C6N10O4: Thermally Stable Nitrogen-Rich Inner Bis(diazonium) Zwitterions

Two nitrogen-rich inner bis(diazonium) salts, the 4,4'-dinitro-5,5'-diazo-2,2'-bisimidazole (2) and the 4,4'-dinitro-5,5'-diazo-3,3'-bispyrazole (4) zwitterions, are described. Compound 2 was synthesized unexpectedly from the nitration of 4,4'-dinitro-5,5'-diamino-1H,1'H-2,2'-bisimidazole (1) in a mixture of trifluoroacetic anhydride and 100% nitric acid. Both 2 and 4 show good thermal stability, especially 2 has a decomposition temperature of 199 °C, which is the highest one in any of the reported hydrogen-free nitrogen-rich diazonium salts.

Versatile functionalization of 3,5-diamino-4-nitropyrazole for promising insensitive energetic compounds

Variation of functional groups offers an efficient approach for tuning properties of materials such as thermal stability, and detonation performance while improving sensitivities to mechanical stimuli. Now versatile functionalization of 3,5-diamino-4-nitropyrazole involving the introduction of a tetrazole ring, or a guanyl group, or ring expansion is described. All of the compounds were fully characterized and some of them (2, 9 and 13) were verified by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Based on their good thermal stabilities and high detonation performance as well as insensitive properties, they are potentially insensitive energetic compounds.

Synthesis and Characterization of the Selective, Reversible PKCβ Inhibitor (9 S)-9-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-6,7,10,11-tetrahydro-9 H,18 H-5,21:12,17-dimethenodibenzo[ e,k]pyrrolo[3,4- h][1,4,13]oxadiazacyclohexadecine-18,20(19 H)-dione, Ruboxistaurin (LY333531)

The demonstrated role of PKC_β in  mediating amphetamine-stimulated dopamine efflux, which regulates amphetamine-induced dopamine transporter trafficking and activity, has promoted the research use of the selective, reversible PKC_β inhibitor (9 S)-9-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-6,7,10,11-tetrahydro-9 H,18 H-5,21:12,17-dimethenodibenzo[ e,k]pyrrolo[3,4- h][1,4,13]oxadiazacyclohexadecine-18,20(19 H)-dione, ruboxistaurin. Despite the interest in development of ruboxistaurin as the mesylate monohydrate (Arxxant) for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, and nephoropathy, several crucial details in physicochemical characterization were erroneous or missing. This report describes the synthesis and full characterization of ruboxistaurin free base (as a monohydrate), including X-ray crystallography to confirm the absolute configuration, and of the mesylate salt, isolated as a hydrate containing 1.5 mol of water per mole.

Energetic furazan-triazole hybrid with dinitromethyl and nitramino groups: decreasing sensitivity via the formation of a planar anion

Enlarging the skeleton containing two heterocyclic five-membered rings can decrease sensitivity in comparison with most highly nitro-functionalized mono nitrogen-rich rings.

Tetrazolyl and dinitromethyl groups with 1,2,3-triazole lead to polyazole energetic materials

A class of polyazole energetic compounds (combination of tetrazolyl, dinitromethyl and triazole) was obtained from 4,5-dicyanotriazole.

Polycyclic N-oxides: high performing, low sensitivity energetic materials

Polycyclic N-oxides were developed based on the heterocycles 1,2,4,5-tetrazine and 4H,8H-difurazano[3,4-b:3′,4′-e]pyrazine.

Fused rings with N-oxide and –NH2: good combination for high density and low sensitivity energetic materials

Energetic materials with N-oxide and amino groups suggest a promising alternative for the design of high-energy materials with low sensitivity.

A C-C bonded 5,6-fused bicyclic energetic molecule: exploring an advanced energetic compound with improved performance

A C-C bonded amino-nitro pyrazole (7) and its ring-expansion product (9) have been synthesized and characterized. The synthetic route to 9 proceeds in several steps from the commercial substrate diethyl oxalate and acetone. The process was found to be straightforward, practical and easily scalable. Both of these structures were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 9 with a high density (1.85 g cm-3) at room temperature, excellent thermal stability (Td: 315 °C), good detonation performance and low sensitivity to impact and friction has potential as a high-temperature energetic material.

Control of Biohazards: A High Performance Energetic Polycyclized Iodine-Containing Biocide

Biohazards and chemical hazards as well as radioactive hazards have always been a threat to human health. The search for solutions to these problems is an ongoing worldwide effort. In order to control biohazards by chemical methods, a synthetically useful fused tricyclic iodine-rich compound, 2,6-diiodo-3,5-dinitro-4,9-dihydrodipyrazolo [1,5- a:5',1'- d][1,3,5]triazine (5), with good detonation performance was synthesized, characterized, and its properties determined. This compound which acts as an agent defeat weapon has been shown to destroy certain microorganisms effectively by releasing iodine after undergoing decomposition or combustion. The small iodine residues remaining will not be deleterious to human life after 1 month.

Total Synthesis of Sarpagine-Related Bioactive Indole Alkaloids

Extension of the asymmetric Pictet-Spengler reaction to bulkier N_b -alkylated tryptophan derivatives resulted in an improved stereospecific access to the key bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane core of bioactive C-19 methyl substituted sarpagine/macroline/ajmaline indole alkaloids with excellent diastereoselectivity by internal asymmetric induction. Complete stereocontrol of the C-19 methyl function in either the α- or β-configuration was achieved, which enables the total synthesis of any member from this group of thirty alkaloids. We report herein, the total synthesis of macrocarpines (A-C) 1-3, talcarpine 4, N(4)-methyl-N(4),21-secotalpinine 5, dihydroperaksine 8 and deoxyperaksine 9.

N,N′-Methylenebis(N-(1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)nitramide) derivatives as metal-free green primary explosives

Metal-free green primary explosives with excellent detonation properties and acceptable sensitivities were synthesized and fully characterized.

Improving the density and properties of nitrogen-rich scaffolds by the introduction of a C–NO2 group

5,5′-(Nitromethylene)bis(1H-tetrazole) and 5,5′-(2-(nitromethyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyl)bis(1H-tetrazole) were synthesized by introducing a C–NO₂ group to increase the density and detonation performance.

Asymmetric nitrogen-rich energetic materials resulting from the combination of tetrazolyl, dinitromethyl and (1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)nitroamino groups with furoxan

Three classes of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds were obtained from 3,4-dicyano-furoxan.

A Stable Heroin Analogue That Can Serve as a Vaccine Hapten to Induce Antibodies That Block the Effects of Heroin and Its Metabolites in Rodents and That Cross-React Immunologically with Related Drugs of Abuse

An improved synthesis of a haptenic heroin surrogate 1 (6-AmHap) is reported. The intermediate needed for the preparation of 1 was described in the route in the synthesis of 2 (DiAmHap). A scalable procedure was developed to install the C-3 amido group. Using the Boc protectng group in 18 allowed preparation of 1 in an overall yield of 53% from 4 and eliminated the necessity of preparing the diamide 13. Hapten 1 was conjugated to tetanus toxoid and mixed with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant. The 1 vaccine induced high anti-1 IgG levels that reduced heroin-induced antinociception and locomotive behavioral changes following repeated subcutaneous and intravenous heroin challenges in mice and rats. Vaccinated mice had reduced heroin-induced hyperlocomotion following a 50 mg/kg heroin challenge. The 1 vaccine-induced antibodies bound to heroin and other abused opioids, including hydrocodone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and codeine.