intercomparison of ozone measurements over Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rodriguez JM, Ko MKW, Sze ND, Pierce SD, Anderson JG, Fahey DW, Kelly K, Farmer CB, Toon GC, Coffey MT, Heidt LE, Mankin WG, Chan KR, Starr WL, Vedder JF, McCormick MP. Nitrogen and chlorine species in the spring Antarctic stratosphere: Comparison of models With Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Schaper PW, Blavier JF, Lowes LL. Ground-based infrared measurements of tropospheric source gases over Antarctica during the 1986 Austral Spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id09p11613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Toon GC, Farmer CB, Lowes LL, Schaper PW, Blavier JF, Norton RH. Infrared aircraft measurements of stratospheric composition over Antarctica during September 1987. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kinne S, Toon OB, Toon GC, Farmer CB, Browell EV, McCormick MP. Measurements of size and composition of particles in polar stratospheric clouds from infrared solar absorption spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id14p16481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rinsland CP, Toon GC, Farmer CB, Norton RH, Namkung JS. Stratospheric N2O5profiles at sunrise and sunset from further analysis of the ATMOS/Spacelab 3 solar spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id15p18341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Russell JM, Farmer CB, Rinsland CP, Zander R, Froidevaux L, Toon GC, Gao B, Shaw J, Gunson M. Measurements of odd nitrogen compounds in the stratosphere by the ATMOS experiment on Spacelab 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/jd093id02p01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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