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Grimm JB, Klein T, Kopek BG, Shtengel G, Hess HF, Sauer M, Lavis LD. Innenrücktitelbild: Synthesis of a Far-Red Photoactivatable Silicon-Containing Rhodamine for Super-Resolution Microscopy (Angew. Chem. 5/2016). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Grimm JB, Klein T, Kopek BG, Shtengel G, Hess HF, Sauer M, Lavis LD. Synthesis of a Far-Red Photoactivatable Silicon-Containing Rhodamine for Super-Resolution Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Case LB, Baird MA, Shtengel G, Campbell SL, Hess HF, Davidson MW, Waterman CM. Molecular mechanism of vinculin activation and nanoscale spatial organization in focal adhesions. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:880-92. [PMID: 26053221 PMCID: PMC4490039 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) link the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the actin cytoskeleton to mediate cell adhesion, migration, mechanosensing and signaling. FAs have conserved nanoscale protein organization, suggesting that the position of proteins within FAs regulates their activity and function. Vinculin binds different FA proteins to mediate distinct cellular functions, but how vinculin’s interactions are spatiotemporally organized within FA is unknown. Using interferometric photo-activation localization (iPALM) super-resolution microscopy to assay vinculin nanoscale localization and a FRET biosensor to assay vinculin conformation, we found that upward repositioning within the FA during FA maturation facilitates vinculin activation and mechanical reinforcement of FA. Inactive vinculin localizes to the lower integrin signaling layer in FA by binding to phospho-paxillin. Talin binding activates vinculin and targets active vinculin higher in FA where vinculin can engage retrograde actin flow. Thus, specific protein interactions are spatially segregated within FA at the nano-scale to regulate vinculin activation and function.
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Hayworth KJ, Xu CS, Lu Z, Knott GW, Fetter RD, Tapia JC, Lichtman JW, Hess HF. Ultrastructurally smooth thick partitioning and volume stitching for large-scale connectomics. Nat Methods 2015; 12:319-22. [PMID: 25686390 PMCID: PMC4382383 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Focused-ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) has become an essential tool for studying neural tissue at resolutions below 10 nm × 10 nm × 10 nm, producing data sets optimized for automatic connectome tracing. We present a technical advance, ultrathick sectioning, which reliably subdivides embedded tissue samples into chunks (20 μm thick) optimally sized and mounted for efficient, parallel FIB-SEM imaging. These chunks are imaged separately and then 'volume stitched' back together, producing a final three-dimensional data set suitable for connectome tracing.
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Paez-Segala MG, Sun MG, Shtengel G, Viswanathan S, Baird MA, Macklin JJ, Patel R, Allen JR, Howe ES, Piszczek G, Hess HF, Davidson MW, Wang Y, Looger LL. Fixation-resistant photoactivatable fluorescent proteins for CLEM. Nat Methods 2015; 12:215-8, 4 p following 218. [PMID: 25581799 PMCID: PMC4344411 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins facilitate a variety of imaging paradigms in live and fixed samples. However, they lose their fluorescence after heavy fixation, hindering applications such as correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM). Here we report engineered variants of the photoconvertible Eos fluorescent protein that fluoresce and photoconvert normally in heavily fixed (0.5-1% OsO4), plastic resin-embedded samples, enabling correlative super-resolution fluorescence imaging and high-quality electron microscopy.
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Sochacki KA, Shtengel G, Hess HF, Taraska JW. Correlative iPALM and Platinum Replica Electron Tomography Pinpoints Endocytic Proteins on the Mammalian Cell Cortex in 3D. Biophys J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Sochacki KA, Shtengel G, van Engelenburg SB, Hess HF, Taraska JW. Correlative super-resolution fluorescence and metal-replica transmission electron microscopy. Nat Methods 2014; 11:305-8. [PMID: 24464288 PMCID: PMC3943662 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We combine super-resolution localization fluorescence microscopy with transmission electron microscopy of metal replicas to locate proteins on the landscape of the cellular plasma membrane at the nanoscale. We validate robust correlation on the scale of 20 nm by imaging endogenous clathrin (in two and three dimensions) and apply the method to find the previously unknown three-dimensional position of the endocytic protein epsin on clathrin-coated structures at the plasma membrane.
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Van Engelenburg SB, Shtengel G, Sengupta P, Waki K, Jarnik M, Ablan SD, Freed EO, Hess HF, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Distribution of ESCRT machinery at HIV assembly sites reveals virus scaffolding of ESCRT subunits. Science 2014; 343:653-6. [PMID: 24436186 DOI: 10.1126/science.1247786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) hijacks the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) to mediate virus release from infected cells. The nanoscale organization of ESCRT machinery necessary for mediating viral abscission is unclear. Here, we applied three-dimensional superresolution microscopy and correlative electron microscopy to delineate the organization of ESCRT components at HIV assembly sites. We observed ESCRT subunits localized within the head of budding virions and released particles, with head-localized levels of CHMP2A decreasing relative to Tsg101 and CHMP4B upon virus abscission. Thus, the driving force for HIV release may derive from initial scaffolding of ESCRT subunits within the viral bud interior followed by plasma membrane association and selective remodeling of ESCRT subunits.
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Shtengel G, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Goh WI, Hess HF, Kanchanawong P. Imaging cellular ultrastructure by PALM, iPALM, and correlative iPALM-EM. Methods Cell Biol 2014; 123:273-94. [PMID: 24974033 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420138-5.00015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many biomolecules in cells can be visualized with high sensitivity and specificity by fluorescence microscopy. However, the resolution of conventional light microscopy is limited by diffraction to ~200-250 nm laterally and >500 nm axially. Here, we describe superresolution methods based on single-molecule localization analysis of photoswitchable fluorophores (PALM: photoactivated localization microscopy) as well as our recent three-dimensional (3D) method (iPALM: interferometric PALM) that allows imaging with a resolution better than 20 nm in all three dimensions. Considerations for their implementations, applications to multicolor imaging, and a recent development that extend the imaging depth of iPALM to ~750 nm are discussed. As the spatial resolution of superresolution fluorescence microscopy converges with that of electron microscopy (EM), direct imaging of the same specimen using both approaches becomes feasible. This could be particularly useful for cross validation of experiments, and thus, we also describe recent methods that were developed for correlative superresolution fluorescence and EM.
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Kopek BG, Shtengel G, Grimm JB, Clayton DA, Hess HF. Correlative photoactivated localization and scanning electron microscopy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77209. [PMID: 24204771 PMCID: PMC3808397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to localize proteins precisely within subcellular space is crucial to understanding the functioning of biological systems. Recently, we described a protocol that correlates a precise map of fluorescent fusion proteins localized using three-dimensional super-resolution optical microscopy with the fine ultrastructural context of three-dimensional electron micrographs. While it achieved the difficult simultaneous objectives of high photoactivated fluorophore preservation and ultrastructure preservation, it required a super-resolution optical and specialized electron microscope that is not available to many researchers. We present here a faster and more practical protocol with the advantage of a simpler two-dimensional optical (Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM)) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) system that retains the often mutually exclusive attributes of fluorophore preservation and ultrastructure preservation. As before, cryosections were prepared using the Tokuyasu protocol, but the staining protocol was modified to be amenable for use in a standard SEM without the need for focused ion beam ablation. We show the versatility of this technique by labeling different cellular compartments and structures including mitochondrial nucleoids, peroxisomes, and the nuclear lamina. We also demonstrate simultaneous two-color PALM imaging with correlated electron micrographs. Lastly, this technique can be used with small-molecule dyes as demonstrated with actin labeling using phalloidin conjugated to a caged dye. By retaining the dense protein labeling expected for super-resolution microscopy combined with ultrastructural preservation, simplifying the tools required for correlative microscopy, and expanding the number of useful labels we expect this method to be accessible and valuable to a wide variety of researchers.
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Sochacki KA, Shtengel G, Hess HF, Taraska JW. Correlative 3-Dimensional Super-Resolution Fluorescence and Tomographic Electron Microscopy of Endocytic Proteins at the Nanometer Scale. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Kanchanawong P, Shtengel G, Pasapera AM, Ramko EB, Davidson MW, Hess HF, Waterman CM. Nanoscale architecture of integrin-based cell adhesions. Nature 2010; 468:580-4. [PMID: 21107430 DOI: 10.1038/nature09621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1053] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesions to the extracellular matrix (ECM) are necessary for morphogenesis, immunity and wound healing. Focal adhesions are multifunctional organelles that mediate cell-ECM adhesion, force transmission, cytoskeletal regulation and signalling. Focal adhesions consist of a complex network of trans-plasma-membrane integrins and cytoplasmic proteins that form a <200-nm plaque linking the ECM to the actin cytoskeleton. The complexity of focal adhesion composition and dynamics implicate an intricate molecular machine. However, focal adhesion molecular architecture remains unknown. Here we used three-dimensional super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (interferometric photoactivated localization microscopy) to map nanoscale protein organization in focal adhesions. Our results reveal that integrins and actin are vertically separated by a ∼40-nm focal adhesion core region consisting of multiple protein-specific strata: a membrane-apposed integrin signalling layer containing integrin cytoplasmic tails, focal adhesion kinase and paxillin; an intermediate force-transduction layer containing talin and vinculin; and an uppermost actin-regulatory layer containing zyxin, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein and α-actinin. By localizing amino- and carboxy-terminally tagged talins, we reveal talin's polarized orientation, indicative of a role in organizing the focal adhesion strata. The composite multilaminar protein architecture provides a molecular blueprint for understanding focal adhesion functions.
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Kanchanawong P, Shtengle G, Ramko EB, Davidson MW, Hess HF, Waterman C. Nanoscale Protein Architecture of Focal Adhesions. Biophys J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Manley S, Gillette JM, Patterson GH, Shroff H, Hess HF, Betzig E, Lippincott-Schwartz J. High-density mapping of single-molecule trajectories with photoactivated localization microscopy. Nat Methods 2008; 5:155-7. [PMID: 18193054 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We combined photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) with live-cell single-particle tracking to create a new method termed sptPALM. We created spatially resolved maps of single-molecule motions by imaging the membrane proteins Gag and VSVG, and obtained several orders of magnitude more trajectories per cell than traditional single-particle tracking enables. By probing distinct subsets of molecules, sptPALM can provide insight into the origins of spatial and temporal heterogeneities in membranes.
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Nakai N, Miranović P, Ichioka M, Hess HF, Uchiyama K, Nishimori H, Kaneko S, Nishida N, Machida K. Ubiquitous V-shape density of states in a mixed state of clean limit type II superconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:147001. [PMID: 17155284 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.147001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that the low energy density of states N(E) is described by a singular V-shape form N(E)=N(0)(H)+alpha|E|+O(E2) for all clean superconductors in a vortex state, irrespective of the underlying gap structure. The linear term alpha|E| which has not been recognized so far is obtained by exactly evaluating the vortex contribution. Based on microscopic Eilenberger theory N(E) is evaluated for the isotropic gap, line, and point-node gaps to yield a V-shape N(E). Scanning tunneling spectroscopy-STM experiments on NbSe2 and YNi2B2C give direct evidence for this. We provide arguments on the significance of this finding and on the relevance to other experiments.
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Betzig E, Patterson GH, Sougrat R, Lindwasser OW, Olenych S, Bonifacino JS, Davidson MW, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Hess HF. Imaging Intracellular Fluorescent Proteins at Nanometer Resolution. Science 2006; 313:1642-5. [PMID: 16902090 DOI: 10.1126/science.1127344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4991] [Impact Index Per Article: 277.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a method for optically imaging intracellular proteins at nanometer spatial resolution. Numerous sparse subsets of photoactivatable fluorescent protein molecules were activated, localized (to approximately 2 to 25 nanometers), and then bleached. The aggregate position information from all subsets was then assembled into a superresolution image. We used this method--termed photoactivated localization microscopy--to image specific target proteins in thin sections of lysosomes and mitochondria; in fixed whole cells, we imaged vinculin at focal adhesions, actin within a lamellipodium, and the distribution of the retroviral protein Gag at the plasma membrane.
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Yoo MJ, Fulton TA, Hess HF, Willett RL, Dunkleberger LN, Chichester RJ, Pfeiffer LN, West KW. Scanning Single-Electron Transistor Microscopy: Imaging Individual Charges. Science 1997; 276:579-82. [PMID: 9110974 DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5312.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A single-electron transistor scanning electrometer (SETSE)-a scanned probe microscope capable of mapping static electric fields and charges with 100-nanometer spatial resolution and a charge sensitivity of a small fraction of an electron-has been developed. The active sensing element of the SETSE, a single-electron transistor fabricated at the end of a sharp glass tip, is scanned in close proximity across the sample surface. Images of the surface electric fields of a GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs heterostructure sample show individual photo-ionized charge sites and fluctuations in the dopant and surface-charge distribution on a length scale of 100 nanometers. The SETSE has been used to image and measure depleted regions, local capacitance, band bending, and contact potentials at submicrometer length scales on the surface of this semiconductor sample.
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Hess HF, Murray CA, Waszczak JV. Flux lattice and vortex structure in 2H-NbSe2 in inclined fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:16528-16540. [PMID: 9976040 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.16528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Hess HF, Betzig E, Harris TD, Pfeiffer LN, West KW. Near-Field Spectroscopy of the Quantum Constituents of a Luminescent System. Science 1994; 264:1740-5. [PMID: 17839907 DOI: 10.1126/science.264.5166.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent centers with sharp (<0.07 millielectron volt), spectrally distinct emission lines were imaged in a GaAs/AIGaAs quantum well by means of low-temperature near-field scanning optical microscopy. Temperature, magnetic field, and linewidth measurements establish that these centers arise from excitons laterally localized at interface fluctuations. For sufficiently narrow wells, virtually all emission originates from such centers. Near-field microscopy/spectroscopy provides a means to access energies and homogeneous line widths for the individual eigenstates of these centers, and thus opens a rich area of physics involving quantum resolved systems.
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Hallen HD, Seshadri R, Chang AM, Miller RE, Pfeiffer LN, West KW, Murray CA, Hess HF. Direct spatial imaging of vortices in a superconducting wire network. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 71:3007-3010. [PMID: 10054834 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Hess HF, Murray CA, Waszczak JV. Scanning-tunneling-microscopy study of distortion and instability of inclined flux-line-lattice structures in the anisotropic superconductor 2H-NbSe2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 69:2138-2141. [PMID: 10046408 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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47
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Hess HF, Robinson RB, Waszczak JV. Vortex-core structure observed with a scanning tunneling microscope. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 64:2711-2714. [PMID: 10041790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.64.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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48
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Hess HF, Robinson RB, Dynes RC, Valles JM, Waszczak JV. Scanning-tunneling-microscope observation of the Abrikosov flux lattice and the density of states near and inside a fluxoid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1989; 62:214-216. [PMID: 10039952 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.62.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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49
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Masuhara N, Doyle JM, Sandberg JC, Kleppner D, Greytak TJ, Hess HF, Kochanski GP. Evaporative cooling of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1988; 61:935-938. [PMID: 10039472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.61.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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50
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Hess HF, Kochanski GP, Doyle JM, Masuhara N, Kleppner D, Greytak TJ. Magnetic trapping of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1987; 59:672-675. [PMID: 10035841 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.59.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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