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Portman M, Penttilä A, Haukka J, Rajalin S, Eriksson C, Gunnar T, Koskimaa H, Kuoppasalmi K. Profile of a drunk driver and risk factors for drunk driving. Findings in roadside testing in the province of Uusimaa in Finland 1990–2008. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 231:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lahti T, Sysi-Aho J, Haukka J, Partonen T. Work-related accidents and daylight saving time in Finland. Occup Med (Lond) 2010; 61:26-8. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqq167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that offspring of mothers with psychotic disorders have an almost two-fold higher mortality risk from birth until early adulthood. We investigated predictors of mortality from late adolescence until middle age in offspring of mothers with psychotic disorders. METHOD The Helsinki High-Risk Study follows up offspring (n=337) of women treated for schizophrenia spectrum disorders in mental hospitals in Helsinki before 1975. Factors related to mortality up to 2005 among offspring of these mothers was investigated with a survival model. Hazard rate ratios (HRR) were calculated using sex, diagnosis of psychotic disorder, childhood socio-economic status, maternal diagnosis, and maternal suicide attempts and aggressive symptoms as explanatory variables. The effect of family was investigated by including a frailty term in the model. We also compared mortality between the high-risk group and the Finnish general population. RESULTS Within the high-risk group, females had lower all-cause mortality (HRR 0.43, p=0.05) and mortality from unnatural causes (HRR 0.24, p=0.03) than males. Having themselves been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder was associated with higher mortality from unnatural causes (HRR 4.76, p=0.01), while maternal suicide attempts were associated with higher suicide mortality (HRR 8.64, p=0.03). Mortality in the high-risk group was over two-fold higher (HRR 2.44, p<0.0001) than in the general population, and remained significantly higher when high-risk offspring who later developed psychotic disorders were excluded from the study sample (HRR 2.30, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder are at increased risk of several adverse outcomes, including premature death.
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Rintamaki R, Grimaldi S, Englund A, Haukka J, Partonen T, Reunanen A, Aromaa A, Lonnqvist J. Seasonal changes in mood and behaviour are a proxy to metabolic syndrome. Eur Psychiatry 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Foetal nutrition and growth seem to affect the risk of developing schizophrenia. Exposure to famine during foetal development and low birthweight increase the risk. However, few studies have investigated the association between schizophrenia and adult height and weight or patterns of growth. METHOD The study population consisted of two subpopulations: families with at least one member with schizophrenia, and families of offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder, and controls. Using a seven-parameter model of height growth curves, we compared the parameters of persons who later developed schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings from the same families. We also studied how growth curve parameters differed in children with genetic risk for schizophrenia and controls, and whether weight, height and body mass index (BMI) at different ages predicted later development of schizophrenia. RESULTS The predicted growth curves based on a parametric model were nearly identical for persons with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. Adult height of daughters of mothers with psychoses was borderline significantly (p=0.0536) lower compared to controls, while no difference was detected among sons (p=0.3283). CONCLUSIONS No association between growth characteristics and schizophrenia in families with at least one member with schizophrenia was found. Family-related factors should be taken into account as possible confounders in future studies on growth and schizophrenia.
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Tiihonen J, Wahlbeck K, Lönnqvist J, Klaukka T, Ioannidis J, Volavka J, Haukka J. Real-world effectiveness of pharmacological treatments in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Niemi TT, Kuitunen AH, Haukka J, Lepäntalo M. Red blood cell transfusions in patients undergoing lower extremity artery bypass surgery. Scand J Surg 2006; 95:39-43. [PMID: 16579254 DOI: 10.1177/145749690609500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The purpose of this study was to search predictors of red blood cell transfusions in peripheral vascular surgical patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS All the patients who undergone infrainguinal bypass surgery at Helsinki University Hospital in the year 2000 were included. Of 266 records 261 (98%) were available for data review. Multiple stepwise regression model was created to identify independent predictors of blood use. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 174 (67%) of the patients received red blood cell transfusion. The lowest measured mean (SD) haemoglobin was 94 (11) g/l intraoperatively and 92 (+/- 10) g/l on the first two postoperative days. The median (range) number of units was 3 (1-19). Multivariate analysis showed that high age (p = 0.019), small body surface area (p = 0.017), low preoperative haemoglobin (p < 0.001), blood loss (p < 0.001), long lasting surgery (p<0.001), reoperation (p=0.018), femoro-distal reconstruction (p=0.048) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.023) increased the risk to receive red blood cell transfusion. The frequent use of antithrombotic medication (72% of the patients) did not significantly increase red blood cell administration. The generous use of red blood cells despite relative safe haemoglobin levels indicates a need for a standardized multidisciplinary transfusion strategy in this patient population. Otherwise, most of the predictors for red blood cell administration were nonmodifiable.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical time-givers may have a modifying effect on the time patterns of death from suicide. METHOD Data on a total of 1397 suicides in Finland over a year were collected using the method of psychological autopsy. We linked versatile information on each individual to meteorological data adjusted for local weather conditions, and to the universal astronomic data. RESULTS The number of suicides with seasonal mismatch was greater than the expected in the northernmost region of the country (P = 0.03). The northern location was the most significant predictor of such suicides (P = 0.001). They were associated with the changes in ambient temperature during the preceding day (P < 0.00001), the changes to colder preceding suicides in the spring. CONCLUSION Our findings show that mismatch between the changes in ambient temperature and those in the length of day may precede death from suicide in some individuals.
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Kieseppä T, van Erp TGM, Haukka J, Partonen T, Cannon TD, Poutanen VP, Kapri J, Lönnqvist J. The volumetric findings in MRI brain study of bipolar twins and their healthy co-twins. Bipolar Disord 2003; 4 Suppl 1:29-30. [PMID: 12479672 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-5618.4.s1.6.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Haukka J, Suvisaari J, Varilo T, Lönnqvist J. Regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland: a study of birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969. Psychol Med 2001; 31:1045-1053. [PMID: 11513372 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291701004299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether there is regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia and if so. whether it is caused by urban-rural differences, larger spatial clustering, or both. To control for the effect of migration, we examined regional variation in the incidence according to place of birth. METHODS Finnish birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969 were followed in the National Hospital Discharge Register from 1969 until 1991, and all cases of schizophrenia (ICD-8 or ICD-9 295) were identified (N = 14828). Forty-eight of the 559 municipalities were classified as urban and 25% of the Finnish population lived in these municipalities in 1960. For the analysis of spatial clustering, municipalities were grouped into 57 functional small-areas. We used Poisson regression model with the number of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia as a response variable, and place of birth (urban/rural), birth cohort (1950-54, 1955-9, 1960-64, and 1965-9), functional small-area units, and sex as response variables. RESULTS The incidence was slightly higher among the rural-born in the oldest birth cohort. In the other cohorts, it was higher among the urban-born, and the difference between urban and rural born increased in the youngest cohorts. Significant spatial clustering of schizophrenia was observed in eastern Finland. CONCLUSIONS Urban birth is a risk factor for schizophrenia in Finland in cohorts born since 1955. However, genuine spatial clustering of schizophrenia in eastern Finland was also observed, possibly caused by genetic isolation.
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Saarikoski ST, Sata F, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Rautalahti M, Haukka J, Impivaara O, Järvisalo J, Vainio H, Hirvonen A. CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer genotype as a potential modifier of smoking behaviour. PHARMACOGENETICS 2000; 10:5-10. [PMID: 10739167 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200002000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Some 3-10% of Caucasians are deficient in CYP2D6 metabolism (poor metabolizers), due to inheritance of two defective alleles, whereas amplification of the CYP2D6 gene results in ultrarapid metabolism in 1-2% of Caucasian populations. To examine the possible association between CYP2D6 polymorphism and individual smoking behaviour, we analysed the prevalence of CYP2D6 genotypes among 292 long-term heavy smokers, 382 individuals with more variable smoking histories, and 302 never-smokers. The prevalence of ultrarapid metabolizers in heavy smokers (7.9%) was twofold compared to individuals with variable smoking habits (3.7%; odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.2-4.4), and fourfold compared with never-smokers (2.0%) (odds ratio 4.2, 95% confidence interval 1.8-9.8). The frequency of poor metabolizer genotype was approximately 2%, in each smoker group. However, when men and women were studied separately, the prevalence of poor metabolizer genotype was higher in male never-smokers (3.6%) than in variable smokers (2.7%) and heavy smokers (2.2%). Moreover, a trend test, adjusted by age, gender and cancer status, revealed a significant trend for the increased tobacco usage with increased metabolic capacity. Our results are in agreement with the assumption that increased CYP2D6 activity may contribute to the probability of being addicted to smoking.
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Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Lönnqvist J. Association of low serum total cholesterol with major depression and suicide. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175:259-62. [PMID: 10645328 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.175.3.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that low serum total cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of suicide. AIMS To study the association between serum total cholesterol, depression and suicide using versatile, prospective data. METHOD A total of 29,133 men aged 50-69 years were followed up for 5-8 years. Baseline blood samples were analysed for serum total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Self-reported depression was recorded, data on hospital treatments due to depressive disorders were derived from the National Hospital Discharge Register and deaths from suicide were identified from death certificates. RESULTS Low serum total cholesterol was associated with low mood and subsequently a heightened risk of hospital treatment due to major depressive disorder and of death from suicide. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that low serum total cholesterol appears to be associated with low mood and thus to predict its serious consequences.
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Suvisaari J, Haukka J, Tanskanen A, Hovi T, Lönnqvist J. Association between prenatal exposure to poliovirus infection and adult schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:1100-2. [PMID: 10401461 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.156.7.1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors' goal was to determine whether there is an association between prenatal exposure to poliovirus infection and later development of schizophrenia. METHOD All Finnish patients born between 1951 and 1969 with discharge diagnoses of schizophrenia (N = 13,559) were identified from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. Information on the monthly number of cases of paralytic poliomyelitis was obtained for each province in Finland. The authors analyzed the incidence of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia by using a Poisson regression model with year and place of birth, age, sex, season of birth, and smoothed incidence of poliomyelitis in different gestational periods as explanatory variables. RESULTS An association between the incidence of poliomyelitis and the incidence of births 5 months later of individuals who later developed schizophrenia was observed. Without controlling for seasonality, the effect was significant throughout the second trimester. CONCLUSIONS Second-trimester exposure to poliovirus infection may increase the risk for the later development of schizophrenia.
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Suvisaari JM, Haukka J, Tanskanen A, Lönnqvist JK. Age at onset and outcome in schizophrenia are related to the degree of familial loading. Br J Psychiatry 1998; 173:494-500. [PMID: 9926078 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.173.6.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research suggests that high familial loading is associated with early onset of schizophrenia. Results concerning outcome have been controversial. METHOD We assessed the relationship between familial loading, age at onset and outcome in all Finnish patients with schizophrenia born between 1950 and 1969. Patients and their first-degree relatives were identified using nationwide registers. Familial loading scores were calculated for schizophrenia and for combined psychotic disorders, and patients were accordingly classified into three groups: high (n = 761), intermediate (n = 14,247), and low familial loading (n = 725). Linear mixed models and the Cox proportional hazard model were used in the analyses. RESULTS Onset was earliest, hospitalisation longest and risk of retirement in receipt of a disability pension highest in the group with high familial loading, with opposite extremes found in the group with low familial loading. CONCLUSIONS High familial loading for schizophrenia is associated with early onset and poor outcome of schizophrenia.
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Teikari JM, Rautalahti M, Haukka J, Järvinen P, Hartman AM, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Heinonen O. Incidence of cataract operations in Finnish male smokers unaffected by alpha tocopherol or beta carotene supplements. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998; 52:468-72. [PMID: 9799882 PMCID: PMC1756731 DOI: 10.1136/jech.52.7.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene supplementation on the incidence of age related cataract extraction. SETTING The Alpha-tocopherol Beta-carotene (ATBC) Study was a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, 2 x 2 factorial trial conducted in south western Finland. The cataract surgery study population of 28,934 male smokers 50-69 years of age at the start. INTERVENTION Random assignment to one of four regimens: alpha tocopherol 50 mg per day, beta carotene 20 mg per day, both alpha tocopherol and beta carotene, or placebo. Follow up continued for five to eight years (median 5.7 years) with a total of 159,199 person years. OUTCOME MEASURE Cataract extraction, ascertained from the National Hospital Discharge Registry. RESULTS 425 men had cataract surgery because of senile or presenile cataract during the follow up. Of these, 112 men were in the alpha tocopherol alone group, 112 men in the beta carotene alone group, 96 men in the alpha tocopherol and beta carotene group, and 105 men in the placebo group. When supplementation with alpha tocopherol and with beta carotene were introduced to a Cox proportional hazards model with baseline characteristics (age, education, history of diabetes, body mass index, alcohol consumption, number of cigarettes smoked daily, smoking duration, visual acuity, and total cholesterol), neither alpha tocopherol (relative risk, RR, 0.91, 95% confidence intervals, CI, 0.74, 1.11) nor beta carotene (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.79, 1.19) supplementation affected the incidence of cataract surgery. CONCLUSION Supplementation with alpha tocopherol or beta carotene does not affect the incidence of cataract extractions among male smokers.
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Liede K, Hietanen J, Saxen L, Haukka J, Timonen T, Häyrinen-Immonen R, Heinonen OP. Long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in smokers. Oral Dis 1998; 4:78-83. [PMID: 9680894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.1998.tb00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in smokers. DESIGN An end-point examination of a random sample of participants in a controlled trial for 5-7 years (Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study) in Helsinki, Finland. SUBJECTS A total of 409 white male cigarette smokers, aged 55-74 years who received either alpha-tocopherol (50 mg per day) or beta-carotene (20 mg per day) supplementation, both of these or placebo capsules. METHODS Clinical examination of oral mucosae, histological examination of lesions showing leukoplakia and cytological examination of buccal epithelium. Statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the study groups either in the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions or in the cells of unkeratinized epithelium. Leukoplakia was present in 24 (5.9%) of the subjects. Seven lesions showed dysplasia. CONCLUSION The present study on oral health does not support the hypothesis that alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene supplementation plays an essential role in preventing oral mucosal changes in smokers.
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Teikari JM, Laatikainen L, Virtamo J, Haukka J, Rautalahti M, Liesto K, Albanes D, Taylor P, Heinonen OP. Six-year supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and age-related maculopathy. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1998; 76:224-9. [PMID: 9591958 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0420.1998.760220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Animal research and observational studies in man suggest a protective effect of antioxidant vitamins in the development of age-related maculopathy (ARM). METHODS The ATBC study, a population-based, controlled clinical trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta carotene to prevent lung cancer, took place in Finland between 1984 and 1993. Over 29,000 smoking males aged 50 to 69 years were randomly assigned to alpha-tocopherol (AT; 50 mg/day), beta-carotene (BC; 20 mg/day), both of these, or placebo. We performed an end-of-trial ophthalmological examination on a random sample of 941 participants aged 65 years or more from two of the fourteen study areas, to discover if the five to eight-year intervention with alpha-tocopherol and/or beta-carotene had been associated with a difference in ARM prevalence. Age-related maculopathy was assessed using colour photographs of the macula. RESULTS Altogether, 269 cases of ARM were found; there were more cases in the AT group (32%; 75/237), BC group (29%; 68/234), and combined antioxidant group (28%; 73/257) than in the placebo group (25%; 53/213). However, neither substance was significantly associated with the risk of ARM in a logistic regression analysis controlling for possible risk factors. CONCLUSIONS No beneficial effect of long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene on the occurrence of ARM was detected among smoking males.
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Teikari JM, Laatikainen L, Rapola JM, Virtamo J, Haukka J, Liesto K, Taylor P, Heinonen OP. Retinal vascular changes following supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1998; 76:68-73. [PMID: 9541437 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0420.1998.760112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine if long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol (AT) or beta-carotene (BC) was associated with the prevalence of vascular changes in retinal arterioles. METHODS An end-of-trial subsample from a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to study the effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on lung cancer incidence (ATBC Study). SETTING Source population of Helsinki and the surrounding province. PARTICIPANTS 1072 men 50-69 years old and smoking at least 5 cigarettes per day at study entry. INTERVENTIONS Random allocation to one of four supplementation regimens: 50 mg per day alpha-tocopherol, 20 mg per day beta-carotene, both alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene, or placebo. Median follow-up time was 6.6 years (range 5.2-8.0 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Presence of vascular changes in retinal arterioles as determined from end-of-trial retinal color photographs. RESULTS Retinal vascular changes were most prevalent in the AT (161 men, 62%), and in the BC (163 men, 62%) groups. The prevalence rate was lowest in the AT plus BC group (161 men, 55%), and slightly higher in the placebo group (145 men, 57%). There was no statistically significant association of either AT (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.7-1.2) or BC (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.8-1.3) supplementation with the prevalence of retinal vascular changes after adjusting for major risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene for a median of 6.6 years does not protect against retinal vascular changes among smoking males.
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Kinnunen E, Junttila O, Haukka J, Hovi T. Nationwide oral poliovirus vaccination campaign and the incidence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147:69-73. [PMID: 9440401 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of the incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in Finland in 1981-1986 was carried out by careful examination of medical records identified from nationwide Hospital Discharge Register data based on a mean total population of 5 million people. Records from 247 patients fulfilled the accepted criteria of GBS corresponding to a mean annual incidence of 0.82 per 100,000 population. Monthly rates showed an increased incidence of GBS in March 1985, following by a few weeks the onset of the nationwide oral poliovirus vaccine campaign and partly overlapping it. Analysis of the time series in depth suggested, however, that a change point in the occurrence of GBS had already taken place before the oral poliovirus vaccine campaign. Widespread circulation of wild-type 3 poliovirus in the population immediately preceded the oral poliovirus vaccine campaign and the peak occurrence of GBS. These results demonstrate a temporal association between poliovirus infection, caused by either wild virus or live attenuated vaccine, and an episode of increased occurrence of GBS, but they cannot prove the suspected cause-effect relation between GBS and oral poliovirus vaccine administration.
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Rautalahti M, Virtamo J, Haukka J, Heinonen OP, Sundvall J, Albanes D, Huttunen JK. The effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on COPD symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:1447-52. [PMID: 9372659 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.5.96-11048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of alpha-tocopherol (50 mg/d) and beta-carotene (20 mg/d) supplementation on symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were studied among the 29,133 participants of the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study undertaken to investigate the effects of these two substances in the prevention of lung and other cancers. During the follow-up the supplementations did not affect the recurrence or incidence of chronic cough, phlegm, or dyspnea. The prevalence of chronic bronchitis and dyspnea at baseline was lower among those with high dietary intake of beta-carotene (OR = 0.78 and 0.67, respectively) or vitamin E (OR = 0.87 and 0.77) and high serum beta-carotene (OR = 0.59 and 0.62) and alpha-tocopherol (OR = 0.76 and 0.82). High intake and serum levels of retinol were associated with low prevalence of dyspnea (OR = 0.84 and 0.80, respectively) but not with chronic bronchitis. The results indicate no benefit from supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene on the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders but support the beneficial effect of dietary intake of fruits and vegetables rich in these compounds.
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Palosuo T, Virtamo J, Haukka J, Taylor PR, Aho K, Puurunen M, Vaarala O. High antibody levels to prothrombin imply a risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in middle-aged men--a nested case-control study. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78:1178-82. [PMID: 9364981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies against phospholipid-binding plasma proteins, such as beta2-glycoprotein I (beta2-GPI) and prothrombin, are associated with thromboembolic events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and also in subjects with no evident underlying diseases. We wanted to examine whether increased levels of antibodies to negatively-charged phospholipids (cardiolipin), to phospholipid-binding plasma proteins beta2-GPI and prothrombin and to oxidised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were associated with risk of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism in subjects with no previous thrombosis. The antibodies were measured in stored serum samples from 265 cases of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity or pulmonary embolism occurring during a median follow-up of about 7 years and from 265 individually matched controls. The study subjects were middle-aged men participating in a cancer prevention trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and the cases of thromboembolic events were identified from nationwide Hospital Discharge Register. The risk for thrombotic events was significantly increased only in relation to antiprothrombin antibodies. As adjusted for body mass index, number of daily cigarettes and history of chronic bronchitis, myocardial infarction and heart failure at baseline, the odds ratio per one unit of antibody was 6.56 (95% confidence interval 1.73-25.0). The seven highest individual optical density-unit values of antiprothrombin antibodies were all confined to subjects with thromboembolic episodes. In conclusion, the present nested case-control study showed that high autoantibody levels against prothrombin implied a risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and could be involved in the development of the thrombotic processes.
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Männistö S, Pietinen P, Haukka J, Ovaskainen ML, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Reported alcohol intake, diet and body mass index in male smokers. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50:239-45. [PMID: 8730611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was carried out to determine associations of reported alcohol intake with diet and body mass index. Type and frequency of consumed alcohol were also considered. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING The baseline examination of the participants of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study in 1985-1988. SUBJECTS 27215 middle-aged Finnish male smokers. INTERVENTIONS The diet was assessed by a self-administered food use questionnaire: Subject's habitual diet and alcohol intake over the previous 12 months were asked. Body mass index was used as the measure of adiposity. RESULTS Energy intake from food was not related to alcohol intake. Although alcohol consumption was associated with food selection (eg berry and coffee consumption), this only slightly influenced daily nutrient intakes. Intake of spirits was more consistently related to higher body mass index than that of other alcoholic beverages. Daily alcohol intake had a much smaller association with body mass index than less frequent use, independently of the total consumption. CONCLUSIONS The differences in nutrient intake between abstainers, light and moderate alcohol consumers were small although the consumption of many foods varied with alcohol consumption. Even if alcohol consumption is one noteworthy factor associated with weight, the energy from alcohol increases body weight less than expected; both the type and frequency of consumed alcohol may explain why energy from alcohol is utilized less efficiently than non-alcoholic energy.
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Kuikka JT, Akerman K, Bergström KA, Karhu J, Hiltunen J, Haukka J, Heikkinen J, Tiihonen J, Wang S, Neumeyer JL. Iodine-123 labelled N-(2-fluoroethyl)-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane for dopamine transporter imaging in the living human brain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE 1995; 22:682-6. [PMID: 7498231 DOI: 10.1007/bf01254571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There are several cocaine analogs which have potential for imaging the dopamine transporters (DAT). Earlier studies have shown that iodine-123 labelled 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane ([123I]beta-CIT) and N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane ([123I]beta-CIT-FP) are promising DAT imaging agents in the living human brain with single-photon emission tomography (SPET). Here we report a pilot comparison of [123I]beta-CIT and [123I]beta-CIT-FP with a new tropane derivative, [123I]N-(2-fluoroethyl)-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)nortropane ([123I]beta-CIT-FE), using SPET imaging in four healthy male subjects. Peak uptake of [123I]beta-CIT-FE into the basal ganglia occurred very rapidly (0.5 h after injection of tracer), after which the striatal washout obeyed a bi-exponential form. The specific DAT binding of [123I]beta-CIT-FE into the basal ganglia was somewhat less (0.785 +/- 0.117) than that of [123I]beta-CIT (0.922 +/- 0.004) or [123I]beta-CIT-FP (0.813 +/- 0.047). All these tracers have excellent imaging quality in healthy control subjects. However, the relatively fast washout of [123I]beta-CIT-FE and low temporal resolution of older SPET cameras may limit the use of this tracer to the measurement of the DAT density.
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Kuikka JT, Bergström KA, Ahonen A, Hiltunen J, Haukka J, Länsimies E, Wang S, Neumeyer JL. Comparison of iodine-123 labelled 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane and 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl)nortropane for imaging of the dopamine transporter in the living human brain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE 1995; 22:356-60. [PMID: 7607268 DOI: 10.1007/bf00941854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several cocaine congeners are of potential for imaging the dopamine transporter (DAT). Previous studies have shown that iodine-123 labelled 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane ([123I] beta-CIT) is a promising radiotracer for imaging the serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) transporters in the living human brain with single-photon emission tomography (SPET). [123I] beta-CIT was found to be not very practical for 1-day DAT imaging protocols since peak DAT uptake occurs later than 8 h. Here we report a pilot comparison of [123I] beta-CIT and 2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl)nortropane ([123I] beta-CIT-FP), using SPET imaging in four healthy male subjects. Peak uptake of [123I] beta-CIT-FP into the basal ganglia occurred earlier (3-4 h after injection of tracer) than that of [123I] beta-CIT (> 8 h). However, the specific DAT binding of [123I] beta-CIT-FP in the basal ganglia was somewhat less (0.813 +/- 0.047) than that of [123I] beta-CIT (0.922 +/- 0.004). Imaging quality is excellent with both tracers and they are potentially of value for brain imaging in various neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Rautalahti M, Albanes D, Haukka J, Virtamo J. Risk factors for histologically confirmed benign breast tumors. Eur J Epidemiol 1994; 10:259-65. [PMID: 7859835 DOI: 10.1007/bf01719347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A case-control study of 156 cases of various types of benign breast disease (BBD) and 156 population controls was conducted to investigate the role of various behavioral, reproductive, and hormonal factors in the etiology of these breast disorders. Our results indicate that the distinct histological groups of BBD differ from each other in respect to possible risk factors. Small sample size poses severe restrictions on the conclusiveness of the results and thus they should be considered as preliminary and suggestive. Our results do not support the notion that BBD could be considered as a uniform entity with common risk factors.
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