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Panda SS, Katz HE, Tovar JD. Correction: Solid-state electrical applications of protein and peptide based nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5616. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs90092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for ‘Solid-state electrical applications of protein and peptide based nanomaterials’ by Sayak Subhra Panda et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2018, 47, 3640–3658.
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Panda SS, Katz HE, Tovar JD. Solid-state electrical applications of protein and peptide based nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:3640-3658. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advancements in electrical properties and applications of natural proteins and mutated variants, synthetic oligopeptides and peptide–π conjugates.
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Tovar JD. Photon management in supramolecular peptide nanomaterials. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2017; 13:015004. [PMID: 29076807 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aa9685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides with covalent pi-electron functionality offer new ways to create delocalized conduits within protein-based nanomaterials. My group's recent research is summarized in this regard, detailing foundational self-assembly and photophysical characterizations that validate the electronic couplings existing within the resulting peptidic nanomaterials. Using these initial studies as a benchmark, ongoing studies to create even more complex photonic energy delocalization schemes are presented, spanning excitonic and Förster energy transfer to low-bandgap dopant sites (whereby 46% of the observed photoluminescence could be quenched by the addition of 1 mol% of an energy acceptor), the creation of charge separated states following photoinduced electron transfer that persisted for over a nanosecond, and use of kinetic control to dictate self-sorting (at long time scales, ca. several hours) or intimate coassembly (at short time scales, ca. several seconds) of multiple peptide components. Peptide coassemblies are described that exhibit both directed exciton migration to low-energy sites and follow-up charge separation events, very much in mimicry with relevant photosynthetic processes.
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Messersmith RE, Yadav S, Siegler MA, Ottosson H, Tovar JD. Benzo[b]thiophene Fusion Enhances Local Borepin Aromaticity in Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13440-13448. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhou Y, Li B, Li S, Ardoña HAM, Wilson WL, Tovar JD, Schroeder CM. Concentration-Driven Assembly and Sol-Gel Transition of π-Conjugated Oligopeptides. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:986-994. [PMID: 28979940 PMCID: PMC5620977 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in supramolecular assembly have enabled the design and synthesis of functional materials with well-defined structures across multiple length scales. Biopolymer-synthetic hybrid materials can assemble into supramolecular structures with a broad range of structural and functional diversity through precisely controlled noncovalent interactions between subunits. Despite recent progress, there is a need to understand the mechanisms underlying the assembly of biohybrid/synthetic molecular building blocks, which ultimately control the emergent properties of hierarchical assemblies. In this work, we study the concentration-driven self-assembly and gelation of π-conjugated synthetic oligopeptides containing different π-conjugated cores (quaterthiophene and perylene diimide) using a combination of particle tracking microrheology, confocal fluorescence microscopy, optical spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Our results show that π-conjugated oligopeptides self-assemble into β-sheet-rich fiber-like structures at neutral pH, even in the absence of electrostatic screening of charged residues. A critical fiber formation concentration cfiber and a critical gel concentration cgel are determined for fiber-forming π-conjugated oligopeptides, and the linear viscoelastic moduli (storage modulus G' and loss modulus G″) are determined across a wide range of peptide concentrations. These results suggest that the underlying chemical structure of the synthetic π-conjugated cores greatly influences the self-assembly process, such that oligopeptides appended to π-conjugated cores with greater torsional flexibility tend to form more robust fibers upon increasing peptide concentration compared to oligopeptides with sterically constrained cores. Overall, our work focuses on the molecular assembly of π-conjugated oligopeptides driven by concentration, which is controlled by a combination of enthalpic and entropic interactions between oligopeptide subunits.
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Ardoña HAM, Kale TS, Ertel A, Tovar JD. Nonresonant and Local Field Effects in Peptidic Nanostructures Bearing Oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) Units. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7435-7445. [PMID: 28683194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nanostructures with built-in electronic functions offer a new platform for biomaterial science. In this report, we interrogate the influences of the immediate peptide environment around oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV3) electronic units embedded within one-dimensional peptide nanostructures on the resulting photophysics as assessed by UV-vis, photoluminescence (PL), and circular dichroism spectroscopies. To do so, we studied peptide-core-peptide molecules where the core was either OPV3 or an aliphatic n-decyl chain. Coassemblies of these molecules wherein the π-core was diluted as a minority component within a majority aliphatic matrix allowed for the variation of interchromophore exciton coupling commonly found in homoassemblies of peptide-OPV3-peptide monomers. Upon coassembly of the peptides, a hydrophilic tripeptide sequence (Asp-Asp-Asp-, DDD-) promoted the dilution/isolation of the peptide-π-peptide molecules in the majority peptide-decyl-peptide matrix whereas a hydrophobic tripeptide sequence (Asp-Val-Val-, DVV-) promoted the formation of self-associated stacks within the nanostructures. We also performed temperature variation studies to induce the reorganization of π-electron units in the spatially constrained n-decyl environment. This study elucidates the nonresonant (e.g., conformational) and local peptide field effects enforced within the internal environment of peptide nanomaterials and how they lead to varied photophysical properties of the embedded π-electron cores. It offers new insights on tuning the optoelectronic properties of these types of materials on the basis of the local electronic and steric environment available within the nanostructures.
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Kale TS, Marine JE, Tovar JD. Self-Assembly and Associated Photophysics of Dendron-Appended Peptide-π-Peptide Triblock Macromolecules. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ardoña HAM, Draper ER, Citossi F, Wallace M, Serpell LC, Adams DJ, Tovar JD. Kinetically Controlled Coassembly of Multichromophoric Peptide Hydrogelators and the Impacts on Energy Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8685-8692. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Levine DR, Messersmith RE, Siegler MA, Tovar JD. Ring fusion isomers of dithienoborepins: perturbations of electronic structure, aromaticity, and reactivity in boron-containing polycyclic heteroaromatics. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Through a combination of rational design and synthetic serendipity, two new structural isomers of the dithienoborepin (DTB) architecture have been realized. Unlike previous members of this family, these boron-containing polycyclic aromatics are unsymmetrical with respect to the fusion orientation of the central borepin and flanking thiophene rings. Characterization of the unsymmetrical dithienoborepins through spectroscopic, crystallographic, electrochemical, and computational methods reveal that the electronics, aromaticity, and chemical reactivity can differ subtly (as for DTB 3) or in dramatic fashion (DTB 4) throughout the series, as dictated by the nature of the unique π-conjugation in each structure. Synthetic elaboration of the three most closely related DTB isomers (1, 2, and 3) into π-extended derivatives by Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings revealed an enhancement in their inherent electronic property differences, demonstrating the feasibility of such an approach for molecular property tuning.
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Kale TS, Tovar JD. Corrigendum to “Regulation of peptide-π-peptide nanostructure bundling: The impact of ‘cruciform’ π-electron segments” [Tetrahedron 72 (2016) 6084–6090]. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sanders A, Kale TS, Katz HE, Tovar JD. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Self-Assembling Multivalent π-Conjugated Peptides. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:409-419. [PMID: 31457447 PMCID: PMC6640940 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a completely solid-phase synthetic strategy to create three- and four-fold peptide-appended π-electron molecules, where the multivalent oligopeptide presentation is dictated by the symmetries of reactive handles placed on discotic π-conjugated cores. Carboxylic acid and anhydride groups were viable amidation and imidation partners, respectively, and oligomeric π-electron discotic cores were prepared through Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings. Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the three or four peptide axes, these π-peptide hybrids self-assemble into robust one-dimensional nanostructures with high aspect ratios in aqueous solution. The preparation of these systems via solid-phase methods will be detailed along with their self-assembly properties, as revealed by steady-state spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy and electrical characterization using field-effect transistor measurements.
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Li B, Li S, Zhou Y, Ardoña HAM, Valverde LR, Wilson WL, Tovar JD, Schroeder CM. Nonequilibrium Self-Assembly of π-Conjugated Oligopeptides in Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:3977-3984. [PMID: 28067038 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assembly is a powerful method that can be used to generate materials with well-defined structures across multiple length scales. Supramolecular assemblies consisting of biopolymer-synthetic polymer subunits are specifically known to exhibit exceptional structural and functional diversity as well as programmable control of noncovalent interactions through hydrogen bonding in biopolymer subunits. Despite recent progress, there is a need to control and quantitatively understand assembly under nonequilibrium conditions. In this work, we study the nonequilibrium self-assembly of π-conjugated synthetic oligopeptides using a combination of experiments and analytical modeling. By isolating an aqueous peptide solution droplet within an immiscible organic layer, the rate of peptide assembly in the aqueous solution can be controlled by tuning the transport rate of acid that is used to trigger assembly. Using this approach, peptides are guided to assemble under reaction-dominated and diffusion-dominated conditions, with results showing a transition from a diffusion-limited reaction front to spatially homogeneous assembly as the transport rate of acid decreases. Interestingly, our results show that the morphology of self-assembled peptide fibers is controlled by the assembly kinetics such that increasingly homogeneous structures of self-assembled synthetic oligopeptides were generally obtained using slower rates of assembly. We further developed an analytical reaction-diffusion model to describe oligopeptide assembly, and experimental results are compared to the reaction-diffusion model across a range of parameters. Overall, this work highlights the importance of molecular self-assembly under nonequilibrium conditions, specifically showing that oligopeptide assembly is governed by a delicate balance between reaction kinetics and transport processes.
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Liyanage W, Ardoña HAM, Mao HQ, Tovar JD. Cross-Linking Approaches to Tuning the Mechanical Properties of Peptide π-Electron Hydrogels. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 28:751-759. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kale TS, Tovar JD. Regulation of peptide-π-peptide nanostructure bundling: the impact of ‘cruciform’ π-electron segments. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Streifel BC, Zafra JL, Espejo GL, Gómez‐García CJ, Casado J, Tovar JD. Corrigendum: An Unusually Small Singlet–Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6‐Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird's 4
n
π‐Electron Triplet Stabilization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9122. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Streifel BC, Zafra JL, Espejo GL, Gómez‐García CJ, Casado J, Tovar JD. Berichtigung: An Unusually Small Singlet–Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6‐Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird's 4
n
π‐Electron Triplet Stabilization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Messersmith RE, Siegler MA, Tovar JD. Aromaticity Competition in Differentially Fused Borepin-Containing Polycyclic Aromatics. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5595-605. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thurston BA, Tovar JD, Ferguson AL. Thermodynamics, morphology, and kinetics of early-stage self-assembly of π-conjugated oligopeptides. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2015.1125997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sanders AM, Magnanelli TJ, Bragg AE, Tovar JD. Photoinduced Electron Transfer within Supramolecular Donor–Acceptor Peptide Nanostructures under Aqueous Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3362-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fraind AM, Ryzhkov LR, Tovar JD. Chain Dynamics, Relaxation Times, and Conductivities of Bithiophene–Acene Copolymers Measured Using High Frequency Saturation Transfer EPR. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:1033-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Besar K, Ardoña HAM, Tovar JD, Katz HE. Demonstration of Hole Transport and Voltage Equilibration in Self-Assembled π-Conjugated Peptide Nanostructures Using Field-Effect Transistor Architectures. ACS NANO 2015; 9:12401-12409. [PMID: 26554697 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated peptide materials are attractive for bioelectronics due to their unique photophysical characteristics, biofunctional interfaces, and processability under aqueous conditions. In order to be relevant for electrical applications, these types of materials must be able to support the passage of current and the transmission of applied voltages. Presented herein is an investigation of both the current and voltage transmission activities of one-dimensional π-conjugated peptide nanostructures. Observations of the nanostructures as both semiconducting and gate layers in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were made, and the effect of systematic changes in amino acid composition on the semiconducting/conducting functionality of the nanostructures was investigated. These molecular variations directly impacted the hole mobility values observed for the nanomaterial active layers over 3 orders of magnitude (∼0.02 to 5 × 10(-5) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) when the nanostructures had quaterthiophene cores and the assembled peptide materials spanned source and drain electrodes. Peptides without the quaterthiophene core were used as controls and did not show field-effect currents, verifying that the transport properties of the nanostructures rely on the semiconducting behavior of the π-electron core and not just ionic rearrangements. We also showed that the nanomaterials could act as gate electrodes and assessed the effect of varying the gate dielectric layer thickness in devices where the conventional organic semiconductor pentacene spanned the source and drain electrodes in a top-contact OFET, showing an optimum performance with 35-40 nm dielectric thickness. This study shows that these peptides that self-assemble in aqueous environments can be used successfully to transmit electronic signals over biologically relevant distances.
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Ardoña HAM, Tovar JD. Peptide π-Electron Conjugates: Organic Electronics for Biology? Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2290-302. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Streifel BC, Zafra JL, Espejo GL, Gómez-García CJ, Casado J, Tovar JD. Innentitelbild: An Unusually Small Singlet-Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6-Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird’s 4 nπ-Electron Triplet Stabilization (Angew. Chem. 20/2015). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Streifel BC, Zafra JL, Espejo GL, Gómez-García CJ, Casado J, Tovar JD. Inside Cover: An Unusually Small Singlet-Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6-Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird’s 4nπ-Electron Triplet Stabilization (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 20/2015). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Streifel BC, Zafra JL, Espejo GL, Gómez-García CJ, Casado J, Tovar JD. An Unusually Small Singlet-Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6-Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird’s 4nπ-Electron Triplet Stabilization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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