Surface Characteristics of Nano-Structured Silicon/Hydroxyapatite Deposition onto the Ti-Nb-Zr Alloy

The Ti-Nb-Zr alloy was manufactured with 35 wt% of Nb and 10 wt% of Zr by arc melting furnace to be a beta phase. Electrochemical deposition of Si substituted Ca/P was performed by pulsing the potential with a method of cyclic voltammetry, and changed cyclic time between 10, 30, 70, and 150. The electrolyte was prepared by dissolving the reagent-grade chemicals: Ca(NO3)2, NH4H2PO4, and Na2SiO3 x 9H20 to be 1.67 of Ca/P ratio and silicon contents were controlled to be 1 wt%. The surface characteristics were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, and electrochemical corrosion as a potentiodynamic test. The Si substituted hydroxyapatite layer was successfully formed on the Ti-35Nb-10Zr alloy substrate by electrochemical deposition. A surface morphologies showed needle like shape at 10 cycles, then changed to be a circular with increment of cycles. The Ca/P ratio was the range between 1.5 and 2.0, the crystalline of hydroxyapatite could be confirmed. The corrosion behavior of Si-HA deposition was related with surface shape and thickness by increment, of cyclic times. Higher cyclic times of deposition had higher corrosion potential and current density than that of lower cyclic surface.

Biocompatibility of Mg Ion Doped Hydroxyapatite Films on Ti-6Al-4V Surface by Electrochemical Deposition

In this study, we prepared magnesium (Mg) doped nano-phase hydroxyapatite (HAp) films on the TiO2 nano-network surface using electrochemical deposition method. Ti-6Al-4V ELI surface was anodized in 5 M NaOH solution at 0.3 A for 10 min. Nano-network TiO2 surface were formed by these anodization steps which acted as templates and anchorage for growth of the Mg doped HAp during subsequent pulsed electrochemical deposition process at 85 degrees C. The phase and morphologies of HAp deposits were influenced by the Mg ion concentration.

Electrochemical Deposition of Si-Ca/P on Nanotube Formed Beta Ti Alloy by Cyclic Voltammetry Method

The purpose of this study was to investigate electrochemical deposition of Si-Ca/P on nanotube formed Ti-35Nb-10Zr alloy by cyclic voltammetry method. Electrochemical deposition of Si substituted Ca/P was performed by pulsing the applied potential on nanotube formed surface. The surface characteristics were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, and potentiodynamic polarization test. The phase structure and surface morphologies of Si-Ca/P deposition were affected by deposition cycles. From the anodic polarization test, nanotube formed surface at 20 V showed the high corrosion resistance with lower value of Icorr, I300, and Ipass.

Nano-Particle Formation of Mn/HA on the Ti-35Ta-xNb Alloy by Electrochemical Methods

In this study, nano-particle formation of Mn/HA on the Ti-35Ta-xNb alloy by electrochemical methods has researched using various experiments. These alloys were performed by arc-melting furnace and then heat treated for 1000 °C at 12 h in Ar gas atmosphere and quenched at 0 °C water. Hydroxyapatite precipitation has been synthesized from 5 mM Ca(NO3)2 · 4 H2O+3 mM NH4H2PO4 at 80±1 °C. Manganese doped Hydroxyapatite precipitation has been synthesized from 4.95 mM Ca(NO3)2 · 4 H2O+3 mM NH4H2PO4+0.05 mM MnCl2 · 4 H2O at 80±1 °C. Morphology and structure were examined by FE-SEM, EDS and XRD. The microstructure of Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys was transformed from a phase to α phase as Nb content increased. The nano-scale HA shapes were plate-like precipitates and Mn doped HA shapes were net-like precipitates on Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys, and Ca, P and Mn peaks were detected on the Mn/HA deposited surface.

Electrochemical Characteristics of Cell Cultured Ti-Nb-Zr Alloys After Nano-Crystallized Si-HA Coating

The aim of this study was to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of nano crystallized Si-HA coating on Ti-Nb-Zr alloy after human osteoblast like (HOB) cell attachment. The Ti-Nb-Zr alloy was manufactured with 35 wt.% of Nb and 10 wt.% of Zr by arc melting furnace to appropriate physical properties as biomaterials. The HA and Si-substituted coatings were prepared by electron-beam physical vapor deposition method with 0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 wt.% of Si contents, and nano aging treatment was performed 500 degrees C for 1 h. The characteristics of coating surface were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. To evaluate of cell attachment on cell cultured surface, the potentiodynamic test was performed on the surface using HOB cells. The results showed that the Si-HA coating surface showed higher tendency of cell attachment than that of single HA coating, corrosion resistance value was increased by dense of cell attachment.

Nanotubular Structure on the Ti-29Nb-5Zr Alloy by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

In this study, we reported the observation of highly ordered nanotubular structure on the Ti-29Nb-5Zr alloy in various potentials and electrolytes by field emission scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscope. From the X-ray diffraction results and microstructure analysis, Ti-29Nb-5Zr alloy had β phase. The nanotube morphologies of Ti-29Nb-5Zr alloy were transformed from nano-porous structure to nanotube structure as NaF concentration and voltage increased. Nanotube diameter and layer changed with different concentration of NaF in 1 M H3PO4 at the same voltage. From the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results, nanotube was formed by Nb, Zr, and Ti oxide. Also, barrier layer of large tube was about 50 nm thickness, small one was 60 nm thickness. The nanotube size and crystallinity on the β Ti alloy was controlled by fluoride concentration, applied potential, anodization time, and tube layer.

Nanotube Nucleation Phenomena of Titanium Dioxide on the Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Using Anodic Titanium Oxide Technique

The purpose of this study was to investigate nanotube nucleation phenomena of titanium dioxide on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated using anodic titanium oxide technique. Heat treatment was performed at 1000 degrees C for 12 hour for formation of α+/β phase and water quenched. Ti-6Al-4V alloy was anodized in 1 M H3PO4 electrolytes containing 0.8 wt.% NaF at room temperature. After formation of nanotube was achieved, nanotube layer was eliminated, and then anodization was carried out repeatedly. The microstructures, phase transformation, and morphology of nanotubular Ti-6Al-4V alloy was examined by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Microstructures of Ti-6Al-4V alloy showed the β structure with a phase. From XRD pattern of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after heat treatment, β peak was increased, whereas, a peak was decreased. The surface morphology appeared regular nanotube on a phase, whereas, nanotube morphology was not shown on the β phase. α and β phases were affected to form the nanotube of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

The Control of Nanotube Morphology Using Various Factors for Dental Implant

The purpose of this study was to investigate the control of nanotube morphology using various factors for dental implant. TiO2 nanotube formation on biomedical grade α+β type Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated using anodization technique as a function of applied DC potential (10 V to 30 V and 30 V to 10 V) and anodization time for 60 min in 1 M H3PO4 with small additions of NaF (0.5 wt.%, and 0.8 wt.%). The microstructure and phase characteristics of surface were examined by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Also, in order to observe the biocompatibility and surface roughness, wettability and atomic force microscopy of alloy was measured.

AC impedance behaviors of electrochemically deposited Si-hydroxyapatite films on nanotube-formed Ti-Nb-Zr alloys

The aim of this study was to investigate the AC impedance behaviors of electrochemically deposited Si-hydroxyapatite (HA) films on nanotube-formed Ti-Nb-Zr alloys by the cyclic voltammetry method. Surface modifications were carried out sequentially during nanotube formation and the application of Si-HA coatings. The nanotube surface formed at 10 V had a smaller diameter than that of the nanotube surface formed at 20 V, and the nanotube surface formed at 20 V had a denser pore structure as compared to the nanotube surface formed at 10 V. The Si-HA coating of nanotube surfaces formed at 10 V exhibited flower- and plate-like layers, and the nanotube surface formed at 20 V had larger flower- and plate-like shapes. After 30 deposition cycles, the Si-HA coating showed more rod-like shapes than after 10 deposition cycles. Higher intensity HA peaks were detected after 30 deposition cycles than after 10 deposition cycles. The Ca/P ratio increased with increasing numbers of deposition cycle, and the highest Si percent appeared after 30 deposition cycles. The polarization resistance values commonly decreased more on the nanotube surface formed at 20 V than on the nanotube surface formed at 10 V, and the values also decreased after Si-HA deposition.

Biocompatibility of nanotube formed Ti-30Nb-7Ta alloys

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biocompatibility of Ti-30Nb-7Ta alloy surface decorated with TiO2 nanotubes by anodization in an electrolyte containing 1 M H3PO4 and 0.8 wt.% NaF with an applied voltage of 10 V for 2 h. The anodization was carried out using a scanning potentiostat. The microstructures of alloys and morphology of the nanotubes were investigated by optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. In comparison to the Ti-30Nb-3Ta alloy, the Ti-30Nb-7Ta alloy contained a lower amount of α" phase, while the β phase was higher. In this study, we observed the formation of a spongy porous layer on the Ti-30Nb-7Ta alloy, while the Ti-30Nb and Ti-30Nb-3Ta alloys showed an absence of such a spongy layer.

Surface morphology of nanotube formed Ti alloy by electrochemical methods

In order to investigate the surface morphology of nanotube formed Ti alloy by electrochemical methods, the Ti-6Al-4V alloys for dental implant were used in this study. Heat treatment was carried out at 800 degrees C for 1 hour and then water quenching in argon atmosphere, that will be have a specimen name of 800 WQ. The formation of nanotube structure was conducted by electrochemical method on Ti-6Al-4V alloy in mixed electrolytes at 30 V for 1 hour. Microstructure of β phases showed dot-like structures at non-treated Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and needle-like in equiaxed structure from treated the alloy at 800 WQ. In non-treated Ti-6Al-4V alloy case, nanotubes only exhibited at α phase region with dissolved V-oxide area of β phase. However, in the case of 800 WQ, nanotubes of Ti-6Al-4V alloy exhibited at both α and βphase region. Electrochemical corrosion studies showed that the nanotubular alloy of 800 WQ possesses slightly higher corrosion resistance than that of non-treated nanotubular alloy.

Electrochemical and sputtering deposition of hydroxyapatite film on nanotubular Ti-25Ta-xZr alloys

The purpose of this study was to investigate the electrochemical and sputtering deposition of hydroxyapatite film on nanotubular Ti-25Ta-xZr alloys. The formation of nanotubular structures was achieved on the alloys by anodization in 1 M H3PO4 electrolyte containing 0.8 wt% NaF at room temperature. Electrochemical deposition was carried out using cyclic voltammetry at 80 degrees C in 5 mM Ca(NO3)2+3 mM NH4H2PO4 solution. Then, physical vapor deposition coating was obtained by radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique. The microstructures, phase transformation, and morphology of the hydroxyapatite film deposited on Ti-25Ta-xZr alloys were analyzed by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscope. It was found that, as Zr content increased, precipitates of hydroxyapatite changed their leaf-like shape into a needle-like shape. For the alloy with the higher Zr content, the surface of the nanotubes was entirely covered with the radio frequency sputtered HA film. Wettability increased in the following order: bulk, nanotubular surface, and hydroxyapatite-coated nanotubular surface.

Surface characteristics of HA coating and micro-pore formation on the Ti-25Nb-xHf alloys for dental materials

Micro-pore formation on titanium surface can increase the adhesion strength with increment of surface area, and hydroxyapatite is effective coating materials as a main chemical constituent of bone tissue for biomedical field. The aim of this study was to investigate the surface characteristics of HA coating and micro-pore formation on the Ti-25Nb-xHf alloys for dental materials. The Ti-25Nb-xHf alloys consisted of (0 and 7) wt.% Hf contents which were manufactured by vacuum arc-melting furnace. The homogenization was performed at 1000 degrees C for 12 h and water quenched. Anodization was carried out using an electrochemical method in 1 M H3PO4 electrolyte. The HA films were deposited by plasma sputtering method. The microstructures of alloys were transformed from α" phase to β phase by addition of Hf element, and needle-like structures were translated to an equiaxed structure as Hf content increased. The peaks of anatase and rutile showed on the anodized surface of these alloys. The number of micro-pore decreased, with presence of Hf content increased, whereas size of micro-pore increased. Anodized surface was covered with HA particles at surface and in holes. Contact angle value of HA coating on anodized surface was lower than that of non-coating surface.

Hydroxyapatite precipitation on nanotube surfaces of Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys

Hydroxyapatite precipitation on nanotube surfaces of Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys was investigated using electrochemical methods. The alloys were prepared by arc-melting, heat treated at 1050 degrees C for 12 h in an Ar atmosphere, and quenched in 0 degrees C water. Nanotubes were created on the Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys in a 1 M H3PO4 + 1.2 wt.% NaF electrolyte at room temperature. Hydroxyapatite precipitation was carried out in a 0.03 M Ca(NO3)2 x 4H2O + 0.018 M NH4H2PO4 solution at 80 ± 1 degrees C, using 10 deposition cycles. Information about morphology and composition was obtained by FE-SEM and EDS. The microstructure of the Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys was transformed from α phase to βphase as the Nb content increased. The HA precipitates had a plate-like morphology on bulk Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys and a flower-like morphology on nanotubular Ti-35Ta-xNb alloys.

Nanotube nucleation phenomena on Ti-25Ta-xZr alloys for implants using ATO technique

The purpose of this study was to investigate nanotube nucleation phenomena on the Ti-25Ta-xZr alloys for implant materials, using an anodic titanium oxide (ATO) technique. Ti-25Ta-(0 wt.%-15 wt.%) Zr alloys were prepared using a vacuum arc-melting furnace. The Ti-25Ta-xZr alloys were then homogenized for 12 hr at 1000 degrees C, followed by water quenching. Formation of the nanotubular oxide surface structure was achieved initially on the Ti-25Ta-xZr alloys by anodization in a 1 M H3PO4 electrolyte containing 0.8 wt.% NaF at room temperature, using a potentiostat. After the first formation of the nanotubes was achieved, this initial nanotube layer was eliminated, and further anodization was carried out repeatedly. The microstructure, phase transformation, and morphology of nanotubular Ti-25Ta-xZr alloys and the process of nanotube growth using this ATO method were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Microstructures of the Ti-25Ta-xZr alloys changed from α" phase to β phase. Nanotubes formed with the ATO technique had pit-like top holes, with thinner walls and lower contact angle, compared to the initially formed nanotubes.

Effect of various intraoral repair systems on the shear bond strength of composite resin to zirconia

PURPOSE

This study compared the effect of three intraoral repair systems on the bond strength between composite resin and zirconia core.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty zirconia specimens were divided into three groups according to the repair method: Group I- CoJet™ Repair System (3M ESPE) [chairside silica coating with 30 µm SiO₂ + silanization + adhesive]; Group II- Ceramic Repair System (Ivoclar Vivadent) [etching with 37% phosphoric acid + Zirconia primer + adhesive]; Group III- Signum Zirconia Bond (Heraus) [Signum Zirconia Bond I + Signum Zirconia Bond II]. Composite resin was polymerized on each conditioned specimen. The shear bond strength was tested using a universal testing machine, and fracture sites were examined with FE-SEM. Surface morphology and wettability after surface treatments were examined additionally. The data of bond strengths were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tamhane post hoc test (α=.05).

RESULTS

Increased surface roughness and the highest wettability value were observed in the CoJet sand treated specimens. The specimens treated with 37% phosphoric acid and Signum Zirconia Bond I did not show any improvement of surface irregularity, and the lowest wettability value were found in 37% phosphoric acid treated specimens. There was no significant difference in the bond strengths between Group I (7.80 ± 0.76 MPa) and III (8.98 ± 1.39 MPa). Group II (3.21 ± 0.78 MPa) showed a significant difference from other groups (P<.05).

CONCLUSION

The use of Intraoral silica coating system and the application of Signum Zirconia Bond are effective for increasing the bond strength of composite resin to zirconia.

Surface observation of nanotube/micropit formed Ti-Nb-xZr alloy for biocompatibility

To improve bone tissue integration on implant surfaces, nanotube formation and laser texturing techniques have been used to increase the roughness of the implant surfaces. In this study, surface film of nanotube/micropit formed Ti-3ONb-xZr and Ti-30Ta-xZr alloy with low elastic modulus have been investigated using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS). The alloying elements can play role in controlling the nanotube shape and micropit shape, the highly ordered nanostructure, and contact angle for biocompatibility.

Surface morphology of highly ordered nanotube formed and laser textured beta titanium alloys

The aim of the present study is to produce and characterize a well-controlled surface texture on Ti-35Nb-xHf alloys to promote osseointegration. Ti-35Nb-xHf (x = 0, 3, 7 and 15 wt.%) alloys were prepared by arc melting and heat treated for 12 hr at 1000 degrees C in an argon atmosphere and then water quenching. For surface texturing, an amplified Ti: sapphire laser system was used for generating 184 femtosecond (FS, 10(-15) sec) laser pulses with the pulse energy over 30 mJ at a 1 kHz repetition rate with a central wavelength of 800 nm. The nanotube formation was achieved by anodizing a Ti-35Nb-xHf alloy in H3PO4 electrolytes containing 0.8 wt.% NaF at room temperature. The surface morphology of nano/micro structure will enhance osseointegration and cell adhesion.

Surface phenomena of hydroxyapatite film on the nanopore formed Ti-29Nb-xZr alloy by anodization for bioimplants

In this study, surface phenomena of hydroxyapatite (HA) film on the nanopore formed Ti-29Nb-xZr alloy by anodization for bioimplants have been investigated by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), potentiostat and contact angle. The microstructure of Ti-29Nb-xZr alloys exhibited equiaxed structure and alpha" phase decreased, whereas beta phase increased as Zr content increased. The increment of Zr contents in HA coated nanotubular Ti-29Nb-xZr alloys showed good corrosion potential in 0.9% NaCI solution. The wettability of HA coated nanotubular surface was higher than that of non-coated samples.

Formation of nano-phase hydroxyapatite film on TiO2 nano-network

Nano- and micro-phase HA film formed on TiO2 nano-network surface by simple electrochemical treatment. The range of lateral pore size of the network specimen was about 10-120 nm on Ti surface by anodized in 5 M NaOH solution at 0.3 A for 10 min. Nano-network TiO2 surface were formed by this anodization step which acted as templates and anchorage for growth of the HA during subsequent pulsed electrochemical deposition process at 85 degrees C. The phase and morphologies of deposits HA were influenced by the electrolyte concentration. The nano needle-like precipitates formed under low SBF concentration were identified to be HA crystals orientated parallel to the c-axis direction. Increasing electrolyte concentration, needle-like deposits transferred to the plate-like and micro plate like precipitates in the case of high SBF concentration.

Effect of coating on properties of esthetic orthodontic nickel-titanium wires

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effect of coating on the properties of two esthetic orthodontic nickel-titanium wires.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Woowa (polymer coating; Dany Harvest) and BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire (metal coating; Dentsply GAC) with cross-section dimensions of 0.016 × 0.022 inches were selected. Noncoated posterior regions of the anterior-coated Woowa and uncoated Sentalloy were used for comparison. Nominal coating compositions were determined by x-ray fluorescence (JSX-3200, JOEL). Cross-sectioned and external surfaces were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM; SSX-550, Shimadzu) and an atomic force microscope (SPM-9500J2, Shimadzu). A three-point bending test (12-mm span) was carried out using a universal testing machine (EZ Test, Shimadzu). Hardness and elastic modulus of external and cross-sectioned surfaces were obtained by nanoindentation (ENT-1100a, Elionix; n  =  10).

RESULTS

Coatings on Woowa and BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire contained 41% silver and 14% gold, respectively. The coating thickness on Woowa was approximately 10 µm, and the coating thickness on BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire was much smaller. The surfaces of both coated wires were rougher than the noncoated wires. Woowa showed a higher mean unloading force than the noncoated Woowa, although BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire showed a lower mean unloading force than Sentalloy. While cross-sectional surfaces of all wires had similar hardness and elastic modulus, values for the external surface of Woowa were smaller than for the other wires.

CONCLUSIONS

The coating processes for Woowa and BioForce High Aesthetic Archwire influence bending behavior and surface morphology.

Nanotubular oxide surface and layer formed on the Ti-35Ta-xZr alloys for biomaterials

Titanium and its alloys are widely used as a dental implant material in clinical dentistry and as an orthopedic implant materials due to their good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. In this study, nanotubular oxide surface and layer formed on the Ti-35Ta-xZr alloys for biomaterials have been investigated by using electrochemical methods. Ti-35Ta-xZr alloys were prepared by arc melting and heat treated for 24 hr at 1000 degrees C in argon atmosphere, and then water quenching. Ti oxide nanotubes were formed on the Ti-35Ta-xZr alloys by anodizing in H3PO4 containing 0.8 wt% NaF solution at 25 degrees C. Anodization was carried out using a scanning potentiostat. Microstructures of the alloys and nanotube surface were examined by FE-SEM, EDX, and XRD. Crystallization treatment of nanotube surface was carried out for 3 hr at 450 degrees C. Microstructures of the Ti-35Ta-xZr alloys were changed from beta phase to alpha'' phase, and changed from an equiaxed to a needle-like structure with increasing Zr content. Nanotubular oxide surface and layers consisting of highly ordered nanotubes with a wide range of diameters (approximately 150-200 nm) and lengths (approximately 4-10 microm) can be formed on alloys in the Ti-35Ta-xZr alloys with Zr content. As the Zr content increased from 3% to 15%, length of step between the bamboo knob-like had increasing values of approximately 50 nm, 80 nm, and 140 nm, respectively. The nanotubes formed on the Ti-35Ta-xZr alloy surface were amorphous structure before heat treatment, but oxide surface had mainly an anatase structure by heat treatment.