The serum endothelin-1 level in steatosis and NASH, and its relation with severity of liver fibrosis

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is known to play an important role in hepatic fibrosis. ET-1 is also a mediator that is elevated in conditions such as insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and endothelial cell dysfunction. In this study, we investigated whether ET-1 has a role in determining the severity of liver fibrosis in NASH. Also, the relation between ALT levels, obesity, diabetes, and AST/ALT ratio and fibrosis and ET-1 level was sought. A total of 92 patients were enrolled in the study. The patients were categorized into three groups: group 1, patients with elevated transaminase levels who were diagnosed as NASH by liver biopsy (n=40); group II, patients with only hepatosteatosis determined by biopsy but having elevated transaminase levels (n=12); and group III, patients with hepatosteatosis observed by ultrasonography, having normal transaminase levels (n=40). The serum ET-1 level was measured by an appropriate ELISA kit for all patients. Mean serum ET-1 level was statistically significantly higher in the NASH group compared to the other two groups (15.56+/-4.63 vs 6.75+/-2.46 and 5.74+/-2.34 micromol/L; P < 0.01). Mean serum ET-1 levels in NASH patients with grade I, grade II, and grade IV fibrosis were 14.06+/-0.92, 17.70+/-2.32, and 20.40+/-1.40 micromol/L, respectively. None of the patients were identified as grade III fibrosis. It was found that the serum ET-1 level showed a statistically significant increase as fibrosis severity increased in NASH patients (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the serum ET-1 level is higher in NASH patients compared to patients having only steatosis. There appears to be a correlation between severity of fibrosis and serum ET-1 level in NASH patients. It has been found that NASH patients having a twofold increase in their ALT levels had higher ET-1 levels and a more severe grade of fibrosis.

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and assessment of microvascular density with CD 34 and endoglin in proliferative endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma

The aim of this study was to compare vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD 34, and endoglin expressions as markers of angiogenesis in proliferative endometrium (PE), endometrial hyperplasia (EH), and endometrial carcinoma (EC) and to find the possible impact of angiogenesis on malign transformation. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 12 patients with PE, 23 patients with simple EH and complex EH with atypia, and 31 patients with EC were included. A semiquantitative scoring system was used to assess the intensity and degree of staining of VEGF. Microvessel density (MVD) was assessed with endoglin and anti-CD 34 in most vascular areas. VEGF expression was significantly higher in EC and EH than PE, but there was no difference between EC and EH. According to CD 34 staining, there were no differences in MVD between groups. However, mean MVD counts assessed by endoglin were significantly higher in EC than PE and EH. Although VEGF expression in EC was significantly higher, it did not correlate with other measures of angiogenesis. MVD using endoglin seemed to reflect neoplastic angiogenesis better than CD 34

Effects of vitamin E treatment on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-? expression and insulin resistance in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study

BACKGROUND

Insulin resistance (IR) is commonly associated with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) may also play a role in the pathogenesis of NASH. A pivotal role in NASH pathogenesis depends on the hypothesis of increased oxidative stress. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of supplemental oral vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, on liver functions, PPAR-alpha expression and IR in patients with NASH.

METHODS

Nine patients with biopsy-proven NASH were given oral vitamin E 800 mg daily for 24 weeks. Liver functions, lipid parameters, IR index with homeostatic metabolic assessment and liver histology and PPAR-alpha staining index in biopsy specimens were detected before and after the treatment.

RESULTS

Seven patients (78%) had IR initially. After 6 months of therapy in nine patients, fasting insulin improved (P = 0.01), but serum cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose levels and body mass index remained unchanged. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels decreased (P = 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). IR index with homeostatic metabolic assessment resistance improved (P = 0.01), but PPAR-alpha staining index did not change (P = 0.37). Although the histological grade of steatosis decreased (P = 0.01), necroinflammation and fibrosis remained unchanged. In seven patients with IR, however, necroinflammation and PPAR-alpha staining index were improved (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

Vitamin E treatment, in addition to its previously shown beneficial effect by suppressing oxidative stress, may also achieve improvement by reducing IR and PPAR-alpha expression in NASH.

Relation between Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Clinicopathologic Parameters with Patient Prognosis in Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the correlation between cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression and clinicopathologic findings with the effect of these variables on prognosis of bladder cancer.

METHODS

Cox-2 expression was examined immunohistochemically in paraffin blocks of 99 patients. Correlations between Cox-2 expression and variables like cancer stage and grade, number of mitoses, angiolymphatic invasion, number and size of the lesions were determined.

RESULTS

Cox-2 expression was detected in 52 (52.5%) patients. Univariate regression analysis between Cox-2 expression and clinicopathologic findings showed a significant correlation only in the pathologic stage of the patients (p = 0.048) (OR =2.64, CI = 0.97-7.81). Multivariate regression analysis in stage T1 revealed an increasing number of mitoses as an independent prognostic factor for recurrence (p = 0.002) (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.16-1.92) and progression (p = 0.030) (OR = 8.23, CI = 1.22-55.27) although a prognostic factor was not found for progression in stage T2.

CONCLUSION

Univariate analysis showed that only the pathologic stage correlated significantly with Cox-2 expression. Cox-2 expression revealed a significant relation with patient prognosis in stage T2 but not in stage T1. These results support the fact that Cox-2 inhibitors may play a role in progression of invasive bladder tumors.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Correlation with histology and viral hepatitis

OBJECTIVE

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involves a heterogeneous group of diseases that places some patients at risk of progression to cirrhosis. In this study, our aim was to investigate the relationships between the histopathological features of NAFLD, hepatic stellate cell activation, and capillarization to find a marker related to fibrosis, for NAFLD.

METHODS

We studied liver biopsies from 62 patients with NAFLD, 21 patients with hepatitis B, and 19 patients with hepatitis C from the archives of the Department of Pathology, Gazi University Medical School, between 1997 and 2004. We performed immunoperoxidase stains for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and CD31 to identify activated hepatic stellate cells and capillarization. We investigated the relationships between histopathological features and both alpha-SMA and CD31 expressions.

RESULTS

Most NAFLD cases were in low grades and stages. We found a relationship between both necroinflammatory grade and ballooning degeneration, and fibrosis. Pure steatosis did not relate to fibrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CD31 expression was significantly higher than alpha-SMA expression in all groups. We determined a correlation between the fibrotic stage and CD31 expression, but not with alpha-SMA expression. In NAFLD cases, we detected the highest staining scores of CD31 in zone 3, while the portal/septal area was the dominant zone for control groups. There was no significant zone for alpha-SMA expression.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that we can use CD31, rather than alpha-SMA, as a marker of endothelial damage and sinusoidal capillary transformation, both of which might precede fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases, particularly in NAFLD.

Evaluation of the effect of transplant-related factors and tissue injury on donor-derived hepatocyte and gastrointestinal epithelial cell repopulation following hematopoietic cell transplantation

The aim of this study was to detect donor-derived hepatocytes and gastrointestinal epithelial cells in recipients of sex-mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants, and to assess the effect of tissue injury on the extent of the repopulation. A total of 29 paraffin-embedded biopsy samples were reviewed. Double labeling by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed. Eighty-nine percent of sex-mismatched samples with histologic evidence of injury demonstrated the presence of donor-derived hepatocytes and gastrointestinal epithelial cells (mean 2.4%). None of the hepatocytes and gastrointestinal epithelial cells in samples obtained from female recipients with female donors showed a Y chromosome signal. The proportion of donor-derived hepatocyte and gastrointestinal epithelial cells in samples with severe graft-versus-host disease was greater than that of samples with mild/moderate graft-versus-host disease (P = 0.09). No relationship between the source of stem cells and the population rate was detected (P > 0.05). We conclude that some recipient hepatocytes and gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells are replaced by donor-derived cells during tissue injury. The severity of tissue injury seems to influence on the extent of this repopulation.

Fibrinogen storage disease without hypofibrinogenemia associated with estrogen therapy

BACKGROUND

Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies within hepatocytes may have different etiologies, including the Endoplasmic Reticulum Storage Diseases (ERSDs). ERSD is a pathological condition characterized by abnormal accumulation of proteins destined for secretion in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes; it may be congenital (primary) or acquired (secondary). Fibrinogen storage disease is a form of ERSD.

CASE PRESENTATION

We present a case of fibrinogen storage disease secondary to estrogen replacement therapy. Its causal relationship to the drug is shown by histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of paired liver biopsies obtained during and after the drug therapy.

CONCLUSION

The liver biopsies of patients with idiopathic liver enzyme abnormalities should be carefully evaluated for cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and, although rare, fibrinogen deposits.

Ameloblastic carcinoma containing melanocyte and melanin pigment in the mandible: a case report and review of the literature

A case of ameloblastic carcinoma containing melanocyte and melanin in a 66-year-old male with swelling and an ulcerating firm mass in the left submandibular region is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy. The current histopathological diagnosis and management are discussed.

Polymyositis and hepatitis concurrent with breast cancer

OBJECTIVE

To present a rare case of breast cancer associated with both inflammatory muscle disease and liver disease as a paraneoplastic syndrome.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION

A woman with breast cancer presented with elevated liver enzymes and progressive proximal muscle weakness. Liver biopsy was consistent with hepatitis and muscle biopsy revealed myositis. The start of corticosteroid therapy was followed by relief of the myopathic symptoms and regression of hepatitis histopathologically.

CONCLUSION

A case of polymyositis and hepatitis associated with breast cancer and their flare-up with recurrence of malignancy is presented. In this case, the temporal relation with malignancy following its concurrent remission and relapse suggests a paraneoplastic mechanism.

Expression of transforming growth factor beta1 in bronchial biopsies in asthma and COPD

The role of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF beta1) in airway remodeling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been fully described. To evaluate the possible pathogenetic role of TGF beta1 in asthma and COPD, immunohistochemical expression of TGF beta1 was described in bronchial biopsies from patients with asthma and COPD compared with healthy individuals. Twelve subjects with asthma, 13 subjects with COPD, and 10 healthy individuals enrolled in the study. Bronchial biopsies were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and anti-TGF beta1 antibody. As a result, immunoreactive TGF beta1 was mainly localized in association with connective tissue in all groups. The staining intensity was not statistically different among the groups in bronchial epithelium, whereas it was significantly higher in the group of asthma in the submucosa. Because there is evidence showing a significant increase of staining intensity in the submucosa from asthmatics but not from subjects with COPD, we may conclude that TGF beta1 may play a significant role in pathogenesis of asthma but not in COPD.

Angiogenesis, p53, and bcl-2 expression as prognostic indicators in endometrial cancer: comparison with traditional clinicopathologic variables

We investigated the relation of expression of tumor-suppressor gene product p53, apoptosis-regulator gene product bcl-2, and CD34 (as a measure of microvessel density [MVD]) with traditional clinicopathologic prognostic variables in endometrial carcinoma (histologic type, grade, depth of myometrial invasion, angiolymphatic invasion, lymph node involvement). In specimens from 63 patients with endometrial carcinoma, the mean MVD (64.38+/-28.71 microvessels per 200x field) was not related to any clinicopathologic variables. Nuclear p53 expression was detected in 15 (23.8%) patients and was higher in nonendometrioid carcinomas (p<0.05) and in tumors with increasing histologic grade (p<0.001). Cytoplasmic bcl-2 staining was seen in 79.3% of the tumors. There was a negative correlation between bcl-2 expression and histologic type and tumor grade (p<0.05). In survival analysis, patient age, FIGO stage, high expression of p53, low expression of bcl-2, and high and intermediate MVD values were found to be the most significant prognostic indicators of survival (p<0.05). In multivariate regression analysis, FIGO stage and low bcl-2 expression were found to be the only independent indicators of prognosis (p<0.05).

Clinical approach to graft hepatic artery thrombosis following living related liver transplantation

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) has an occurrence rate of 1.7-26% following living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and is one of the most common reasons for graft loss and mortality in this population. There is a higher incidence of HAT in pediatric recipients. The aim of this case report is to discuss clinical approaches for the treatment of HAT occurring in the early post-operative period after LDLT. An 11-month-old, 7.8-kg female with cirrhosis secondary to biliary atresia underwent LDLT at Gazi University Hospital in Ankara. The graft was a left lateral segment from her father with a left hepatic artery (HA) of 2 mm diameter and a graft weight/recipient body weight ratio of 2.0%. After an uneventful early post-operative period, HAT was diagnosed by Doppler ultrasonography (USG) on the fifth post-operative day. Following angiographic evaluation, immediate exploration and reanastomosis was performed using an operation microscope. Post-operatively, the HA was patented by Doppler USG and graft function returned to normal. Now, 42 months later, the patient continues to do well with normal graft function, using a regimen of tacrolimus monotherapy for immunosuppression. In countries which have very limited resources for urgent re-transplantation, given their serious donor shortage, graft salvage may be the only option for patient survival when HAT occurs. In these circumstances, early diagnosis and immediate revascularization may be the only method for graft salvage. A daily routine of Doppler USG examination in the early post-operative period may provide a method for the early diagnosis of HAT, before liver enzymes are elevated and hepatic necrosis has begun.

The protective effect of taurine pretreatment on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage--a light and electron microscopic study

The results regarding taurine pretreatment on CCl(4)-induced hepatic injury are controversial. To assess the therapeutic efficacy of taurine on rat liver injury, hepatic malondialdehyde, glutathione, and hydroxyproline levels together with morphologic alterations in the liver following CCl(4) administration were investigated. The rats were divided into three groups. Taurine-treated animals received 15 ml/kg/day of a 5% taurine solution by a gastric tube for 5 days before administering CCl(4) (2 ml/kg, intraperitoneally, in a single dose). CCl(4)-treated rats received the same amount of saline solution. Control animals received no treatment. The increase of hepatic malondialdehyde formation in the CCl(4)-treated group was partially prevented by taurine pretreatment, but taurine had no significant effect on the glutathione and hydroxyproline content in the CCl(4)-treated rats. Taurine pretreatment induced a marked beneficial effect regarding the prevention of hepatocellular necrosis and atrophy as demonstrated morphologically. In conclusion, these results suggest that taurine pretreatment might not significantly change the biochemical parameters, but prevents the morphologic damage caused by CCl(4) in the early stages.

Effect of mechanical vs dilute ethanol epithelial removal on keratocyte apoptosis and polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration

PURPOSE

To investigate keratocyte apoptosis and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell infiltration to the corneal stroma after mechanical epithelial scraping and chemical de-epithelialization with 18% ethanol solution.

METHODS

Twelve New Zealand Albino rabbits (24 eyes) were randomly divided into three groups. Group A was the control group with no epithelial removal. Group B underwent a 7.5-mm mechanical epithelial removal with a blunt spatula. Group C underwent 7.5-mm chemical de-epithelialization with 18% ethanol-balanced salt solution. Corneas were stained with terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay after 24 h. Only nuclear staining in keratocytes was counted. Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte densities were also assessed by light microscopy.

RESULTS

Mechanical de-epithelialization (group B) and chemical de-epithelialization with 18% ethanol (group C) showed no difference in keratocyte apoptosis compared with the control group. There was also no difference between groups B and C. Group B showed no difference in PMN leukocyte counts compared with the control group. But the number of PMN leukocytes observed in group C was significantly higher than those encountered in the corneas of the control group (P < 0.05) and group B (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Dilute alcohol induces more PMN cell infiltration when compared with mechanical de-epithelialization although there is no difference in the apoptosis rates.

Keratocyte apoptosis and corneal antioxidant enzyme activities after refractive corneal surgery

PURPOSE

Refractive corneal surgery induces keratocyte apoptosis and generates reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) in the cornea. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between keratocyte apoptosis and corneal antioxidant enzyme activities after different refractive surgical procedures in rabbits.

METHODS

Rabbits were divided into six groups. All groups were compared with the control group (Group 1), after epithelial scraping (Group 2), epithelial scrape and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) (traditional PRK: Group 3), transepithelial PRK (Group 4), creation of a corneal flap with microkeratome (Group 5) and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK, Group 6). Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labelling assay (to detect DNA fragmentation in situ) and light microscopy were used to detect apoptosis in rabbit eyes. Glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of the corneal tissues were measured with spectrophotometric methods.

RESULTS

Corneal Gpx and SOD activities decreased significantly in all groups when compared with the control group (P<0.05) and groups 2, 3 and 6 showed a significantly higher amount of keratocyte apoptosis (P<0.05). Not only a negative correlation was observed between corneal SOD activity and keratocyte apoptosis (cc: -0.3648) but Gpx activity also showed negative correlation with keratocyte apoptosis (cc: -0.3587).

CONCLUSION

The present study illustrates the negative correlation between keratocyte apoptosis and corneal antioxidant enzyme activities. This finding suggests that ROS may be partly responsible for keratocyte apoptosis after refractive surgery.

Bcl-2 and LMP1 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinomas

In vitro studies of B-cells immortalized by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) have shown that B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) protein expression is upregulated by the EBV-latency-associated antigen, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). The same phenomenon has also been observed in epithelial cells in vitro. However, such correlation between these 2 markers has not been shown in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), in which EBV infection is a well-known etiologic factor. This retrospective study examined 35 cases of undifferentiated NPC to answer the question of whether LMP1 and/or bcl-2 presence can be used as biomarkers at treatment response, as well as to see the relationship between bcl-2 and LMP in NPC. Of the 35 patients, 26 (74.3%) were bcl-2, and 10 (28.6%) were LMP1-positive. Although a significant correlation was observed between bcl-2 and LMP1 staining (P =.003), it appeared that bcl-2 expression could be independent of LMP1. Statistical analysis showed that cervical lymph node metastasis (P =.04) and cranial nerve involvement (P =.03) are the only variables that significantly affect patient survival. At this time, bcl-2 and LMP1 presence are not significant indicators of outcome; however, although they are not directly related to survival, expression of both bcl-2 and LMP1 was strongly correlated with cervical lymph node metastasis, which is a potent predictor of patient survival.

Association between the severity of heart failure and the susceptibility of myocytes to apoptosis in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND

Bcl-2 proto-oncogene, an inhibitor of apoptosis and Bax proto-oncogene, an inducer of apoptosis play critical roles in the molecular circuit controlling apoptosis in cardiac muscle. The ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 proto-oncogene determines survival or death after an apoptotic stimulus. We speculated that susceptibility of myocytes to apoptosis determined as the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio might vary with the severity of heart failure.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We studied immunohistochemically 108 endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 30 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (mild heart failure, n=14; moderate or severe heart failure, n=16) with the use of Bcl-2 and Bax monoclonal antibodies. The expression of each protein was determined semiquantitatively as the fraction of myocytes labeled with specific monoclonal antibodies using a digital morphometric analysis system. Patients with mild heart failure showed significantly increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio than the patients with advanced heart failure (1.59+/-1.26 vs. 0.34+/-0.43, P=0.002). The expression of Bcl-2 was found to be independent of the severity of heart failure whereas the expression of Bax was significantly higher in patients with mild heart failure compared to the patients with moderate or severe heart failure (52.1+/-29.3 vs. 21.6+/-22.4%, P=0.005). Additionally, Bax/Bac-2 ratio was inversely correlated with the mitral E-interventricular septum distance, left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameter.

CONCLUSION

The susceptibility of myocytes to apoptosis is significantly increased in the early phase of heart failure but it decreases with worsening of the disease due to depressed expression of Bax onco-protein. Increased myocyte susceptibility to apoptosis may have a role in the transition from mild heart failure to severe in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Effects of topical vitamin E on keratocyte apoptosis after traditional photorefractive keratectomy

PURPOSE

To evaluate the keratocyte apoptosis and effects of topical vitamin E on keratocyte apoptosis after photorefractive surgery.

METHODS

Rabbits were divided into 7 groups, and all groups were compared with controls after epithelial scraping, epithelial scrape and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) (traditional PRK), transepithelial PRK, production of a corneal flap with microkeratome and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). The effects of topical Vitamin E treatment were investigated in the traditional PRK group. The terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labelling assay (to detect DNA fragmentation in situ) and light microscopy have been used to detect apoptosis in rabbit cornea.

RESULTS

Transepithelial PRK induced minimal keratocyte apoptosis, less than in all other refractive surgical procedures. The greatest amount of keratocyte apoptosis was observed after traditional PRK (p = 0.001), therefore we tested the effects of topical vitamin E in this group. The number of apoptotic keratocytes significantly reduced after vitamin E therapy (p < 0.005).

CONCLUSION

Keratocytes undergo apoptosis after refractive surgery in response to mechanical epithelial removal, preparing of corneal flap and excimer laser stromal photoablation. The topical application of vitamin E immediately after surgery can prevent keratocyte apoptosis, and this result suggests that free radicals may be partly responsible for keratocyte apoptosis after excimer laser keratectomy.

Investigation of the ototoxic effects of interferon alpha2A on the mouse cochlea

This prospective randomized study investigates the possible toxic effects of interferon (IFN) alpha2A on the mouse cochlea. Thirty-six albino Swiss mice that were randomly assigned to 3 groups underwent baseline auditory brain stem response testing bilaterally to objectively assess baseline hearing levels. The first group received a single dose of 50,000 units, and the second group received 100,000 units of IFN-alpha2A intraperitoneally, whereas the third group was given no medication. Repeat auditory brain stem response testing revealed a significant rise in mean baseline peak equivalent sound pressure level thresholds in the groups that received IFN (P < 0.001). Histologically, the cochleae of mice that received IFN had a decreased number of fibroblasts in the spiral limbus, as well as prominent cytoplasmic vacuolation of these cells, compared with control animals. Loss of hair cells was not observed. It is possible that reversible biochemical and metabolic changes in the cochlea, rather than morphologic abnormalities, manifest IFN ototoxicity.

Expression of Bcl-2 and c-ErbB-2 in colorectal neoplasia

Several studies have been demonstrated the value of c-ErbB-2 and Bcl-2 in predicting the biological behaviour of tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate Bcl-2 and c-ErbB-2 expression in colorectal carcinomas and the correlation between their presence and other clinicopathologic parameters. Eighty-six colorectal carcinomas and 17 adenomas were stained with Bcl-2 and c-ErbB-2 immunohistochemically. Staining patterns were assessed semi-quantitatively and correlated with tumor size, Duke s classification, tumor differentiation, mucinous characteristic and anatomic locations. We detected Bcl-2 expression in 10 of 17 adenomas (58.8 %) and 31 of 86 carcinomas (36.04 %). Positive staining in normal mucosa was observed only in the compartment of cryptic cells. However neither the difference in the rates of Bcl-2 positivity in adenoma and carcinoma groups, nor the correlation with other mentioned clinicopathological parameters, were found statistically significant. Bcl-2 expression was found to be significantly high in mucinous carcinomas. Expression of c-ErbB-2 was observed in 12 of 86 (13.95 %) carcinomas. It was not detected in adenomas and normal mucosa. Although the incidence of c-ErbB-2 in nonmucinous carcinoma was higher than that of mucinous carcinoma, this was not significant. In addition we were unable to show any significant relation between c-ErbB-2 expression and other clinicopathologic features. Our result suggest that c-ErbB-2 protein expression in colorectal carcinomas, is not very frequent event. There is no correlation between c-ErbB-2 expression and malignant potential of colorectal carcinomas. Higher expressions of Bcl-2 in adenomas than carcinomas suggest us a possible role of Bcl-2 in early carcinogenesis of colon. However since we were unable to find any significant correlation between Bcl-2 expression and other parameters the impact of this gene on biological behavior is still unclear for us.

Differences in liver pathology and clinical outcome between two patients with hepatitis B virus and graft versus host disease

Our two patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (AlloBMT) had both Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In the first patient, liver enzymes elevated three months after AlloBMT, and GVHD was diagnosed. Two weeks after the diagnosis of GVHD, HBsAg appeared in his serum. At that time, liver biopsy was not able to discriminate two disorders, but his sequential liver biopsies disclosed GVHD. Despite the patient was treated with cyclosporin A (CsA), he died for chronic GVHD. In contrast to the first patient, the second patient had HBsAg prior to GVHD. His liver enzymes deterioration was detected in the first month after AlloBMT, and reached the highest level in the third month while withdrawing CsA. In the fifth month he developed scleradermatous skin changes, and skin biopsy revealed chronic GVHD, whereas concurrent liver biopsy revealed chronic active hepatitis. This observation showed that immunosuppressive conditions such as GVHD or its prophylaxis may affect the appearance of liver pathology caused by HBV, which depends on the time of GVHD development, and the duration and depth of GVHD prophylaxis.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from non-replicative hepatitis B virus carriers is safe

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Hepatitis B virus can cause serious problems in individuals undergoing organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatic events among HBs-Ag positive recipients and HBs-Ag negative recipients who received products from hepatitis B virus carriers.

METHODS

A total of 151 patients received an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the Department of Hematology-Oncology, University of Ankara, between June 1989 and June 1998. Among these, eight HBs-Ag positive and four HBs-Ag negative recipients received a product from a hepatitis B virus positive donor. The median follow-up period for these 12 patients was 13.2 months.

RESULTS

Three of the eight HBs-Ag positive recipients died (one from hepatic failure); of the remainder, two are HBs-Ag negative, two HBs-Ag positive with normal liver injury tests and one HBs-Ag positive with elevated ALT levels. Of the four HBs-Ag negative recipients who received stem cells from a hepatitis B positive donor, two died; none of the patients in this group became HBs-Ag positive after transplantation.

CONCLUSION

Hepatitis B virus infection is a common problem in patients being considered for allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation, especially in areas where hepatitis B virus infection is endemic. We believe that the presence of HBs-Ag positivity is not an absolute contraindication for allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation unless the hepatitis B virus is in a replication phase.

Expression of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in gastric carcinoma: correlation with histopathologic characteristics and analysis of Ki-67

Amplification and overexpression of the c-erbB-2 gene has been demonstrated in several tumors and thought to be important determinants of biologic behaviors of carcinomas. In this study, correlation between c-erbB-2 expression und histopathologic parameters, including proliferative activity of gastric carcinomas was evaluated. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 62 patients who underwent curative resection of gastric carcinoma were analyzed immunohistochemically for the expression of c-erbB-2 and Ki-67. Strong membrane staining for c-erbB-2 was detected in 11 of 62 gastric carcinomas (17,7%) and no positive reaction was evident in noncancerous tissue. The incidence of c-erbB-2 positivity in intestinal type carcinomas (24,3%) was higher than that of diffuse type carcinomas (4,76%). Positive staining for c-erbB-2 was present in one of the 9 (11,1%) early gastric carcinomas and 10 of 53 (18, 8%) advanced gastric carcinomas. However, no statistically significant relationships were found between c-erbB-2 expression and histopathologic type, depth on invasion, the tumor size or lymph node metastases. Among the metastatic lymph nodes, 3 were positively stained with c-erbB-2 whereas the primary tumors of two cases had been found to be negative. Additionally, no correlation was found between c-erbB-2 reactivity and proliferative activity of carcinoma cells. The results suggest that expression of c-erbB-2 protein may occur selectively in intestinal type of gastric carcinomas. However, c-erbB-2 expression is not a reliable marker of malignant potential in gastric carcinomas.

The protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on CCl4-induced hepatic damage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rats. Hepatic malondialdehyde, glutathione and hydroxyproline levels and histopathologic alterations in liver specimens were assessed. 200 mg/kg/day Ginkgo biloba extract were given orally to the animals for 10 days, then a single dose of 2 ml/kg b.w. carbon tetrachloride was, administered intraperitoneally. Ginkgo biloba extract treatment reduced hepatic malondialdehyde levels significantly (p < 0.05), but did not alter glutathione (p > 0.05) and hydroxyproline levels (p > 0.05). The light and electron microscopic findings showed that Ginkgo biloba extract limited the CCl4-induced hepatocyte necrosis and atrophy. These results suggest that this extract may protect the hepatocytes from carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury.

P53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in non-tumoral liver diseases

The tumor suppressor gene p53 is known to be involved in the negative regulation of cell growth. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which is a nuclear protein and a component of the DNA replication process, is also involved in growth regulation. Both have been studied as progression markers in various tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, the aberrant p53 protein and PCNA expressions in non-tumoral liver diseases were investigated. Using monoclonal antibodies anti-p53 (D07-DAKO) and anti-PCNA (PC10-DAKO), 149 samples were stained, including 10 normal and 10 tumoral control liver tissues. p53 Overexpression was detected in 52 specimens (35%) whereas PCNA positivity was found in 96 (64%). There were 21 different pathological entities but most of the positive samples could be grouped into four types of diseases; namely, non-specific reactive hepatitis, steatohepatitis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Statistical analyses performed on these groups revealed that p53 positivity was found to be significantly higher in steatohepatitis (P < 0.05), while PCNA positivity did not show any statistical significance. The number of samples showing both p53 and PCNA positivity was 42 but their coexistence was not found to be significant. Certain cytological alterations like nuclear pleomorphism, steatosis and cholestasis, in addition to necroinflammatory activity, were evaluated for their possible impact on p53 and/or PCNA positivity. Necroinflammatory activity in steatohepatitis and steatosis in chronic hepatitis was found to be significant for p53 positivity (P < 0.05). In contrast, nuclear pleomorphism in non-specific reactive hepatitis was found to be significant for PCNA positivity (P < 0.05).