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Fu Q, Xie Y, Long G, Niu D, Song H. Dynamic mechanical thermo-analysis of cement and asphalt mortar. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wilfert L, Long G, Leggett HC, Schmid-Hempel P, Butlin R, Martin SJM, Boots M. Deformed wing virus is a recent global epidemic in honeybees driven by Varroa mites. Science 2016; 351:594-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac9976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kong B, Saunders C, Liniker E, Ramanujam S, Guminski A, Scolyer R, Kefford R, Menzies A, Long G, Carlino M. 3304 Metabolic activity in metastatic melanoma after long-term treatment with anti-PD-1 antibodies. Eur J Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)31823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jackson D, Atkin K, Bettenay F, Clark J, Ditchfield MR, Grimm JE, Linke R, Long G, Onikul E, Pereira J, Phillips M, Wilson F, Paul E, Goergen SK. Paediatric CT dose: a multicentre audit of subspecialty practice in Australia and New Zealand. Eur Radiol 2015; 25:3109-22. [PMID: 26037714 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-3727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate paediatric CT dosimetry in Australia and New Zealand and calculate size-specific dose estimates (SSDEs) for chest and abdominal examinations. METHODS Eight hospitals provided data from 12 CT systems for 1462 CTs in children aged 0-15. Imaging data were recorded for eight examinations: head (trauma, shunt), temporal bone, paranasal sinuses, chest (mass) and chest HRCT (high-resolution CT), and abdomen/pelvis (mass/inflammation). Dose data for cranial examinations were categorised by age and SSDEs by lateral dimension. Diagnostic reference ranges (DRRs) were defined by the 25th and 75th percentiles. Centralised image quality assessment was not undertaken. RESULTS DRRs for 201 abdominopelvic SSDEs were: 2.8-4.7, 3.6-11.5, 8.5-15.0, 7.6-15, and 10.6-16.2 for the <15 cm, 15-19 cm, 20-24 cm, 25-29 cm and >30 cm groups, respectively. For 147 chest examinations using these body width categories, SSDE DRRs were 2.0-4.4, 3.3-7.9, 4.0-9.4, 4.5-12, and 6.5-12. Kilovoltage peak (kVp), but not AEC or IR, was associated with SSDE (parameter estimate [standard error]: 0.12 (0.03); p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Australian and New Zealand paediatric CT DRRs and abdominal SSDEs are comparable to international data. SSDEs for chest examinations are proposed. Dose variations could be reduced by adjusting kVp. KEY POINTS • SSDEs can be calculated for all patients, CT systems, and practices • Kilovoltage peak (kVp) has the greatest association with dose in similar-sized patients • Paediatric DRRs for CT are now available for use internationally.
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Sun H, Tan C, Wei H, Zou Y, Long G, Ao J, Xue H, Jiang S, Peng J. Effects of different amounts of konjac flour inclusion in gestation diets on physio-chemical properties of diets, postprandial satiety in pregnant sows, lactation feed intake of sows and piglet performance. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 152:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Daley AJ, Foster L, Long G, Palmer C, Robinson O, Walmsley H, Ward R. The effectiveness of exercise for the prevention and treatment of antenatal depression: systematic review with meta-analysis. BJOG 2014; 122:57-62. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lunt H, White D, Long G, Tipton M. Wearing a crotch strap on a correctly fitted lifejacket improves lifejacket performance. ERGONOMICS 2014; 57:1256-1264. [PMID: 24784155 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.914579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearing a lifejacket when immersed in water should support the wearer, maintaining their airway clear of the water. It is proposed that a retention system would improve airway protection by improving retention of the lifejacket around the torso. Study one (n = 10) quantified the performance of lifejackets immediately following a step into water from height when a lifejacket was worn with a crotch strap (two different tightness) and without a crotch strap. Airway freeboard was improved when wearing a crotch strap (P < 0.05) compared with no crotch strap. Study two used a manikin to examine the performance of lifejackets with and without a crotch strap during 3-h exposures to waves. During exposure to waves, the time taken to aspirate the lethal dose of seawater for drowning was doubled when wearing a crotch strap compared with the no-crotch-strap conditions (P < 0.001). Therefore, wearing a crotch strap (functioning retention system) on a correctly fitted lifejacket improves airway protection following accidental immersion and prolonged wave exposure.
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Long G, Bakos G, Shires PK, Gritter L, Crissman JW, Harris JL, Clymer JW. Histological and finite element analysis of cell death due to irreversible electroporation. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2013; 13:561-9. [PMID: 24000980 PMCID: PMC4527427 DOI: 10.7785/tcrtexpress.2013.600253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been shown to be an effective method of killing cells locally. In contrast to radiofrequency ablation, the mechanism by which cells are thought to die via IRE is the creation of pores in cell membranes, without substantial increase in tissue temperature. To determine the degree to which cell death is non-thermal, we evaluated IRE in porcine hepatocytes in vivo. Using pulse widths of 10μs, bursts of 3 kV square-wave pulses were applied through a custom probe to the liver of an anesthetized pig. Affected tissue was evaluated histologically via stainings of hematoxylin & eosin (H&E), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to monitor cell respiration and TUNEL to gauge apoptosis. Temperature was measured during the application of electroporation, and heat transfer was modeled via finite element analysis. Cell death was calculated via Arrhenius kinetics. Four distinct zones were observed within the ring return electrode; heat-fixed tissue, coagulation, necrotic, and viable. The Arrhenius damage integral estimated complete cell death only in the first zone, where the temperature exceeded 70°C, and partial or no cell death in the other zones, where maximum temperature was approximately 45°C. Except for a limited area near the electrode tip, cell death in IRE is predominantly due to a non-thermal mechanism.
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Anderson C, Assyia D, Bannerman K, Fehr A, Hermanson J, Hron N, Hsu J, Larson N, Long G, Long J, Mann D, McLean R, Menon V, Mohar G, Moret F, Nguyen V, O'Leary K, Pedersen K, Pohl R, Reynolds H, Rice A, Rodriguez T, Rottinghaus A, Schaefer T, Scott T, Strombom K, Vollick J, Wehemyer G, Whitcomb B, Taghizadeh A, Whalen J, Kessler E. Cholera toxin: Vibrio cholera's dehydration machine. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.lb270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gutta N, Maybody M, Ezell P, Monette S, Ryan R, Erinjeri J, Long G, Solomon S. Abstract No. 127: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) of nerves: acute, subacute and chronic pathological effects with clinical implications. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2011.12.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Horwitz M, Chao N, Rizzieri D, Long G, Sullivan K, Gasparetto C, Chute J, Morris A, McDonald C, Snyder D, Galamidi E, Srur-Kidron O, Shoham H, Landau E, Friend E, Kurtzberg J, Peled T. NiCord® Expanded Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells (HPC) Are Capable of Prolonged Myeloid and Lymphoid Engraftment Following Myeloablative Dual Umbilical Cord Blood (UCB) Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.12.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wang G, Long G, Ling B, Wei C, Chen H, Wu L, Yin T, Tang C. 742 INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF SAPPAN LIGNUM EXTRACT ON VASCULAR RESTENOSIS IN THE RAT CAROTID ARTERY BALLOON INJURY MODEL. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(11)70743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Horwitz M, Khan T, Long G, Gasparetto C, Sullivan K, Chute J, Rizzieri D, Drago S, Chao N. Plerixafor Given “Just In Time” For Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Mobilization Of Patients With Suboptimal Response To G-CSF. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Doan P, Gasparetto C, Chute J, Horwitz M, Rizzieri D, Sullivan K, Edwards J, Jacobson R, Corbet K, Chao N, Long G. Long Term Survival Following High Dose Sequential Chemotherapy With Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Rescue For Multiple Myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Messmer P, Long G, Suhm N, Regazzoni P, Jacob AL. Volumetric Model Determination of the Tibia Based on 2D Radiographs Using a 2D/3D Database. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/10929080109146082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kelsey C, Chino J, Craciunescu O, Steffey B, Rizzieri D, Horwitz M, Long G, Chao N, Marks L. Severe Pulmonary Toxicity after Myeloablative Conditioning using Total Body Irradiation: An Assessment of Possible Predictive Factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Long G, McHan J, Masih SZ, Masih MK, Jacob KC. The Determination of Phendimetrazine and Phenmetrazine in Biological Fluids and in Dosage Forms. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048209022098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Spasojevic I, Morris A, Long G, Gasparetto C, Sullivan K, Chute J, Telen M, Chao N, Rizzieri D, Horwitz M. 244: Fludarabine-based non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation in a patient with sickle cell disease and renal failure. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.12.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fritscher-Ravens A, Fox S, Swain CP, Milla P, Long G. CathCam guide wire-directed colonoscopy: first pilot study in patients with a previous incomplete colonoscopy. Endoscopy 2006; 38:209-13. [PMID: 16528644 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-925138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Conventional colonoscopy as the gold standard for large-bowel diagnostics and therapy may fail in 5 %-20 % of cases, depending on the experience of the examiner. Colonoscopy is regarded as difficult and painful by many patients. In an attempt to overcome the limitations of conventional colonoscopes, a guide wire-directed, thin, flexible diagnostic colonoscope, the CathCam was developed. In this prospective pilot study, we report its use in patients in whom conventional colonoscopy had failed. PATIENTS AND METHODS 49 patients with a previous or current failure of complete colonoscopy were invited to participate in a trial using the new CathCam system, and 14 (nine men; mean age 59 years) accepted. The CathCam is an 11-mm diameter disposable, multilumen catheter, with visualization by a 3-mm camera with six light-emitting diodes. In the first five patients, the CathCam was inserted over a newly developed 0.024-inch, hinged, lumen-seeking guide wire. Subsequently, a modified combined approach was used: a conventional colonoscope was introduced into the sigmoid or left colon, then the guide wire was advanced as far as possible, followed by CathCam insertion over it. Caecal intubation rate, insertion times and patient discomfort were recorded; patients received low-dose midazolam sedation (2-5 mg). RESULTS One patient was excluded during colonoscopy. The caecum could be eventually reached in 12 of 13 patients; in the remaining patient a significant sigmoid stricture could be passed, but further advancement appeared too risky. The mean caecal intubation time was 24 minutes (range 3-105 min). Only two patients experienced pain and discomfort during the procedure (one immediate assessment and one case reported at later telephone interview). No complications occurred, and previously undiagnosed important findings were obtained in 9 cases. CONCLUSIONS A combined approach, consisting of guide wire insertion via a partially introduced colonoscope followed by CathCam or colonoscope insertion into the caecum was successful in over 90 % of patients with previous failure of complete colonoscopy. Further improvements may make this system suitable for use as a standard diagnostic colonoscope, either as a single unit (CathCam plus guide wire) or using the guide wire alone with a standard colonoscope in difficult cases.
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Lee NNA, Long G, Ngai S, Sahrir S, Parker A, Lamont AC. Right internal carotid pseudoaneurysm mimicking a retropharyngeal abscess in a child. THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF MALAYSIA 2004; 59:685-7. [PMID: 15889576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A 7-year-old girl with tonsillar infection with antibiotics. Two weeks later, there was a right sided neck lump. Computed tomography scans demonstrated a predominantly hypodense right retropharyngeal area with peripheral enhancement and mass effect. There was intense enhancement within the postero-superior aspect of the lesion which was continuous with the right internal carotid artery. Ultrasound demonstrated tapering of the right internal carotid artery. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance arteriography showed a right internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm. Surgical exploration confirmed the finding. This case highlights an unusual presentation of an internal carotid pseudoaneurysm and how imaging provided the diagnosis.
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Summersell PC, Turnbull A, Long G, Diwan A, Macdessi S, Cooke PJ, Li GS. Temperature trends in total hip arthroplasty: a retrospective study. J Arthroplasty 2003; 18:426-9. [PMID: 12820083 DOI: 10.1016/s0883-5403(03)00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to define the temporal trend in body temperature of patients during the first 5 days after total hip arthroplasty (THA). The medical records of 98 consecutive THAs were reviewed, 88 clinically uncomplicated cases were included. The average maximum temperature reached during the study period was 38.08 degrees C, a 3.7% (P< or =.01) increase from the preoperative base line of 36.64 degrees C. In this study, 62.5% of patients reached a temperature > or =38.0 degrees C; 19.3% > or = 38.5 degrees C; and 3.4% > or = 39.0 degrees C. No patients had a preoperative temperature of > or =38 degrees C recorded. On the first postoperative day, 39 patients had a temperature > or =38 degrees C. The number of febrile patients progressively decreased until by the fifth postoperative day, only 5 patients had a temperature > or =38 degrees C recorded.
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Meek ME, Beauchamp R, Long G, Moir D, Turner L, Walker M. Chloroform: exposure estimation, hazard characterization, and exposure-response analysis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2002; 5:283-334. [PMID: 12162870 DOI: 10.1080/10937400290070080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chloroform has been assessed as a Priority Substance under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. The general population in Canada is exposed to chloroform principally through inhalation of indoor air, particularly during showering, and through ingestion of tap water. Data on concentrations of chloroform in various media were sufficient to serve as the basis for development of deterministic and probabilistic estimates of exposure for the general population in Canada. On the basis of data acquired principally in studies in experimental animals, chloroform causes hepatic and renal tumors in mice and renal tumors in rats. The weight of evidence indicates that chloroform is likely carcinogenic only at concentrations that induce the obligatory precursor lesions of cytotoxicity and proliferative regenerative response. Since this cytotoxicity is primarily related to rates of formation of reactive, oxidative metabolites, dose response has been characterized in the context of rates of formation of reactive metabolites in the target tissue. Results presented here are from a "hybrid" physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) animal model that was revised to permit its extension to humans. The relevant measure of exposure response, namely, the mean rate of metabolism in humans associated with a 5% increase in tumor risk (TC05), was estimated on the basis of this PBPK model and compared with tissue dose measures resulting from 24-h multimedia exposure scenarios for Canadians based on midpoint and 95th percentiles for concentrations in outdoor air, indoor air, air in the shower compartment, air in the bathroom after showering, tap water, and food. Nonneoplastic effects observed most consistently at lowest concentrations or doses following repeated exposures of rats and mice to chloroform are cytotoxicity and regenerative proliferation. As for cancer, target organs are the liver and kidney. In addition, chloroform has induced nasal lesions in rats and mice exposed by both inhalation and ingestion at lowest concentrations or doses. The mean rate of metabolism associated with a 5% increase in fatty cysts estimated on the basis of the PBPK model was compared with tissue dose measures resulting from the scenarios already described, and lowest concentrations reported to induce cellular proliferation in the nasal cavities of rats and mice were compared directly with midpoint and 95th percentile estimates of concentrations of chloroform in indoor air in Canada. The degree of confidence in the underlying database and uncertainties in estimates of exposure and in characterization of hazard and dose response are delineated.
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Messmer P, Long G, Suhm N, Regazzoni P, Jacob AL. Volumetric model determination of the tibia based on 2D radiographs using a 2D/3D database. COMPUTER AIDED SURGERY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR COMPUTER AIDED SURGERY 2002; 6:183-94. [PMID: 11835613 DOI: 10.1002/igs.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present a new concept with mathematical background for the construction of a three-dimensional (3D) volumetric model of the human tibia based on two conventional orthogonal two-dimensional (2D) radiographic images. This approach is supported by a computer database containing a collection of 80 2D/3D image data sets of individual cadaveric tibiae. For each of these tibiae, the database contains digitized 2D orthogonal radiographic images in both anterior and lateral views, and the corresponding 3D CT data obtained by computerized tomography. To obtain a 3D model of a tibia for a given patient, shape matching is performed. The computer finds the most similar tibia to the patient's tibia among the 2D radiographic images in the database by applying a matching process. To improve accuracy, a 2D image warping procedure can be applied on the slices of the selected bone prior to 3D reconstruction. The warping process is controlled by the contour data of the two orthogonal views. We found that the 3D model thus achieved was useful for virtual preoperative planning and for simulation of the internal fixation of long bones.
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Long G, Zhu C, Liu J. [The significance of nucleotide repeat sequences in FVIII gene for detecting hemophilia A carriers]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2001; 22:511-3. [PMID: 11769673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the carriers in hemophilia A(HA) families by haplotype analysis of the microsatellite polymorphisms at intron 13 [13(CA)n] and 22[22(GT)n(AG)n] in the factor VIII (FVIII) gene. METHOD Multi-PCR amplification of 13(CA)n and 22(GT)n(AG)n combined with silver staining were used. RESULTS In 35 HA families, 11 had HA history. There were 21 female members in the 11 HA families and all of them were subjected to molecular study. Fourteen of the 21 females were confirmed to be carriers and approximately 72.7%(8 of 11) of these families were informative. CONCLUSIONS Besides the reliable detection of HA carriers, multi-PCR combined with silver staining in HA analysis has the advantages of time saving, simplicity for performing and no radiation contamination.
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Fernandez-Lopez S, Kim HS, Choi EC, Delgado M, Granja JR, Khasanov A, Kraehenbuehl K, Long G, Weinberger DA, Wilcoxen KM, Ghadiri MR. Antibacterial agents based on the cyclic D,L-alpha-peptide architecture. Nature 2001; 412:452-5. [PMID: 11473322 DOI: 10.1038/35086601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 802] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of bacterial infections that are resistant to many drugs underscores the need for new therapeutic agents. Here we report that six- and eight-residue cyclic d,l-alpha-peptides act preferentially on Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacterial membranes compared to mammalian cells, increase membrane permeability, collapse transmembrane ion potentials, and cause rapid cell death. The effectiveness of this class of materials as selective antibacterial agents is highlighted by the high efficacy observed against lethal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice. Cyclic d,l-alpha-peptides are proteolytically stable, easy to synthesize, and can be derived from a potentially vast membrane-active sequence space. The unique abiotic structure of the cyclic peptides and their quick bactericidal action may also contribute to limit temporal acquirement of drug resistant bacteria. The low molecular weight d,l-alpha-peptides offer an attractive complement to the current arsenal of naturally derived antibiotics, and hold considerable potential in combating a variety of existing and emerging infectious diseases.
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