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van Spronsen MA, Zhao X, Jaugstetter M, Escudero C, Duchoň T, Hunt A, Waluyo I, Yang P, Tschulik K, Salmeron MB. Interface Sensitivity in Electron/Ion Yield X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: The TiO 2-H 2O Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10212-10217. [PMID: 34647748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To understand corrosion, energy storage, (electro)catalysis, etc., obtaining chemical information on the solid-liquid interface is crucial but remains extremely challenging. Here, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is used to study the solid-liquid interface between TiO2 and H2O. A thin film (6.7 nm) of TiO2 is deposited on an X-ray-transparent SiNx window, acting as the working electrode in a three-electrode flow cell. The spectra are collected based on the electron emission resulting from the decay of the X-ray-induced core-hole-excited atoms, which we show is sensitive to the solid-liquid interface within a few nm. The drain currents measured at the working and counter electrodes are identical but of opposite sign. With this method, we found that the water layer next to anatase is spectroscopically similar to ice. This result highlights the potential of electron-yield XAS to obtain chemical and structural information with a high sensitivity for the species at the electrode-electrolyte interface.
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BalaKrishnan A, Blanc N, Hagemann U, Gemagami P, Wonner K, Tschulik K, Li T. Direct Detection of Surface Species Formed on Iridium Electrocatalysts during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21396-21403. [PMID: 34343398 PMCID: PMC8518547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of surface orientations on the formation of iridium oxide species during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains yet unknown. Herein, we use a needle-shaped iridium atom probe specimen as a nanosized working electrode to ascertain the role of the surface orientations in the formation of oxide species during OER. At the beginning of electrolysis, the top 2-3 nm of (024), (026), (113), and (115) planes are covered by IrO-OH, which activates all surfaces towards OER. A thick subsurface oxide layer consisting of sub-stoichiometric Ir-O species is formed on the open (024) planes as OER proceeds. Such metastable Ir-O species are thought to provide an additional contribution to the OER activity. Overall, this study sheds light on the importance of the morphological effects of iridium electrocatalysts for OER. It also provides an innovative approach that can directly reveal surface species on electrocatalysts at atomic scale.
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BalaKrishnan A, Blanc N, Hagemann U, Gemagami P, Wonner K, Tschulik K, Li T. Direct Detection of Surface Species Formed on Iridium Electrocatalysts during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Linnemann J, Kanokkanchana K, Tschulik K. Design Strategies for Electrocatalysts from an Electrochemist’s Perspective. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Liu Z, Li S, Yang J, Tan X, Yu C, Zhao C, Han X, Huang H, Wan G, Liu Y, Tschulik K, Qiu J. Ultrafast Construction of Oxygen-Containing Scaffold over Graphite for Trapping Ni 2+ into Single Atom Catalysts. ACS NANO 2020; 14:11662-11669. [PMID: 32816450 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast construction of oxygen-containing scaffold over graphite for trapping Ni2+ into single atom catalysts (SACs) was developed and presented by a one-step electrochemical activation technique. The present method for Ni SACs starts with graphite foil and is capable of achieving ultrafast preparation (1.5 min) and mass production. The defective oxygen featuring the strong electronegativity enables primarily attracting Ni2+ ions and stabilizing Ni atoms via Ni-O6 coordination instead of conventional metal-C or metal-N. In addition, the oxygen defects for trapping are tunable through altering the applied voltage or electrolyte, further altering the loading of Ni atoms, indicative of enhanced oxygen evolution activity. This simple and ultrafast electrochemical synthesis is promising for the mass and controllable production of oxygen-coordinated Ni SACs, which exhibit good performance for oxygen evolution reaction.
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Blanc N, Rurainsky C, Tschulik K. Implications of resistance and mass transport limitations on the common Tafel approach at composite catalyst thin-film electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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32
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Siegmund D, Blanc N, Smialkowski M, Tschulik K, Apfel U. Metal‐Rich Chalcogenides for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution: Activity of Electrodes and Bulk Materials. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201902125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Wonner K, Rurainsky C, Tschulik K. Operando Studies of the Electrochemical Dissolution of Silver Nanoparticles in Nitrate Solutions Observed With Hyperspectral Dark-Field Microscopy. Front Chem 2020; 7:912. [PMID: 32010665 PMCID: PMC6978802 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since nanoparticles are frequently used in commercial applications, there is a huge demand to obtain deeper insights into processes at the nanoscale. Especially, catalysis, chemical and electrochemical reaction dynamics are still poorly understood. Thus, simultaneous and coupled opto-and spectro-electrochemical dark-field microscopy is used to study in situ and operando the electrochemically driven dissolution mechanism of single silver nanoparticles in the presence of nitrate ions as non-complexing counter-ions, herein. Hyperspectral imaging is used to probe the intrinsic localized surface plasmon resonance of individual silver nanospheres before, during and after their electrochemical oxidation on a transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. Furthermore, optical video imaging was performed for additional information. Based on the complete loss of spectral information and intensity, a dissolution of the particles during the reaction was concluded. This way it is revealed that the dissolution of individual particles proceeds over several seconds, indicating a hindrance by the nitrate ions. Only electrochemical analysis does not provide this insight as the measured current does not allow distinguishing between successive fast dissolution of one particle after another or slow dissolution of several particles in a concerted manner. For comparison, experiments were performed in the presence of chloride ions. It was observed that the silver chloride formation is an instantaneous process. Thus, it is possible to study and define the reaction dynamics on the single nanoparticle level in various electrochemical systems and electrolyte solutions. Accordingly, operando opto- and spectro-electrochemical studies allow us to conclude, that the oxidation of silver to solvated silver cations is a kinetically slow process, while the oxidation to silver chloride is fast. We propose this approach as a new method to study electrocatalyst materials, their transformation and degradation under operando conditions.
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Breisch M, Loza K, Pappert K, Rostek A, Rurainsky C, Tschulik K, Heggen M, Epple M, Tiller JC, Schildhauer TA, Köller M, Sengstock C. Enhanced dissolution of silver nanoparticles in a physical mixture with platinum nanoparticles based on the sacrificial anode effect. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:055703. [PMID: 31618711 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4e48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A strategy to reduce implant-related infections is the inhibition of the initial bacterial implant colonization by biomaterials containing silver (Ag). The antimicrobial efficacy of such biomaterials can be increased by surface enhancement (nanosilver) or by creating a sacrificial anode system for Ag. Such a system will lead to an electrochemically driven enhanced Ag ion release due to the presence of a more noble metal. Here we combined the enlarged surface of nanoparticles (NP) with a possible sacrificial anode effect for Ag induced by the presence of the electrochemically more noble platinum (Pt) in physical mixtures of Ag NP and Pt NP dispersions. These Ag NP/Pt NP mixtures were compared to the same amounts of pure Ag NP in terms of cell biological responses, i.e. the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as well as the viability of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). In addition, Ag NP was analyzed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was found that the dissolution rate of Ag NP was enhanced in the presence of Pt NP within the physical mixture compared to a dispersion of pure Ag NP. Dissolution experiments revealed a fourfold increased Ag ion release from physical mixtures due to enhanced electrochemical activity, which resulted in a significantly increased toxicity towards both bacteria and hMSC. Thus, our results provide evidence for an underlying sacrificial anode mechanism induced by the presence of Pt NP within physical mixtures with Ag NP. Such physical mixtures have a high potential for various applications, for example as antimicrobial implant coatings in the biomedicine or as bactericidal systems for water and surface purification in the technical area.
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Abuayyash A, Ziegler N, Meyer H, Meischein M, Sengstock C, Moellenhoff J, Rurainsky C, Heggen M, Garzón-Manjón A, Scheu C, Tschulik K, Ludwig A, Köller M. Enhanced antibacterial performance of ultrathin silver/platinum nanopatches by a sacrificial anode mechanism. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 24:102126. [PMID: 31734515 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of antibacterial implant surfaces is a challenging task in biomaterial research. We fabricated a highly antibacterial bimetallic platinum (Pt)/silver(Ag) nanopatch surface by short time sputtering of Pt and Ag on titanium. The sputter process led to a patch-like distribution with crystalline areas in the nanometer-size range (1.3-3.9 nm thickness, 3-60 nm extension). Structural analyses of Pt/Ag samples showed Ag- and Pt-rich areas containing nanoparticle-like Pt deposits of 1-2 nm. The adhesion and proliferation properties of S. aureus on the nanopatch samples were analyzed. Consecutively sputtered Ag/Pt nanopatches (Pt followed by Ag) induced enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to co-sputtered Pt/Ag samples or pure Ag patches of similar Ag amounts. The underlying sacrificial anode mechanism was proved by linear sweep voltammetry. The advantages of this nanopatch coating are the enhanced antimicrobial activity despite a reduced total amount of Ag/Pt and a self-limited effect due the rapid Ag dissolution.
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El Arrassi A, Liu Z, Evers MV, Blanc N, Bendt G, Saddeler S, Tetzlaff D, Pohl D, Damm C, Schulz S, Tschulik K. Correction to “Intrinsic Activity of Oxygen Evolution Catalysts Probed at Single CoFe 2O 4 Nanoparticles”. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10565. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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El Arrassi A, Liu Z, Evers MV, Blanc N, Bendt G, Saddeler S, Tetzlaff D, Pohl D, Damm C, Schulz S, Tschulik K. Intrinsic Activity of Oxygen Evolution Catalysts Probed at Single CoFe 2O 4 Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9197-9201. [PMID: 31145608 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity of nanomaterials is challenging, as their characterization usually requires additives and binders whose contributions are difficult to dissect. Herein, we use nano impact electrochemistry as an additive-free method to overcome this problem. Due to the efficient mass transport at individual catalyst nanoparticles, high current densities can be realized. High-resolution bright-field transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction studies of the catalyst particles before and after the experiments provide valuable insights in the transformation of the nanomaterials during harsh oxygen evolution reaction (OER) conditions. We demonstrate this for 4 nm sized CoFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles. It is revealed that these particles retain their size and crystal structure even after OER at current densities as high as several kA·m-2. The steady-state current scales with the particle size distribution and is limited by the diffusion of produced oxygen away from the particle. This versatilely applicable method provides new insights into intrinsic nanocatalyst activities, which is key to the efficient development of improved and precious metal-free catalysts for renewable energy technologies.
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Evers MV, Bernal M, Roldan Cuenya B, Tschulik K. Piece by Piece—Electrochemical Synthesis of Individual Nanoparticles and their Performance in ORR Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8221-8225. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201813993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Evers MV, Bernal M, Roldan Cuenya B, Tschulik K. Partikel für Partikel – elektrochemische Einschlagsexperimente zur Synthese oberflächenimmobilisierter Goldnanopartikel für die Elektrokatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Wonner K, Evers MV, Tschulik K. The electrochemical dissolution of single silver nanoparticles enlightened by hyperspectral dark-field microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Kanokkanchana K, Saw EN, Tschulik K. Front Cover: Nano Impact Electrochemistry: Effects of Electronic Filtering on Peak Height, Duration and Area (ChemElectroChem 20/2018). ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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Kanokkanchana K, Saw EN, Tschulik K. Nano‐Impact Electrochemistry: Effects of Electronic Filtering on Peak Height, Duration, and Area. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Kanokkanchana K, Saw EN, Tschulik K. Nano Impact Electrochemistry: Effects of Electronic Filtering on Peak Height, Duration and Area. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Brasiliense V, Noël J, Wonner K, Tschulik K, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Single Nanoparticle Growth from Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis: From Monte Carlo Simulations to Nanoparticle Electrogeneration. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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45
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Saw EN, Blanc N, Kanokkanchana K, Tschulik K. Time-resolved impact electrochemistry - A new method to determine diffusion coefficients of ions in solution. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Albrecht T, MacPherson J, Magnussen O, Fermin D, Crooks R, Gooding J, Hersbach T, Kanoufi F, Schuhmann W, Bentley C, Tao N, Mitra S, Krischer K, Tschulik K, Faez S, Nogala W, Unwin P, Long Y, Koper M, Tian Z, Alpuche-Aviles MA, White H, Brasiliense V, Kranz C, Schmickler W, Stevenson K, Jing C, Edwards M. Electrochemistry of single nanoparticles: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:387-413. [PMID: 27892971 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd90068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Wonner K, Evers MV, Tschulik K. Simultaneous Opto- and Spectro-Electrochemistry: Reactions of Individual Nanoparticles Uncovered by Dark-Field Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12658-12661. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Hayrapetyan D, Rit RK, Kratz M, Tschulik K, Gooßen LJ. Electrochemical C−H Cyanation of Electron-Rich (Hetero)Arenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:11288-11291. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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49
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Grasmik V, Rurainsky C, Loza K, Evers MV, Prymak O, Heggen M, Tschulik K, Epple M. Cover Feature: Deciphering the Surface Composition and the Internal Structure of Alloyed Silver-Gold Nanoparticles (Chem. Eur. J. 36/2018). Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Grasmik V, Rurainsky C, Loza K, Evers MV, Prymak O, Heggen M, Tschulik K, Epple M. Deciphering the Surface Composition and the Internal Structure of Alloyed Silver-Gold Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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