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Ikram S, Tani S, Kaur G, Hemadri M. Adult jejunal intussusception : A rare case of intestinal obstruction in adults. Int J Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Malik DS, Kaur G. A Validated Stability-indicating RP-HPLC Method for Analysis of Azelaic Acid in Pharmaceuticals. Indian J Pharm Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Brahma D, Narang D, Chandra M, Gupta K, Singh A, Kaur G. Diagnosis of Mycobacterial infections (Tuberculosis and Paratuberculosis) in tissue samples using molecular (inhouse multiplex PCR, PCR and TaqMan real-time PCR), histopathology and immunohistochemical techniques. Trop Biomed 2017; 34:911-927. [PMID: 33592961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An in-house multiplex PCR designed for differential detection of M. bovis, M. avium paratuberculosis (MAP) and M. smegmatis in tissue samples, besides PCR and TaqMan real-time PCR targeting esxA (ESAT-6) and esxB (CFP-10) gene of M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) and IS900 gene targeting MAP were carried out in the present study. Tissue samples comprising of lung, mediastinal lymph node, intestine and mesenteric lymph node from cattle and buffaloes (n=16) suspected to have died of tuberculosis (TB) or paratuberculosis (JD) were collected at post-mortem. Out of 16 animals, only 4 (25%) cases were positive for M. bovis by in-house designed multiplex PCR, where as 9 (56.25%) cases were positive for MTC by both conventional and real-time PCR targeting esxA (ESAT-6) and esxB (CFP-10) genes. Out of 9 TB positive animals, 2 (22.22%) had co-infection with MAP as confirmed by IS900 PCR, real-time PCR and also by in-house multiplex PCR. No samples were found positive for M. smegmatis by the in-house multiplex PCR. Analytical sensitivity of in-house multiplex primers targeting M. bovis, MAP and M. smegmatis were 170 fg/µl, 300 fg/µl and 51 fg/µl of genomic DNA respectively. Analytical sensitivity of primers for both conventional and real time PCR tareting esxA were 8 pg/µl and 800 fg/µl, esxB were 800 fg/µl and 80 fg/µl and IS900 were 30 fg/µl and 3 fg/µl of M. tuberculosis and MAP genomic DNA respectively. The tissue samples were also subjected to histopathology and Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining using ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antibodies for TB and anti-JD anti-serum (raised in rabbit) for JD. All the animals positive for TB (9 of 9) and JD (2 of 2) in PCR and real-time PCR were also positive in histopathology and IHC. Thus, combination of molecular, histopathology and IHC techniques increased the accuracy of TB and JD diagnosis, all of which had same sensitivity and specificity except the in-house multiplex PCR which was comparatively less sensitive in M. bovis detection. However, the molecular methods were found to be more convenient and rapid, capable of making the diagnosis within 6 hours. The study indicated that Real-time PCR was ten times more sensitive than the conventional PCR.
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Khurana R, Dash B, Sharma A, Mittal P, Sandeep M, Kaur G. Hysteroscopic Resection of a Complete Vagino-Cervico-Uterine Septum. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2017.08.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Singh S, Kaur G. Biodiversity of insect and mite pests infesting fig in the Indian Punjab. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2017.1173.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chelu MG, King JB, Kholmovski EG, Ma J, Gal P, Kaur G, Silver MA, Johnson KA, Suksaranjit P, Wilson BD, Han FT, Arif E, Marrouche NF. 1364LGE-MRI atrial fibrosis predicts 5 year outcome of atrial fibrillation ablation. Europace 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/eux157.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Negussie N, Kaur G. The Effect of Job Demand-Control-Social Support Model on Nurses' Job Satisfaction in Specialized Teaching Hospitals, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2017; 26:311-20. [PMID: 27587929 PMCID: PMC4992771 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v26i4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The job demand-control-social support model has been widely studied in western countries but has not been theoretically addressed on health workers of sub-Saharan African countries. Therefore, this study investigates the relationship between Job Demand-Control-Support Model and job satisfaction in specialized teaching hospitals in Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional survey was conducted from September 2014 to May 2015 in three public specialized teaching hospitals in Ethiopia. Among 1371 nurses, 360 were selected as sample. Data was collected using Job Content Questionnaire and Job Satisfaction Survey Questionnaire. After the data was collected, it was analyzed using SPSS version16.0 statistical software. The results were analyzed using of descriptive statistics followed by inferential statistics on the variables. Results The result revealed that control variables (gender, age, educational qualification, and work experience) accounted for a significant increment explaining 2.1 percent of the variance in job satisfaction. Job demand and social support together explained 24.5 percent of job satisfaction. Job demand(β=−0.152; p<0.01) had significant but negative relationship with job satisfaction and social support (β=0.458; p<0.01) had significant and positive relationship with job satisfaction. On the other hand, job control (β=0.042; p>0.05) did not have a significant relationship with job satisfaction. Furthermore, there was no straight three-way interaction effect among job demand, job control and social support (β=0.05, p>0.05). Conclusion Job demand and social support are related to nurses' job satisfaction, but job control neither related to nor moderated the relationship between job demands and job satisfaction. Furthermore, there was no joint three-way interaction effect among job demand, job control and social support.
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Sood ML, Kaur G. Diffusion Coefficients of Potassium Fluoride Water System from Diaphragm Cell Experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-1978-25976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kaur G, Smyth RL, Powell CVE, Williamson P. A survey of facilitators and barriers to recruitment to the MAGNETIC trial. Trials 2016; 17:607. [PMID: 28010731 PMCID: PMC5180395 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recruitment to randomised controlled trials with children is challenging. It is imperative to understand the factors that boost or hinder recruitment of children to clinical trials. We conducted a survey of facilitators and barriers to recruitment to the MAGNETIC trial, using a previously developed web-based tool. Methods MAGNETIC is a multicentre randomised trial of nebulised magnesium in acute severe asthma, recruiting 508 children from 30 UK sites. Recruiters were asked to grade a list of factors from –3 to +3 depending on whether the factor was perceived as a strong, intermediate or weak barrier (–3 to –1) or facilitator (+1 to + 3), and using (0) if it was thought to be not applicable. Free text responses were invited on strategies applied to counter the identified barriers. Results The commonly identified facilitators were motivation and experience of study teams, effective communication and coordination between teams at site and between sites and the Clinical Trials Unit, the presence of designated research nurses, good trial management, clinical trial publicity, simple inclusion criteria, effective communication with parents and presentation of trial information in a simple and clear manner. The commonly identified barriers were heavy clinical workload, shift patterns of work, Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training, inadequate number of trained staff, time and setting of consent seeking, non-availability of research staff out of hours and parents' concerns about their child taking an experimental medicine. Having a designated research nurse, arranging GCP training and trial-related training sessions for staff were the most commonly reported interventions. Conclusions This study highlights important generic and trial-specific facilitators and barriers to recruitment to a paediatric trial in the acute setting and provides information on the recruitment strategies or interventions that were applied to overcome these barriers. This information can be very useful in informing the design and conduct of future clinical trials with children, particularly in the acute or emergency setting. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN81456894. Registered on 15 November 2007. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1724-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Waraich GS, Sidhu PK, Daundkar PS, Kaur G, Sharma SK. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of ceftiofur crystalline-free acid following subcutaneous administration in domestic goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:429-438. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Teicher B, Kunke M, Evans D, Delosh R, Laudeman J, Chad O, Reinhart R, Michael S, Thomas S, Kaur G, Monks A, Morris J. Adult and pediatric sarcoma cell line screen findings in Notch, DNA repair and cell cycle gene and miR expression and compound response. Eur J Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)32827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vigneswari S, Murugaiyah V, Kaur G, Abdul Khalil HPS, Amirul AA. Biomacromolecule immobilization: grafting of fish-scale collagen peptides onto aminolyzed P(3HB-co-4HB) scaffolds as a potential wound dressing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:055009. [PMID: 27710927 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/5/055009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a microbial polymer that has been at the forefront of many attempts at tissue engineering. However, the surface of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB-co-4HB)) is hydrophobic with few recognition sites for cell attachment. Various concentrations of fish-scale collagen peptides (FSCPs) were incorporated into P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymer by aminolysis. Later, FSCPs were introduced onto the aminolyzed P(3HB-co-4HB) scaffolds. Introduction of the FSCP groups was verified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the ninhydrin method. The effect of the incorporation of FSCPs on hydrophilicity was investigated using the water contact angle. As the concentration of FSCPs increased, the water contact angle decreased. In vitro study demonstrated that P(3HB-co-4HB)/FSCP scaffolds provided better cell attachment and growth of L929 mouse fibroblast cells and better cell proliferation. In vivo study showed that P(3HB-co-4HB)/1.5 wt% FSCPs had a significant effect on wound contractions, with the highest percentage of wound closure (61%) in 7 d.
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Gupta KK, Attri JP, Singh A, Kaur H, Kaur G. Basic concepts for sample size calculation: Critical step for any clinical trials! Saudi J Anaesth 2016; 10:328-31. [PMID: 27375390 PMCID: PMC4916819 DOI: 10.4103/1658-354x.174918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality of clinical trials has improved steadily over last two decades, but certain areas in trial methodology still require special attention like in sample size calculation. The sample size is one of the basic steps in planning any clinical trial and any negligence in its calculation may lead to rejection of true findings and false results may get approval. Although statisticians play a major role in sample size estimation basic knowledge regarding sample size calculation is very sparse among most of the anesthesiologists related to research including under trainee doctors. In this review, we will discuss how important sample size calculation is for research studies and the effects of underestimation or overestimation of sample size on project's results. We have highlighted the basic concepts regarding various parameters needed to calculate the sample size along with examples.
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Kaur G, Chandra M, Dwivedi PN. Phylogenetic analysis of VP2 gene of canine parvovirus and comparison with Indian and world isolates. Acta Virol 2016; 60:106-10. [PMID: 26982475 DOI: 10.4149/av_2016_01_106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) causes hemorrhagic enteritis, especially in young dogs, leading to high morbidity and mortality. It has four main antigenic types CPV-2, CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c. Virus protein 2 (VP2) is the main capsid protein and mutations affecting VP2 gene are responsible for the evolution of various antigenic types of CPV. Full length VP2 gene from field isolates was amplified and cloned for sequence analysis. The sequences were submitted to the GenBank and were assigned Acc. Nos., viz. KP406928.1 for P12, KP406927.1 for P15, KP406930.1 for P32, KP406926.1 for Megavac-6 and KP406929.1 for NobivacDHPPi. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the samples were forming a separate clad with vaccine strains. When the samples were compared with the world and Indian isolates, it was observed that samples formed a separate node indicating regional genetic variation in CPV.
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Vigneswari S, Murugaiyah V, Kaur G, Abdul Khalil HPS, Amirul AA. Simultaneous dual syringe electrospinning system using benign solvent to fabricate nanofibrous P(3HB-co-4HB)/collagen peptides construct as potential leave-on wound dressing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 66:147-155. [PMID: 27207048 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The main focus of this study is the incorporation of collagen peptides to fabricate P(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] nano-fiber construct to further enhance surface wettability and support cell growth while harbouring desired properties for biodegradable wound dressing. Simultaneous electrospinning of nanofiber P(3HB-co-4HB)/collagen peptides construct was carried out using dual syringe system. The wettability of the constructs increased with the increase in 4HB molar fraction from 20mol% 4HB [53.2°], P(3HB-co-35mol%4HB)[48.9°], P(3HB-co-50mol%4HB)[44.5°] and P(3HB-co-82mol%4HB) [37.7°]. In vitro study carried out using mouse fibroblast cells (L929) grown on nanofiber P(3HB-co-4HB)/collagen peptides construct showed an increase in cell proliferation. In vivo study using animal model (Sprague Dawley rats) showed that nanofibrous P(3HB-co-4HB)/collagen peptides construct had a significant effect on wound contractions with the highest percentage of wound closure of 79%. Hence, P(3HB-co-4HB)/collagen peptides construct suitable for wound dressing have been developed using nano-fabrication technique.
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Kaur G, Bakshi P, Gupta SP, Verma K. An unusual case of squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa with distant metastases. Indian J Cancer 2016; 52:401-2. [PMID: 26905152 DOI: 10.4103/0019-509x.176745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chattopadhyay D, Santra S, Pal A, Kundu A, Nayak BK, Mahata K, Ramachandran K, Tripathi R, Parkar VV, Sodaye S, Sarkar D, Pandey B, Kaur G. Elastic, inelastic and inclusive alpha cross sections in 6Li+ 112Sn system. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611706022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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68
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Verma N, Kaur G. Trends on Biosensing Systems for Heavy Metal Detection. BIOSENSORS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD - NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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69
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Kaur G, Asthir B. Proline: a key player in plant abiotic stress tolerance. BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 59:609-619. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10535-015-0549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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Kumar N, Kaur G, Kanga U, Mehra NK, Neolia SC, Tandon N, Zucman SC. CTLA4+49G allele associates with early onset of type 1 diabetes in North Indians. Int J Immunogenet 2015; 42:445-52. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gordon AL, Kaur G, Hynes S, Blundell AG. 40DIRECT-REFERRAL PATHWAYS BETWEEN SOCIAL WORKERS AND COMMUNITY GERIATRICIANS IDENTIFIED UNMET HEALTHCARE NEED IN COMMUNITY DWELLING OLDER PATIENTS WITH FRAILTY. Age Ageing 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afv106.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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72
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Kaur G, Isac DM, Thomas S, Koshy J. Pregnancy Induced Ocular Changes and Associated Risk of Ocular Medications. NEPAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.3126/njog.v10i1.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with various ocular changes which can be either physiological or pathological or modification in pre existing conditions. These changes are mostly transient, however some can become permanent. Physiological ocular changes include change in ocular adenexa, tear film composition, cornea, refraction and intraocular pressure. Pathological ocular changes occur as a result of pregnancy induced hypertension, pseudotumour cerebri, vascular occlusive disorders and amniotic fluid embolism. Some of the pre-existing ocular conditions worsen during pregnancy which include diabetic retinopathy, grave’s disease, toxoplasmosis, pituitary tumours, meningioma and uveal tumours. Others show improvement in pregnancy such as uveitis, optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Yet others are associated with exacerbations during postpartum period as optic neuritis. Knowledge of these changes is important for both ophthalmologists and gynaecologists for proper management of these patients. Also the treatment modalities for various disorders differ between pregnant and non pregnant females. The ophthalmic medications should be used cautiously during pregnancy and lactation to avoid harmful effects in the mother and the fetus. The materials published in Pubmed, Google Scholar webpages and standard books have been used for preparing this paper.
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Van Arsdale A, Einstein M, Kaur G, Strickler H, Moadel A, Girda E, Goldberg G, Nevadunsky N. Association between statin use and disease-specific endometrial cancer survival. Gynecol Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rossi A, Garber C, Ortiz M, Kaur G, Moadel A, Goldberg G, Kuo Y, Viswanathan S, Nevadunsky N. The feasibility and effectiveness of a 12-week social cognitive theory-based physical activity intervention for obese, ethnically diverse endometrial cancer survivors. Gynecol Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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76
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Ramalingam B, Sidhu PK, Kaur G, Venkatachalam D, Rampal S. Mutant prevention concentration, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration, and modeling of enrofloxacin data established in diseased buffalo calves. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:529-36. [PMID: 25776301 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling of enrofloxacin data using mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of enrofloxacin was conducted in febrile buffalo calves to optimize dosage regimen and to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The serum peak concentration (Cmax ), terminal half-life (t1/2 K10) , apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area) /F), and mean residence time (MRT) of enrofloxacin were 1.40 ± 0.27 μg/mL, 7.96 ± 0.86 h, 7.74 ± 1.26 L/kg, and 11.57 ± 1.01 h, respectively, following drug administration at dosage 12 mg/kg by intramuscular route. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration, and MPC of enrofloxacin against Pasteurella multocida were 0.055, 0.060, and 1.45 μg/mL, respectively. Modeling of ex vivo growth inhibition data to the sigmoid Emax equation provided AUC24 h /MIC values to produce effects of bacteriostatic (33 h), bactericidal (39 h), and bacterial eradication (41 h). The estimated daily dosage of enrofloxacin in febrile buffalo calves was 3.5 and 8.4 mg/kg against P. multocida/pathogens having MIC90 ≤0.125 and 0.30 μg/mL, respectively, based on the determined AUC24 h /MIC values by modeling PK/PD data. The lipopolysaccharide-induced fever had no direct effect on the antibacterial activity of the enrofloxacin and alterations in PK of the drug, and its metabolite will be beneficial for its use to treat infectious diseases caused by sensitive pathogens in buffalo species. In addition, in vitro MPC data in conjunction with in vivo PK data indicated that clinically it would be easier to eradicate less susceptible strains of P. multocida in diseased calves.
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Adhikari S, Basu C, Sugathan P, Jhingan A, Behera BR, Saneesh N, Kaur G, Thakur M, Mahajan R, Dubey R, Mitra AK. The study of 12C(α,γ) astrophysical reaction using 12C( 6Li,d) and 12C( 7Li,t) reaction at 20 MeV and in the framework of the potential model. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20158600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Rai M, Kaur G, Singh SK, Rai SB. Probing a new approach for warm white light generation in lanthanide doped nanophosphors. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:6184-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00373c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Warm white light generation through modification of CCT by incorporation of the defect level induced emission of ZnO in Y1.993Dy0.001Tm0.006O3 nano-phosphors.
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Wishka D, Kumar V, Teicher B, Kaur G, Fang B, Risbood P, Hollingshead M, Zais J, Morris J. 269 The NCI-60 as an effective tool for scaffold hopping: A phenotypic systems-based approach to the design of novel chemotherapeutics. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Evans D, Delosh R, Laudeman J, Ogle C, Reinhart R, Selby M, Silvers T, Monks A, Polley E, Kaur G, Morris J, Teicher B. 78 A comprehensive in vitro screen to identify therapeutic candidates for inclusion with etoposide/platin combinations to improve treatment of SCLC. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gupta SK, Mathur R, Aggarwal H, Chaudhary S, Kaur H, Saklani R, Saba N, Dogra S, Kaur G. High BMI and Belly fat Correlate with Prevalence of Hypertension And Diabetes: A Cross Sectional Study In Sedentary Urban Popultaion Of Delhi. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 17:A764. [PMID: 27202802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Kumar N, Kaur G, Kanga U, Tandon N, Caillat-Zucman S, Mehra NK. Association of PTPN22+1858C/T polymorphism with Type 1 diabetes in the North Indian population. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 41:318-23. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Slattery E, Basavaraju N, Ahmed S, Kaur G, Hegarty A, Ahmed M, Dilip J, McGurk C. Intensive care in a general hospital: demographics, utilization and outcomes. Ir J Med Sci 2014; 183:649-52. [PMID: 24464105 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-014-1068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intensive care units (ICU) in Irish academic centres are known to fare as well as their international counterparts. Our aim in this study was to characterise the role and outcomes of an ICU in a smaller Irish hospital and to compare these to international best practice. METHODS We reviewed admissions of patients to the ICU of St. Luke's Hospital, Kilkenny. Patient demographics, indications for admission, and outcomes were all recorded and analysed. Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores were calculated. RESULTS Forty-three patients were included in our study, 33 (76.7 %) of which were emergency admissions. Median length of stay was 2 days. The observed mortality rate in our cohort was 20.9 %. The median SOFA score in patients admitted was 7. Higher median SOFA scores on admission were predictive of mortality. The ICU occupancy rate during the duration of our study was 98 %, with only 15 (35.7 %) of admissions to ICU occurring within core working hours. CONCLUSION Critical care can be provided safely and in line with current best practice in smaller Irish hospitals. There is a cohort of patients for whom care may be best provided in a tertiary centre, how best to provide for these patients will likely be achieved by early identification (e.g. with SOFA score). Bed capacity issues remain problematic.
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Singh R, Thapa BR, Kaur G, Prasad R. Molecular characterization of mutations in galactosemia genes: structural and functional implications. Mol Cytogenet 2014. [PMCID: PMC4044578 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-s1-o8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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85
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Kaur G, Kaur P, Basu S, Kaur R. Blood group discrepancies at a tertiary care centre - analysis and resolution. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 36:481-7. [DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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86
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Balaje R, Sidhu P, Kaur G, Rampal S. Mutant prevention concentration and PK–PD relationships of enrofloxacin for Pasteurella multocida in buffalo calves. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:1114-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tan KK, Kaur G, Byrne CM, Young CJ, Wright C, Solomon MJ. Long-term outcome of the anal fistula plug for anal fistula of cryptoglandular origin. Colorectal Dis 2013; 15:1510-4. [PMID: 23981140 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcome of the anal fistula plug in the treatment of anal fistula of cryptoglandular origin. METHOD A review of all patients who had at least one anal fistula plug inserted from March 2007 to August 2008 was performed. Only anal fistulae of cryptoglandular origin were included. Success was defined as the closure of the external opening with no further purulent discharge or collection. RESULTS Thirty anal fistula plugs were inserted in 26 patients [median age 40 (26-70) years]. Twenty-six of the fistulae were transsphincteric and three were suprasphincteric. One patient had a high intersphincteric fistula, which was the only fistula that did not have a seton inserted. The median duration between seton insertion and the plug procedure was 12 (4-28) weeks. The median length of the fistula tract was 3 (1-7.5) cm. After a median follow-up of 59 (13-97) weeks, 26 (86.7%) fistulae recurred. Of the 26 failures, the median time to failure was 8 (2-54) weeks. Subsequent surgical interventions were performed in 20 of the failures. CONCLUSION The role of the fistula plug in the management of anal fistula of cryptoglandular origin remains debatable and warrants further evaluation.
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Kaur G, Smyth R, Powell C, Williamson P. A survey of facilitators and barriers to recruitment to the magnetic trial. Trials 2013. [PMCID: PMC3981515 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-s1-o60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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89
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Kaur G, Smyth R, Williamson P. A review of recruitment of children to randomised clinical trials in the NIHR clinical research network portfolio. Trials 2013. [PMCID: PMC3980252 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-s1-p84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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90
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Braunstein S, Dayal M, Tinkle C, Chang J, Kaur G, Perez-Andujar A, Chuang C, Ma L, Parsa A, Barani I. Benefit of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy (RT) in Management of Recurrent Atypical Meningioma (AM). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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91
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Nnaji M, Haneef M, Hemadri M, Kaur G, Moore P. Single visit laparoscopic cholecystectomy clinic – A feasible option. Int J Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.06.725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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92
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Nevadunsky N, Van Arsdale A, Kaur G, Frimer M, Conroy E, Einstein M, Goldberg G. Use of metformin is associated with improved endometrial cancer survival. Gynecol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.04.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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93
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Kaur G, Singh T, Malik R. Antibacterial efficacy of Nisin, Pediocin 34 and Enterocin FH99 against Listeria monocytogenes and cross resistance of its bacteriocin resistant variants to common food preservatives. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:63-71. [PMID: 24159285 PMCID: PMC3804179 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013005000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antilisterial efficiency of three bacteriocins, viz, Nisin, Pediocin 34 and Enterocin FH99 was tested individually and in combination against Listeria mononcytogenes ATCC 53135. A greater antibacterial effect was observed when the bacteriocins were combined in pairs, indicating that the use of more than one LAB bacteriocin in combination have a higher antibacterial action than when used individually. Variants of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 53135 resistant to Nisin, Pediocin 34 and Enterocin FH99 were developed. Bacteriocin cross-resistance of wild type and their corresponding resistant variants were assessed and results showed that resistance to a bacteriocin may extend to other bacteriocins within the same class. Resistance to Pediocin 34 conferred cross resistance to Enterocin FH 99 but not to Nisin. Similarly resistance to Enterocin FH99 conferred cross resistance to Pediocin 34 but not to Nisin. Also, the sensitivity of Nisin, Pediocin 34 and Enterocin FH99 resistant variants of Listeria monocytogenes to low pH, salt, sodium nitrite, and potassium sorbate was assayed in broth and compared to the parental wild-type strain. The Nisin, Pediocin 34 and Enterocin FH99 resistant variants did not have intrinsic resistance to low pH, sodium chloride, potassium sorbate, or sodium nitrite. In no case were the bacteriocin resistant Listeria monocytogenes variants examined were more resistant to inhibitors than the parental strains.
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Yadav RV, Verma RK, Kaur G, Rai SB. Change in structural morphology on addition of ZnO and its effect on fluorescence of Yb³⁺/Er³⁺ doped Y₂O₃. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 103:216-221. [PMID: 23261616 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Yb(3+)/Er(3+) codoped Y(2)O(3) phosphor and its composite with ZnO have been synthesized by combustion method. Morphology of the materials has been investigated using X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. XRD confirms the constituents as Y(2)O(3) and ZnO, with average crystallite size of 112 nm. On addition of ZnO, a small shifting in XRD pattern of Y(2)O(3) is observed. SEM pattern suggests that the average particle size lies in micro-range (0.5 μm). A dumble like structure is observed for hybrid material on annealing at 1473 K. A strong green (525, 546 nm) with weak blue (411 nm) and red (657 nm) emissions through upconversion has been observed from the phosphor on excitation with 976 nm diode laser. The observed emissions involve (2)H(9/2)→(4)I(15/2), (2)H(11/2)→(4)I(15/2), (4)S(3/2)→(4)I(15/2) and (4)F(9/2)→(4)I(15/2) electronic transitions, respectively. The upconversion process has been confirmed by power dependence measurements and its slope value was found to be 1.85, 1.72 for green and red emissions, respectively. On addition of ZnO, the intensity of these emissions is enhanced several times. The reason behind the enhancement is discussed with the help of the emitting level lifetime. An interesting dual mode property (upconversion and downconversion) to the same material has been observed on excitation with 532 nm laser source.
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Kaur G, Mital P, Dufour J. Testisimmune privilege - Assumptions versus facts. Anim Reprod 2013; 10:3-15. [PMID: 25309630 PMCID: PMC4192663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The testis has long enjoyed a reputation as an immunologically privileged site based on its ability to protect auto-antigenic germ cells and provide an optimal environment for the extended survival of transplanted allo- or xeno-grafts. Exploration of the role of anatomical, physiological, immunological and cellular components in testis immune privilege revealed that the tolerogenic environment of the testis is a result of the immunomodulatory factors expressed or secreted by testicular cells (mainly Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, Leydig cells, and resident macrophages). The blood-testis barrier/Sertoli cell barrier, is also important to seclude advanced germ cells but its requirement in testis immune privilege needs further investigation. Testicular immune privilege is not permanent, as an effective immune response can be mounted against transplanted tissue, and bacterial/viral infections in the testis can be effectively eliminated. Overall, the cellular components control the fate of the immune response and can shift the response from immunodestructive to immunoprotective, resulting in immune privilege.
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Kaur G, Hutchison I, Mehanna H, Williamson P, Shaw R, Tudur Smith C. Barriers to recruitment for surgical trials in head and neck oncology: a survey of trial investigators. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2013-002625. [PMID: 23585392 PMCID: PMC3641444 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many randomised trials in surgery suffer from recruitment rates that lag behind projected targets. We aim to identify perceived barriers to recruitment among these pioneering trials in the field of head and neck cancer surgery. DESIGN Recruiting centres to all three trials (Selective Elective Neck Dissection (SEND), Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-Neck and Hyperbaric Oxygen in the Prevention of Osteoradionecrosis (HOPON)) were contacted by email by the chief investigators. Responders were asked to complete a web-based survey in order to identify the barriers to recruitment in their centre and grade each by severity. SETTING Secondary care: 44 head and neck oncology regional referral centres. PARTICIPANTS Analysis was based on 85 responses evenly distributed between the three trials. RESULTS The most commonly identified perceived barriers to recruitment (more than 50% of responders identified the item as a barrier in all the three trials) in the order of frequency were: patients consent refusal because of expressed treatment preference, patients consent refusal owing to aversion to randomisation, excess complexity/amount of information provided to patients and lack of time in clinic to accommodate research. The most severely rated of these problems was consent refusal because of the expressed treatment preference and lack of time in the clinic. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm others' work in surgery that the most significant barrier to trial recruitment in head and neck cancer surgery is the patient's preference for one arm of the trial. It may be that additional training for those taking consent may be helpful in this regard. It is also important to adequately resource busy surgical clinics to support clinical trial recruitment.
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Kaur G, Smyth RL, Williamson P. Developing a survey of barriers and facilitators to recruitment in randomized controlled trials. Trials 2012; 13:218. [PMID: 23171513 PMCID: PMC3563446 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recruitment to randomized controlled trials is known to be challenging. It is important to understand and identify predictors of good or poor accrual to a clinical trial so that appropriate strategies can be put in place to overcome these problems and facilitate successful trial completion. We have developed a survey tool to establish the recruitment experience of clinical teams regarding facilitators and barriers to recruitment in a clinical trial and describe herein the method of developing the questionnaire. METHODS A literature search was conducted to identify studies that have explored facilitators and barriers to recruitment, and a list of potential factors affecting recruitment to a clinical trial was generated. These factors were categorized in terms relating to the (i) trial, (ii) site, (iii) patient, (iv) clinical team, (v) information and consent and (vi) study team. A list was provided for responders to grade these factors as weak, intermediate or strong facilitators or barriers to recruitment. RESULTS A web-based survey questionnaire was developed. This survey was designed to establish the recruitment experience of clinical teams with regard to the perceived facilitators and barriers to recruitment, to identify strategies applied to overcome these problems, and to obtain suggestions for change in the organization of future trials. The survey tool can be used to assess the recruitment experience of clinical teams in a single/multicenter trial in any clinical setting or speciality involving adults or children either in an ongoing trial or at trial completion. The questionnaire is short, easy to administer and to complete, with an estimated completion time of 11 minutes. CONCLUSIONS We have presented a robust methodology for developing this survey tool that provides an evidence-based list of potential factors that can affect recruitment to a clinical trial. We recommend that all clinical trialists should consider using this tool with appropriate trial-specific adaptations to monitor and improve recruitment performance in an ongoing trial or conduct the survey at trial completion to gather information on facilitators and barriers to recruitment that can form the basis of interventions and strategies to improve recruitment to future clinical trials.
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Sedlacek H, Czech J, Naik R, Kaur G, Worland P, Losiewicz M, Parker B, Carlson B, Smith A, Senderowicz A, Sausville E. Flavopiridol (L86 8275; NSC 649890), a new kinase inhibitor for tumor therapy. Int J Oncol 2012; 9:1143-68. [PMID: 21541623 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.9.6.1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavopiridol is a new synthetic flavone, structurally related to a natural alkaloid, originally purified from Dysoxylum binectariferum, a plant indigenous to India and used in Indian folk medicine. Flavopiridol was detected by a tandem screening system consisting in inhibition of the EGF-receptor Tyrosine phosphokinase and cytotoxicity. As a cytostatic mechanism, however, Flavopiridol strongly inhibits the cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk1, cdk2, cdk4, cdk7), with the potential to cause inhibition of cell cycle progression in G(1) and G(2) by multiple mechanisms relatable to cdk inhibition. In certain cell types, Flavopiridol induces apoptosis. The antitumor activity of that compound on human xenograft tumors is similar to standard cytostatic drugs and superior to them at least in prostate carcinoma. The dose limiting toxicity is diarrhea. Compared with other flavonoids or other kinase inhibitors Flavopiridol can be regarded as unique as no other compound is yet known that as specifically and potently inhibits nearly all the main cyclin dependent kinases and by that mechanisms can arrest cell cycle progression in G(1) as well as in G(2) and no other specific kinase inhibitor is known, which after i.v. or oral application reduces the growth of subcutaneous or subrenal xenografts of human tumors of different types. Initial results of a phase I study at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA, (Investigational New Drug Application no. 46211) provided some clinical and laboratory evidence for antineoplastic effect at nontoxic doses (no grade IV toxicities encountered). Thus, Flavopiridol is clearly in need of further clinical evaluation of its tumor therapeutic potential. In this review the chemical profile, tumorpharmacology (in vitro activity, inhibition of cdk's and preclinical in vivo activity), preclinical toxicology and pharmacokinetic of Flavopiridol are reviewed to provide a comprehensive source to aid further developmental efforts.
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Kumar N, Sharma G, Kaur G, Tandon N, Bhatnagar S, Mehra N. Major histocompatibility complex class I chain related gene-A microsatellite polymorphism shows secondary association with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease in North Indians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 80:356-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Blaxter M, Kumar S, Kaur G, Koutsovoulos G, Elsworth B. Genomics and transcriptomics across the diversity of the Nematoda. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:108-20. [PMID: 22044053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of biology in nematodes is reflected in the diversity of their genomes. Parasitic species in particular have evolved mechanisms to invade and outwit their hosts, and these offer opportunities for the development of control measures. Genomic analyses can reveal the molecular underpinnings of phenotypes such as parasitism and thus, initiate and support research programmes that explore the manipulation of host and parasite physiologies to achieve favourable outcomes. Wide sampling across nematode diversity allows phylogenetically informed formulation of research hypotheses, identification of core features shared by all species or important evolutionary novelties present in isolated clades. Many nematode species have been investigated through the use of the expressed sequence tag approach, which samples from the transcribed genome. Gene catalogues generated in this way can be explored to reveal the patterns of expression associated with parasitism and candidates for testing as drug targets or vaccine components. Analysis environments, such as NEMBASE facilitate exploitation of these data. The development of new high-throughput DNA-sequencing technologies has facilitated transcriptomic and genomic approaches to parasite biology. Whole genome sequencing offers more complete catalogues of genes and assists a systems approach to phenotype dissection. These efforts are being coordinated through the 959 Nematode Genomes initiative.
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