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Martin-de-Las-Heras S, Velasco C, Luna-Del-Castillo JD, Khan KS. Breastfeeding avoidance following psychological intimate partner violence during pregnancy: a cohort study and multivariate analysis. BJOG 2019; 126:778-783. [PMID: 30575266 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate if the experience of psychological intimate partner violence (IPV) adversely affects breastfeeding rates. DESIGN A cohort study. SETTING Maternities in 15 public hospitals, drawn using cluster sampling of obstetric services in Andalusia, Spain. POPULATION A total of 779 consecutive mothers receiving antenatal care including ultrasound and giving birth during February-June 2010. METHODS Trained midwives gathered IPV data using the Index of Spouse Abuse validated in the Spanish language (score ranges: 0-100, higher scores reflect more severe IPV; cut-off: psychological IPV = 25). Sociodemographic data including lack of kin support, and obstetric and neonatal outcomes were collected. Multivariate logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI), of the relationship between psychological IPV and breastfeeding, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and obstetric complications. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Breastfeeding avoidance defined as lack of breastfeeding or pumping of breast milk to feed the new baby in the immediate post-partum period. RESULTS Response rate was 92.2%. A total of 70% (n = 545) of women initiated breastfeeding. Psychological IPV, reported by 21.0% (n = 151), increased the odds of breastfeeding avoidance (aOR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2-3.3) adjusting for the presence of obstetric complications (aOR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.0-2.4). CONCLUSIONS Mothers with psychological IPV avoid breastfeeding. Clinicians should be aware of the risks to infant arising from this deficiency due to IPV in pregnancy. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Psychological intimate partner violence, reported by one in five mothers in this study, on average doubles the avoidance of breastfeeding.
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Tambyraja SR, Rhoad-Drogalis A, Khan KS, Justice LM, Sawyer BE. Inattentiveness and Language Abilities in Preschoolers: A Latent Profile Analysis. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 47:245-257. [PMID: 29936661 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that early symptoms of inattentiveness may affect the language development and academic success of young children. In the present study, we examined the extent to which profiles of inattentiveness and language could be discerned within a heterogeneous group of preschoolers attending early childhood special education programs (n = 461). Based on parent-reported observations of children's symptoms of inattentiveness and direct assessments of children's language skills (grammar, vocabulary, and narrative ability), three distinct profiles were identified. The three groups, representing levels of severity (at risk, almost average, above average), differed not only by their end of year performance, but also with respect to which their abilities changed over the course of the academic year. Children in the poorest performing profile had poorer mean scores in the spring of their preschool year on all measures, but exhibited patterns of gain that exceeded or equaled their peers in higher-performing groups, in the domains of vocabulary and grammar. Examination of subsequent kindergarten reading skills suggested that profile differences remained consistent. Findings underscore the associations between early symptoms of inattentiveness and language difficulties, and further indicate that these relations extend to the acquisition of early reading skills. Future research is needed to corroborate these findings with more robust measures of attention, and to understand the long-term associations between inattentiveness, language and literacy, and potential effects on these associations from early intervention.
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Rogozińska E, Eckert LO, Khan KS. Reducing research waste through the standardisation of outcomes and definitions. BJOG 2018; 126:308-309. [PMID: 29637678 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Duffy J, Hirsch M, Pealing L, Showell M, Khan KS, Ziebland S, McManus RJ. Inadequate safety reporting in pre-eclampsia trials: a systematic evaluation. BJOG 2017; 125:795-803. [PMID: 29030992 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomised trials and their syntheses in meta-analyses offer a unique opportunity to assess the frequency and severity of adverse reactions. OBJECTIVE To assess safety reporting in pre-eclampsia trials. SEARCH STRATEGY Systematic search using bibliographic databases, including Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and MEDLINE, from inception to August 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials evaluating anticonvulsant or antihypertensive medication for pre-eclampsia. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics appraising the adequacy of adverse reaction and toxicity reporting. MAIN RESULTS We included 60 randomised trials. Six trials (10%) were registered with the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, two registry records referred to adverse reactions, stating 'safety and toleration' and 'possible side effects' would be collected. Twenty-six trials (43%) stated the frequency of withdrawals within each study arm, and five trials (8%) adequately reported these withdrawals. Adverse reactions were inconsistently reported across eligible trials: 24 (40%) reported no serious adverse reactions and 36 (60%) reported no mild adverse reactions. The methods of definition or measurement of adverse reactions were infrequently reported within published trial reports. CONCLUSIONS Pre-eclampsia trials regularly omit critical information related to safety. Despite the paucity of reporting, randomised trials collect an enormous amount of safety data. Developing and implementing a minimum data set could help to improve safety reporting, permitting a more balanced assessment of interventions by considering the trade-off between the benefits and harms. FUNDING National Institute for Health Research (DRF-2014-07-051), UK; Maternity Forum, Royal Society of Medicine, UK. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Developing @coreoutcomes could help to improve safety reporting in #preeclampsia trials. @NIHR_DC.
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Román-Gálvez RM, Amezcua-Prieto C, Salcedo-Bellido I, Martínez-Galiano JM, Khan KS, Bueno-Cavanillas A. Factors associated with insomnia in pregnancy: A prospective Cohort Study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 221:70-75. [PMID: 29304393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify insomnia and their components in a longitudinal cohort of pregnant women and factors associated with insomnia. STUDY DESIGN A prospective cohort of 486 healthy singleton pregnancies assembled before the 14th gestational week (February 2013 to March 2016). Insomnia data were collected pre-gestationally, in each trimester and six months post-partum, analysing five different moments. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to generate adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of determinants of insomnia in each trimester, defined using Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) as score ≥8. RESULTS Insomnia prevalence was 6.1% (3.9-8.9) pre-gestational, 44.2% (39.3-49.6) in first trimester (T1), 46.3% (41.9-51.3) in second (T2) and 63.7% (57.7-67.8) in third trimester (T3). Post-gestational insomnia was 33.2% (28.2-37.9) (p < 0.001 pre-gestational vs T1, T2 vs T3 and T3 vs after pregnancy). There was worsening mean AIS score, from: 2.34 before pregnancy to 9.87 in T3 because the deterioration of nighttime sleep, in absolute terms, but daytime impact was higher in T1. Previous trimester insomnia was associated with insomnia in T2 (aOR = 4.21, 95% CI 2.78-6.37) and T3 (aOR = 4.43, 95% CI 2.77-7.08). Pre-gestational insomnia was determinant of insomnia in T1 (aOR 12.50, 95% CI 3.58-43.60) and obesity was associated with insomnia in T3 (aOR = 2.30, 95% CI 0.99-5.32). On the contrary, moderate physical activity reduced the odds of insomnia in T3 (aOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.40-1.03). CONCLUSIONS Insomnia prevalence was high from the beginning of pregnancy, associated with pre-gestational insomnia. In late pregnancy, two out of three pregnant women suffering insomnia. Insomnia prevention should be targeted particularly to those with high body mass index and pre-gestational insomnia.
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Allotey J, Zamora J, Cheong-See F, Kalidindi M, Arroyo-Manzano D, Asztalos E, van der Post JAM, Mol BW, Moore D, Birtles D, Khan KS, Thangaratinam S. Cognitive, motor, behavioural and academic performances of children born preterm: a meta-analysis and systematic review involving 64 061 children. BJOG 2017; 125:16-25. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Duffy JMN, Rolph R, Gale C, Hirsch M, Khan KS, Ziebland S, McManus RJ. Core outcome sets in women's and newborn health: a systematic review. BJOG 2017; 124:1481-1489. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Duffy JMN, Hirsch M, Kawsar A, Gale C, Pealing L, Plana MN, Showell M, Williamson PR, Khan KS, Ziebland S, McManus RJ. Outcome reporting across randomised controlled trials evaluating therapeutic interventions for pre-eclampsia. BJOG 2017; 124:1829-1839. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Daru J, Allotey J, Peña-Rosas JP, Khan KS. Serum ferritin thresholds for the diagnosis of iron deficiency in pregnancy: a systematic review. Transfus Med 2017; 27:167-174. [PMID: 28425182 PMCID: PMC5763396 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to understand the landscape of serum ferritin in diagnosing iron deficiency in the aetiology of anaemia in pregnancy. Iron deficiency in pregnancy is a major public health problem leading to the development of anaemia. Reducing the global prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age is a 2025 global nutrition target. Bone marrow aspiration is the gold standard test for iron deficiency but requires an invasive procedure; therefore, serum ferritin is the most clinically useful test. We undertook a systematic search of electronic databases and trial registers from inception to January 2016. Studies of iron or micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy with pre‐defined serum ferritin thresholds were included. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data and assessed quality. There were 76 relevant studies mainly of observational study design (57%). The most commonly used thresholds of serum ferritin for the diagnosis of iron deficiency were <12 and <15 ng mL−1 (68%). Most primary studies provided no justification for the choice of serum ferritin threshold used, but 25 studies (33%) used thresholds defined by expert consensus in a guideline development process. There were five studies (7%) using a serum ferritin threshold defining iron deficiency derived from primary studies of bone marrow aspiration. Unified international thresholds of iron deficiency for women throughout pregnancy are required for accurate assessments of the global disease burden and for evaluating effectiveness of interventions addressing this problem.
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Sobhy S, Babiker Z, Zamora J, Khan KS, Kunst H. Maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity associated with tuberculosis during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2017; 124:727-733. [PMID: 27862893 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a dearth of data on the clinical features and outcomes of active tuberculosis (TB) in pregnancy. Studies have shown varied results and the relationship between TB and adverse pregnancy outcomes remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate pregnancy outcomes associated with TB. SEARCH STRATEGY Major databases were searched from inception until December 2015 without restrictions using the terms: 'TB', 'pregnancy', 'maternal morbidity', 'mortality' and 'perinatal morbidity', 'mortality'. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that compared the outcomes of pregnant women with and without active TB. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We computed odds ratios for maternal and perinatal complications, and pooled them using a random effects model. We assessed for heterogeneity using chi-squared tests and evaluated its magnitude using the I2 statistic. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for quality assessment. MAIN RESULTS Thirteen studies, including 3384 pregnancies with active TB and 119 448 without TB were included. Compared with pregnant women without TB, pregnant women with active TB was associated with increased odds of maternal morbidity [odds ratio (OR) 2.8, 95% CI 1.7-4.6; I2 = 60.3%], anaemia (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.2-6.7; I2 = 29.8%), caesarean delivery (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.8; I2 = 61.1%), preterm birth (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.4; I2 = 66.5%), low birth weight (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.4; I2 = 53.7%), birth asphyxia (OR 4.6, 95% CI 2.4-8.6; I2 = 46.3), and perinatal death (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.5-11.8; I2 = 57.2%). AUTHOR'S CONCLUSION Active TB in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Early diagnosis of TB is important to prevent significant maternal and perinatal complications. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Active tuberculosis in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.
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Rogozińska E, Kara-Newton L, Zamora JR, Khan KS. On-site test to detect syphilis in pregnancy: a systematic review of test accuracy studies. BJOG 2017; 124:734-741. [PMID: 28029229 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syphilis in pregnancy can lead to fetal and neonatal death or congenital anomalies. Accurate on-site tests are an essential part of effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission of the disease. OBJECTIVE This systematic review assessed the accuracy of on-site tests to detect infection with Treponema pallidum in pregnant women. SEARCH STRATEGY Major databases were searched from inception to January 2016 using terms: 'pregnancy', 'antenatal', 'syphilis', 'Treponema pallidum' with their variations, and the search limit for the relevant study design. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies that used dual reference standard (non-treponemal and treponemal tests) to detected syphilis in pregnancy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Extracted accuracy data were tabulated and pooled using hierarchical, bivariate random effects model. MAIN RESULTS Seven studies (combined sample 17 546) reporting the accuracy of four on-site tests met the eligibility criteria. On average, Determine™ and SD BioLine Syphilis 3.0 had the highest sensitivity of all the evaluated tests: 0.83 (95% CI 0.58, 0.98) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.82, 0.89), respectively, with a high specificity 0.96 (95% CI 0.89, 1.00) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.94, 1.00), respectively. The Qualitative Rapid Plasma Reagin card commonly used in clinical practice had a pooled sensitivity of 0.70 (95% CI 0.54, 0.88) and specificity of 0.97 (95% CI 0.96, 0.99). CONCLUSION Immunochromatographic tests such as Determine™ and SD BioLine Syphilis 3.0 seem to be acceptable options in antenatal testing for syphilis, especially in resource-limited settings. Future research should seek more evidence to strengthen this claim. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT On-site test to detect syphilis-options during antenatal care.
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Nijjar SK, Khan KS. Threats to reliability risk erroneous conclusions: a survey of prospective registration and sample sizes of randomised trials in women's health. BJOG 2017; 124:1057-1061. [PMID: 28322491 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prospective registration of clinical trials has been required since 2005. We aimed to assess concordance between registered and reported sample sizes among prospectively registered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in obstetrics and gynaecology. DESIGN Analysis of prospectively registered and published data. SETTING Women's health. SAMPLE Obstetrics and gynaecology RCTs published in eight journals in 2015. METHODS Specialist (Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, BJOG, Obstet Gynecol and Am J Obstet Gynecol) and general (BMJ, N Engl J Med, JAMA and Lancet) journals were searched from 1 January to 31 December 2015 for main reports of obstetrics and gynaecology RCTs. Their corresponding registries and protocols were sought and data were extracted. Proportions and 95% CI were calculated using exact methods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prospective registration of RCT and sample size concordance between RCTs and their registries within those where registration took place before patients were recruited. RESULTS Of the 75 relevant RCTs, 51 (68%, 95% CI 56-78%, P < 0.001 using a null hypothesis requiring 100% compliance) were prospectively registered, a feature found to be more common in general journals versus specialist journals (21/22 versus 30/53, 95% versus 57%, P = 0.001). Of the 51 prospectively registered RCTs, 31 (61%, 95% CI 46-74%, P = 0.003 using a null hypothesis requiring 40% of studies to achieve their stated sample size) did not reach the target sample size. CONCLUSIONS There are gaps in universal adoption of the prospective trial registration rule. Inability to meet target sample size risks deficiencies in statistical power with unreliability in results. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Only two-thirds of RCTs in women's health are prospectively registered, and over half fail to achieve target sample sizes.
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Van't Hooft J, Khan KS. P-hacking can be avoided with core outcome sets: preterm birth research is ready to take this leap. BJOG 2017; 124:1017. [PMID: 28319317 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nijjar SK, D'Amico MI, Wimalaweera NA, Cooper NAM, Zamora J, Khan KS. Participation in clinical trials improves outcomes in women's health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2017; 124:863-871. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Al Wattar BH, Tamilselvan K, Khan R, Kelso A, Sinha A, Pirie AM, McCorry D, Khan KS, Thangaratinam S. Development of a core outcome set for epilepsy in pregnancy (E-CORE): a national multi-stakeholder modified Delphi consensus study. BJOG 2016; 124:661-667. [PMID: 27860117 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a set of core outcomes for studies on pregnant women with epilepsy. DESIGN Delphi consensus study. POPULATION Healthcare professionals, and patient representatives with lived experience of epilepsy in the UK. METHODS We used a modified Delphi method and a consultation meeting to achieve consensus. Potential outcomes were identified by systematic review, and were scored using a Likert scale anchored between 1 (least important) and 5 (most important). We included outcomes that scored ≥4 by >70% of participants, and outcomes that scored ≤2 by <15% of participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes in studies on epilepsy in pregnancy. RESULTS Seventy-five healthcare professionals completed the first round, 48 (64%) completed the second round, and 37 (49%) completed the third round of the survey. Twenty-four patient representatives participated. The final core outcome set included 31 outcomes in three domains: neurological, offspring, and obstetric. Outcomes in the neurological domain were seizure control in pregnancy and postpartum, status epilepticus, maternal mortality, drowning, sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, postnatal depression, and quality of life. Offspring domain included congenital abnormalities (major and minor), fetal anticonvulsant syndrome, neurodevelopment, autism disorder, neonatal clinical complications, admission to a neonatal intensive care unit, and anthropometric measurements. The obstetric domain included live birth, stillbirth, miscarriage, ectopic, termination of pregnancy, admission to a high dependency or intensive care unit, breastfeeding, mode of delivery, preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia. Outcomes specific for studies on anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) included maternal AED toxicity, AED compliance, neonatal withdrawal symptoms, and neonatal haemorrhagic disease. CONCLUSION Embedding this core set in future clinical trials will promote the standardisation of reporting to inform clinical practice. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT A Delphi method identifying core outcomes for epilepsy in pregnancy. Final core set includes 31 outcomes.
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Moss N, Daru J, Lanz D, Thangaratinam S, Khan KS. Involving pregnant women, mothers and members of the public to improve the quality of women's health research. BJOG 2016; 124:362-365. [PMID: 27862921 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hirsch M, Duffy J, Davis CJ, Nieves Plana M, Khan KS. Diagnostic accuracy of cancer antigen 125 for endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG 2016; 123:1761-8. [PMID: 27173590 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of a non-invasive and accurate diagnostic biomarker for endometriosis is urgently needed. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of serum cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) for endometriosis. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Web of Science from inception to January 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA Diagnostic accuracy studies of serum CA 125 (index test) for histologically confirmed endometriosis (reference standard) were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently selected trials, extracted study characteristics and data. Methodological quality was assessed using Quality Assessment of Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) checklist. MAIN RESULTS Twenty-two studies (16 cohort, six case-control), 3626 participants, were identified. Bivariate hierarchical models were used to pool accuracy data of 14 studies (2920 participants) using CA 125 ≥ 30 units/ml. Pooled specificity was 93% (95% CI 89-95%) and sensitivity 52% (95% CI 38-66%). CA 125 was significantly more sensitive for the diagnosis of moderate or severe endometriosis compared with minimal disease (63%, 95% CI 47-77% versus 24%, 95%CI 19-32%, P-value = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS CA 125 performs well as a rule-in test facilitating expedited diagnosis and ensuring investigation and treatment can be confidently tailored for the management of endometriosis. Unfortunately, a negative test, CA 125 < 30 units/ml, is unable to rule out endometriosis. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Blood test CA 125: a rule-in test for the diagnosis of women presenting with symptoms of endometriosis.
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Mignini LE, Carroli G, Betran AP, Fescina R, Cuesta C, Campodonico L, De Mucio B, Khan KS. Interpregnancy interval and perinatal outcomes across Latin America from 1990 to 2009: a large multi-country study. BJOG 2016; 123:730-7. [PMID: 26399217 PMCID: PMC4949506 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship of interpregnancy interval with maternal and offspring outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective study with data from the Perinatal Information System database of the Latin American Centre for Perinatology and Human Development, Uruguay. SETTING Latin America, 1990-2009. POPULATION A cohort of 894 476 women delivering singleton infants. METHODS During 1990-2009 the Perinatal Information System database of the Latin American Centre for Perinatology identified 894 476 women with defined interpregnancy intervals: i.e. the time elapsed between the date of the previous delivery and the first day of the last normal menstrual period for the index pregnancy. Using the interval 12-23 months as the reference category, multiple logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the association between various interval lengths and maternal and offspring outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maternal death, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, puerperal infection, fetal death, neonatal death, preterm birth, and low birthweight. RESULTS In the reference interval there was 0.05% maternal death, 1.00% postpartum haemorrhage, 2.80% pre-eclampsia, 0.15% eclampsia, 0.28% puerperal infection, 3.45% fetal death, 0.68% neonatal death, 12.33% preterm birth, and 9.73% low birthweight. Longer intervals had increased odds of pre-eclampsia (>72 months), fetal death (>108-119 months), and low birthweight (96-107 months). Short intervals of <12 months had increased odds of pre-eclampsia (aOR 0.80; 95% CI 0.76-0.85), neonatal death (aOR 1.18; 95% CI 1.08-1.28), and preterm birth (aOR 1.16; 95% CI 1.11-1.21). Statistically, the interval had no relationship with maternal death, eclampsia, and puerperal infection. CONCLUSIONS A short interpregnancy interval of <12 months is associated with pre-eclampsia, neonatal mortality, and preterm birth, but not with other maternal or offspring outcomes. Longer intervals of >72 months are associated with pre-eclampsia, fetal death, and low birthweight, but not with other maternal or offspring outcomes. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT A short interpregnancy interval of <12 months is associated with neonatal mortality and preterm birth.
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Khan KS. Optimal fetal positioning: a theory in tatters-time to rewrite textbooks. BJOG 2016; 123:2207. [PMID: 26810973 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cheong‐See F, Allotey J, Marlin N, Mol BW, Schuit E, Riet G, Riley RD, Moons KGM, Khan KS, Thangaratinam S. Prediction models in obstetrics: understanding the treatment paradox and potential solutions to the threat it poses. BJOG 2016; 123:1060-4. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Duffy JMN, Chequer S, Braddy A, Mylan S, Royuela A, Zamora J, Ip J, Hayden S, Showell M, Kinnersley P, Chenoy R, Westwood OM, Khan KS, Cushing A. Educational effectiveness of gynaecological teaching associates: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2016; 123:1005-10. [PMID: 26776314 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate, among medical students learning the female pelvic examination, the added benefits of training by gynaecological teaching associates compared with training involving a manikin only. DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. SETTING Nine university teaching hospitals. POPULATION Ninety-four medical students recruited prior to commencing a 4-week obstetrics and gynaecology rotation. METHODS The control training consisted of lectures, demonstration of the pelvic examination on a manikin, and opportunities to practise on this low-fidelity simulation (n = 40). The experimental group received additional gynaecological teaching associate training, delivered by pairs of experienced associates to groups of four medical students (n = 54). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes measured at the end of the rotation included knowledge of the correct order of examination components (Yes/No), and student comfort [Likert scales anchored between 1 (very uncomfortable) and 4 (very comfortable) on four items] and confidence [Likert scales anchored between 1 (No) and 3 (Yes) on six items]. The primary outcome, measured at the end of the academic year, was the objective structured clinical examination of a female pelvis (score range 0-54). RESULTS At baseline, the groups were similar in age, gender, and ethnicity. At the end of the clinical rotation, when compared with the control intervention, the experimental intervention had a moderate effect on student knowledge [difference 29.9% (95% CI 11.2-48.6%); P = 0.002] and confidence [difference 1 (95% CI 0-2); P < 0.001], and a large effect on student comfort [difference 1.8 (95% CI 0.6-3.0); P = 0.004]. At the end of the academic year, the experimental intervention had no impact on skills compared with the control [difference 2 (95% CI-1 to 4); P = 0.26]. CONCLUSIONS Among medical students taught the female pelvic examination by low-fidelity simulation, additional training by gynaecology teaching associates improved knowledge, comfort, and confidence at the end of the clinical rotation but did not improve examination skills at end of the academic year.
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Allen RE, Morlando M, Thilaganathan B, Zamora J, Khan KS, Thangaratinam S, Bhide A. Predictive accuracy of second-trimester uterine artery Doppler indices for stillbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2016; 47:22-27. [PMID: 26031231 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the predictive accuracy for stillbirth of second-trimester uterine artery Doppler. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library databases from inception until March 2015 without language restrictions. The included studies were those that assessed the association of abnormal uterine artery Doppler parameters and stillbirth. Two independent reviewers selected the studies, extracted data and assessed quality. Results for studies that were performed in the second trimester were pooled and summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were obtained. An overall summary of test accuracy was provided by the diagnostic odds ratio. Subgroup analysis was performed according to whether the study population was high risk or unselected. RESULTS Literature searches returned 338 relevant citations with 32 considered in full. Thirteen studies met our search criteria (85 845 women, 508 stillbirths) and were included in the review. Bivariate pooled estimate for sensitivity was 65% (95% CI, 38-85%) and for specificity 82% (95% CI, 72-88%). The positive likelihood ratio was 3.5 (95% CI, 2.3-5.5) and negative likelihood ratio 0.43 (95% CI, 0.22-0.85). The diagnostic odds ratio was 8.3 (95% CI, 3.0-22.4). Heterogeneity was high in the studies of high-risk women. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal uterine artery Doppler indices are associated with a three- to four-fold increase in the risk of stillbirth. The heterogeneity was particularly high in the high-risk group rendering it impossible to draw firm conclusions. In view of this, there is a role for individual patient data meta-analysis to define which Doppler parameter and threshold value should be measured.
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Rogozinska E, D'Amico MI, Khan KS, Cecatti JG, Teede H, Yeo S, Vinter CA, Rayanagoudar G, Barakat R, Perales M, Dodd JM, Devlieger R, Bogaerts A, van Poppel MNM, Haakstad L, Shen GX, Shub A, Luoto R, Kinnunen TI, Phelan S, Poston L, Scudeller TT, El Beltagy N, Stafne SN, Tonstad S, Geiker NRW, Ruifrok AE, Mol BW, Coomarasamy A, Thangaratinam S. Development of composite outcomes for individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis on the effects of diet and lifestyle in pregnancy: a Delphi survey. BJOG 2015; 123:190-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tirlapur SA, Khan KS. An assessment of clinicians' and patients' experiences in the management of bladder pain syndrome. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2015; 36:241-5. [PMID: 26467216 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2015.1060200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Current management of bladder pain syndrome (BPS) was evaluated through a prospective electronic questionnaire posted on three patient support groups and sent to all members on the British Society of Urogynaecology (BSUG) database. Methods of diagnosis and treatment were assessed. 133 patients and 69 clinicians participated in the survey. Patients reported their main symptom to be pain when their bladder was full in 80% (n = 107) and the most bothersome symptom was pelvic pain (22%, n = 29). 93% (n = 64) of clinicians made their diagnosis by history and cystoscopy. 78% (n = 54) of clinicians treated patients with amitriptyline and 75% (n = 52) by dietary modification while 77% (n = 102) of patients reported using simple analgesia, 74% (n = 98) dietary modification and 62% (n = 83) low-dose long-term antibiotics. There is wide variation in diagnostic methods and treatments of BPS used by clinicians and experienced by patients with no obvious consensus. National guidance is needed to help standardise care.
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Morris RK, Middleton LJ, Malin GL, Quinlan-Jones E, Daniels J, Khan KS, Deeks J, Kilby MD. Outcome in fetal lower urinary tract obstruction: a prospective registry study. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2015; 46:424-431. [PMID: 25689128 DOI: 10.1002/uog.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe influences on decision-making and prognostic variables in the prenatal management of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO). METHODS This was a prospective registry study of pregnant women with a male fetus with LUTO from centers within the British Isles and The Netherlands. Women and/or their clinicians were given the treatment option of either conservative management or vesicoamniotic shunting (VAS). Baseline characteristics of women in the registry, reasons for entry to the registry and pregnancy outcomes were assessed. The main study outcomes were survival to 28 days after delivery, further survival to 2 years and renal function. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine prognostic variables that affected outcome. Results were compared with those of women in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) who were allocated randomly to a treatment option. RESULTS Forty-five women were registered, of whom 78% (35/45) underwent conservative management. Twenty-seven women entered the registry owing to their clinician's preference for management and 18 because of their own preference. Compared to the conservative-management group of the RCT, a higher proportion of women in the registry opting for conservative management had a normal amniotic fluid volume at diagnosis (P = 0.05) and a diagnosis of LUTO ≥ 24 weeks' gestation (P = 0.003). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, these variables showed a significant association with perinatal survival (P < 0.001). Survival to 28 days after delivery was higher in the conservative-management group, at 69% (24/35), compared to 40% (4/10) in the VAS group (P = 0.02) but this difference had limited statistical significance owing to small study size (relative risk, 0.58 (95% CI, 0.26-1.29); P = 0.14). CONCLUSION In our prospective registry, the majority of fetuses with LUTO received conservative management, which was associated with better short- and long-term outcomes. A significant proportion of these pregnancies had normal amniotic fluid volume and a gestational age at diagnosis of ≥ 24 weeks, characteristics shown to be associated with improved survival.
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