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Rees G, Lamoureux EL, Nicolaou TE, Hodgson LAB, Weinman J, Speight J. Feedback of personal retinal images appears to have a motivational impact in people with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and suboptimal HbA1c: findings of a pilot study. Diabet Med 2013; 30:1122-5. [PMID: 23601012 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To conduct a pilot study to explore the potential impact of visual feedback of personal retinal images on diabetes outcomes. METHODS Twenty-five participants with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and suboptimal HbA(1c) (> 53 mmol/mol; > 7%) were randomized to receive visual feedback of their own retinal images or to a control group. At baseline and 3-month follow-up, HbA(1c), standard measures of beliefs, diabetes-related distress and self-care activities were assessed. RESULTS In unadjusted models, relative to controls, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvement in HbA(1c) at 3-month follow-up (-0.6% vs. +0.3%, P < 0.01), as well as enhanced motivation to improve blood glucose management (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This small pilot study provides preliminary evidence that visual feedback of personal retinal images may offer a practical educational strategy for clinicians in eye care services to improve diabetes outcomes in non-target compliant patients. A fully powered randomized controlled trial is required to confirm these findings and determine the optimal use of feedback to produce sustained effects.
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Alvarez I, De Haas B, Clark CA, Rees G, Schwarzkopf DS. Optimal stimulation for population receptive field mapping in human fMRI. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Getov S, Bahrami B, Winston J, Rees G. A Neural Network for Modulation of Perceptual Rivalry by Social Face Traits. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Schwarzkopf DS, Anderson EJ, de Haas B, White SJ, Rees G. Visual cortical architecture in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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de Haas B, Schwarzkopf DS, Anderson EJ, Rees G. Effects of perceptual load on population receptive fields. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Brooks J, Chadwick A, Romei V, Rees G. Spontaneous pre-stimulus oscillations predict direction of ambiguous figure-ground assignment. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ekanayake J, Ridgway G, Scharnowski F, Winston J, Yury K, Weiskopf N, Rees G. Altered perceptual bistability in binocular rivalry through neurofeedback training of high order visual areas. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Song C, Schwarzkopf S, Lutti A, Li B, Kanai R, Rees G. Effective connectivity in human primary visual cortex predicts inter-individual difference in contextual illusion. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Watt RG, Draper AK, Ohly HR, Rees G, Pikhart H, Cooke L, Moore L, Crawley H, Pettinger C, McGlone P, Hayter AKM. Methodological development of an exploratory randomised controlled trial of an early years' nutrition intervention: the CHERRY programme (Choosing Healthy Eating when Really Young). MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2013; 10:280-94. [PMID: 23795857 PMCID: PMC6860218 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Good nutrition in the early years of life is vitally important for a child's development, growth and health. Children's diets in the United Kingdom are known to be poor, particularly among socially disadvantaged groups, and there is a need for timely and appropriate interventions that support parents to improve the diets of young children. The Medical Research Council has highlighted the importance of conducting developmental and exploratory research prior to undertaking full-scale trials to evaluate complex interventions, but have provided very limited detailed guidance on the conduct of these initial phases of research. This paper describes the initial developmental stage and the conduct of an exploratory randomised controlled trial undertaken to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a family-centred early years' nutrition intervention. Choosing Healthy Eating when Really Young (CHERRY) is a programme for families with children aged 18 months to 5 years, delivered in children's centres in one urban (Islington) and one rural (Cornwall) location in the United Kingdom. In the development stage, a mixed-methods approach was used to investigate the nature of the problem and options for support. A detailed review of the evidence informed the theoretical basis of the study and the creation of a logic model. In the feasibility and pilot testing stage of the exploratory trial, 16 children's centres, with a sample of 394 families were recruited onto the study. We hope that the methodology, which we present in this paper, will inform and assist other researchers in conducting community-based, exploratory nutrition research in early years settings.
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Ohly H, Pealing J, Hayter AKM, Pettinger C, Pikhart H, Watt RG, Rees G. Parental food involvement predicts parent and child intakes of fruits and vegetables. Appetite 2013; 69:8-14. [PMID: 23684902 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop successful interventions to improve children's diets, the factors influencing food choice need to be understood. Parental food involvement - the level of importance of food in a person's life - may be one of many important factors. The aim of this study was to determine whether parental food involvement is associated with parents' and children's diet quality. As part of an intervention study, 394 parents with children aged between 18 months and 5 years were recruited from children's centres in Cornwall and Islington, UK. Questionnaires were used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, parents' diets, and attitudes towards food including food involvement. Children's diets were assessed using the multiple pass 24 h recall method. Parents reported low intakes of fruits and vegetables and high intakes of sugary items for themselves and their young children. Parental food involvement was strongly correlated with consumption of fruits and vegetables (amount and diversity) for both parents and children. Correlations with consumption of sugary drinks and snacks/foods were not significant. These findings indicate that parental food involvement may influence consumption of fruits and vegetables, more so than sugary items. Further research is needed to investigate how parental food involvement could mediate dietary changes.
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Pinotsis DA, Schwarzkopf DS, Litvak V, Rees G, Barnes G, Friston KJ. Dynamic causal modelling of lateral interactions in the visual cortex. Neuroimage 2012; 66:563-76. [PMID: 23128079 PMCID: PMC3547173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a dynamic causal model based upon neural field models of the Amari type. We consider the application of these models to non-invasive data, with a special focus on the mapping from source activity on the cortical surface to a single channel. We introduce a neural field model based upon the canonical microcircuit (CMC), in which neuronal populations are assigned to different cortical layers. We show that DCM can disambiguate between alternative (neural mass and field) models of cortical activity. However, unlike neural mass models, DCM with neural fields can address questions about neuronal microcircuitry and lateral interactions. This is because they are equipped with interlaminar connections and horizontal intra-laminar connections that are patchy in nature. These horizontal or lateral connections can be regarded as connecting macrocolumns with similar feature selectivity. Crucially, the spatial parameters governing horizontal connectivity determine the separation (width) of cortical macrocolumns. Thus we can estimate the width of macro columns, using non-invasive electromagnetic signals. We illustrate this estimation using dynamic causal models of steady-state or ongoing spectral activity measured using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in human visual cortex. Specifically, we revisit the hypothesis that the size of a macrocolumn is a key determinant of neuronal dynamics, particularly the peak gamma frequency. We are able to show a correlation, over subjects, between columnar size and peak gamma frequency — that fits comfortably with established correlations between peak gamma frequency and the size of visual cortex defined retinotopically. We also considered cortical excitability and assessed its relative influence on observed gamma activity. This example highlights the potential utility of dynamic causal modelling and neural fields in providing quantitative characterisations of spatially extended dynamics on the cortical surface — that are parameterised in terms of horizontal connections, implicit in the cortical micro-architecture and its synaptic parameters.
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Brooks J, Gilaie-Dotan S, Rees G, Bentin S, Driver J. Preserved local but disrupted contextual figure-ground influences in a patient with abnormal function of intermediate visual areas. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hong AM, Martin A, Armstrong BK, Lee CS, Jones D, Chatfield MD, Zhang M, Harnett G, Clark J, Elliott M, Milross C, Smee R, Corry J, Liu C, Porceddu S, Vaska K, Veness M, Morgan G, Fogarty G, Veivers D, Rees G, Rose B. Human papillomavirus modifies the prognostic significance of T stage and possibly N stage in tonsillar cancer. Ann Oncol 2012; 24:215-9. [PMID: 22887467 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the association with more advanced nodal stage, patients with human papillomavirus (HPV) positive oropharyngeal cancers have better outcomes. We examined whether the HPV can modify the effect of known prognostic factors in tonsillar cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 489 patients from 10 centres were followed up for recurrence or death for a median of 3.2 years. Determinants of the rate of locoregional recurrence, death from tonsillar cancer and overall survival were modelled using Cox regression. RESULTS The prognostic value of T and N stages were modified by HPV as indicated by statistically significant interaction terms. After adjusting for age, gender and treatment, T stage appeared relevant only for HPV-positive cancers (where a higher T stage was associated with worse outcomes). There was some evidence that N stage was a more relevant prognostic factor for HPV-negative than -positive cancers. There was no evidence that the HPV modifies the effect of age, gender or grade on outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the prognostic significance of the conventional staging system in tonsillar cancer is modified by HPV.
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Sandberg K, Overgaard M, Rees G. Are the neural correlates of conscious contents stable or plastic? J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Fenwick EK, Pesudovs K, Rees G, Dirani M, Kawasaki R, Wong TY, Lamoureux EL. Republished article: The impact of diabetic retinopathy: understanding the patient's perspective. Postgrad Med J 2012; 88:167-75. [PMID: 22343937 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2010.191312rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of a condition from the patient's perspective is important, and different types of patient-reported outcomes or instruments are available to help with this. This review article summarises the current evidence on the impact of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its associated vision impairment on patient-reported outcomes. We have included research that has used a range of outcome measures to assess the impact of DR on generic health-related quality of life, utility, vision-functioning and vision-specific quality of life. This review also offers clarification on frequently misused psychometric terminologies to help clinicians and researchers better understand the literature associated with patient-reported outcome research. Overall, the evidence suggests that DR, particularly in its vision-threatening stages, has a substantial, negative impact on the patient. However, our understanding of the impact of DR is currently restricted due to limitations inherent in currently available patient-reported outcome measures. We conclude by discussing potential directions for future research in this area, such as item banking and computer adaptive testing.
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Schölvinck ML, Friston KJ, Rees G. The influence of spontaneous activity on stimulus processing in primary visual cortex. Neuroimage 2011; 59:2700-8. [PMID: 22056529 PMCID: PMC3382731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous activity in the resting human brain has been studied extensively; however, how such activity affects the local processing of a sensory stimulus is relatively unknown. Here, we examined the impact of spontaneous activity in primary visual cortex on neuronal and behavioural responses to a simple visual stimulus, using functional MRI. Stimulus-evoked responses remained essentially unchanged by spontaneous fluctuations, combining with them in a largely linear fashion (i.e., with little evidence for an interaction). However, interactions between spontaneous fluctuations and stimulus-evoked responses were evident behaviourally; high levels of spontaneous activity tended to be associated with increased stimulus detection at perceptual threshold. Our results extend those found in studies of spontaneous fluctuations in motor cortex and higher order visual areas, and suggest a fundamental role for spontaneous activity in stimulus processing.
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Kanai R, Bahrami B, Roylance R, Rees G. Online social network size is reflected in human brain structure. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1327-34. [PMID: 22012980 PMCID: PMC3282379 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing ubiquity of web-based social networking services is a striking feature of modern human society. The degree to which individuals participate in these networks varies substantially for reasons that are unclear. Here, we show a biological basis for such variability by demonstrating that quantitative variation in the number of friends an individual declares on a web-based social networking service reliably predicted grey matter density in the right superior temporal sulcus, left middle temporal gyrus and entorhinal cortex. Such regions have been previously implicated in social perception and associative memory, respectively. We further show that variability in the size of such online friendship networks was significantly correlated with the size of more intimate real-world social groups. However, the brain regions we identified were specifically associated with online social network size, whereas the grey matter density of the amygdala was correlated both with online and real-world social network sizes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the size of an individual's online social network is closely linked to focal brain structure implicated in social cognition.
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Anderson E, Dakin S, Schwarzkopf DS, Rees G, Greenwood J. The Neural Correlates of Crowding-Induced Changes in Appearance. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Gilaie-Dotan S, Kanai R, Bahrami B, Rees G, Saygin AP. Structural Neural Correlates of Biological Motion Detection Ability. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Schwarzkopf DS, Song C, Rees G. Linking perceptual experience with the functional architecture of the visual cortex. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Sandberg K, Bahrami B, Kanai R, Barnes G, Overgaard M, Rees G. Predicting the conscious experience of other people. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Song C, Schwarzkopf D, Kanai R, Rees G. Reciprocal structural relationship between primary sensory and prefrontal cortices in the human brain. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Ditye T, Kanai R, Bahrami B, Muggleton N, Rees G, Walsh V. Increases in grey matter volume induced by perceptual learning. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Bahrami B, Ajina S, Getov S, Stewart L, Todorov A, Rees G. Observer- and stimulus-specific effects in unconscious evaluation of faces on social dimensions. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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