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Suh H, Lewis J, Fong L, Carlson K, Ramseier J, Saltzman W, Girardi M. 761 Development of a novel broad-spectrum sunscreen via bioadhesive nanoparticle encapsulation of organic UV filters. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Choueiri T, Fishman M, Escudier B, Kim J, Kluger H, Stadler W, Perez-Garcia J, McNeel D, Curti B, Harrison M, Plimack E, Appleman L, Fong L, Drake C, Cohen L, Srivastava S, Jure-Kunkel M, Hong Q, Kurland J, Sznol M. Immunomodulatory Activity of Nivolumab in Previously Treated and Untreated Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (Mrcc): Biomarker-Based Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu342.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Pierce R, Takamura K, Shirley S, Chan S, Lewis J, Campbell J, Fong L, Heller R, Diep T, Daud A. Immune Correlates of Intratumoral Il-12 Electroporation. Ann Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu358.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kelley RK, Hwang J, Magbanua MJM, Watt L, Beumer JH, Christner SM, Baruchel S, Wu B, Fong L, Yeh BM, Moore AP, Ko AH, Korn WM, Rajpal S, Park JW, Tempero MA, Venook AP, Bergsland EK. A phase 1 trial of imatinib, bevacizumab, and metronomic cyclophosphamide in advanced colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1725-34. [PMID: 24022191 PMCID: PMC3790192 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This phase 1 clinical trial was conducted to determine the safety, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), and pharmacokinetics of imatinib, bevacizumab, and metronomic cyclophosphamide in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Patients with refractory stage IV CRC were treated with bevacizumab 5 mg kg−1 i.v. every 2 weeks (fixed dose) plus oral cyclophosphamide q.d. and imatinib q.d. or b.i.d. in 28-day cycles with 3+3 dose escalation. Response was assessed every two cycles. Pharmacokinetics of imatinib and cyclophosphamide and circulating tumour, endothelial, and immune cell subsets were measured. Results: Thirty-five patients were enrolled. Maximum-tolerated doses were cyclophosphamide 50 mg q.d., imatinib 400 mg q.d., and bevacizumab 5 mg kg−1 i.v. every 2 weeks. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) included nausea/vomiting, neutropaenia, hyponatraemia, fistula, and haematuria. The DLT window required expansion to 42 days (1.5 cycles) to capture delayed toxicities. Imatinib exposure increased insignificantly after adding cyclophosphamide. Seven patients (20%) experienced stable disease for >6 months. Circulating tumour, endothelial, or immune cells were not associated with progression-free survival. Conclusion: The combination of metronomic cyclophosphamide, imatinib, and bevacizumab is safe and tolerable without significant drug interactions. A subset of patients experienced prolonged stable disease independent of dose level.
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Chong C, Fong L, Lai R, Lau WKO, Hartmann M, Chia SE. Erratum: The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms and treatment-seeking behaviour in males over 40 years in Singapore: a community-based study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2012.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ryan CJ, Harzstark AL, Lin AM, Fong L, Grycz K, Szmulewitz RZ, Weinberg VK, Molina A, Small EJ. Abiraterone acetate (AA) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and prior therapy with ketoconazole: A Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium study. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Cha E, Daud A, McNeel DG, Heller R, Fong L. Systemic immune responses induced by intratumoral plasmid IL-12 electroporation in patients with melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Harzstark AL, Fong L, Weinberg VK, Ryan CJ, Lin AM, Sun J, Small EJ. Final results of a phase I study of CTLA-4 blockade in combination with GM-CSF for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Fong L, Kwek S, Dao V, Roy R, Hou Y, Simko J, Small EJ. Identification of novel prostate cancer-associated antigens through antibody profiling of prostate cancer patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Friedlander TW, Weinberg VK, Formaker C, Mi J, Lin AM, Harzstark AL, Fong L, Small EJ, Ryan CJ. The effect of inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor receptor with nordihydroguaiaretic acid on PSA progression: Results of a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.4670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Sims AM, Stait-Gardner T, Fong L, Morley JW, Price WS, Hoffman M, Simmons A, Schindhelm K. Elastic and viscoelastic properties of porcine subdermal fat using MRI and inverse FEA. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2010; 9:703-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-010-0207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Harzstark AL, Rosenberg JE, Weinberg VK, Sun J, Ryan CJ, Lin AM, Fong L, Brocks DR, Small EJ. A phase I study of sorafenib and RAD001 for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.5104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5104 Background: Both RAD001 and sorafenib have activity against advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Inhibition of both mTOR and angiogenesis may improve outcomes; therefore, a phase I trial combining sorafenib and RAD001 was undertaken. Methods: Cohorts of 3 or 6 patients with ccRCC were treated with a 7 day run-in period of sorafenib 400 mg PO BID continuously followed by RAD001 (dose level I: 2.5 mg, dose level II: 5 mg) PO QD and sorafenib 400 mg PO BID continuously. Pharmacokinetic sampling of sorafenib was obtained on day -1, and of both RAD001 and sorafenib on day 15 of combination therapy. Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as occurring within the first 28 days of therapy. Results: Fifteen patients with a median age of 65 (range 51–75) have been enrolled. Two patients were not evaluable for response or DLT evaluation. Five pts were treated with sunitinib previously. Zero of 6 pts on dose level 1 experienced a DLT. Two of 9 pts treated at dose level II have experienced protocol-defined DLTs (grade 4 uric acid and grade 3 lipase with grade 2 pancreatitis). Independently-reviewed best objective responses in 13 evaluable pts include 3 confirmed partial responses (10, 17+, and 23+ months), 6 stable disease (2+, 4+, 4.5, 6+, 13, and 23+ months), and 4 progressive disease. Steady state dosing of RAD001 demonstrated a steady state AUC0–24h of RAD001 of 193.3 (± 32.9) ng h/mL at a dosage of 5 mg QD, comparable to the single agent 5 mg QD steady state dosing AUC0–24h of 238 (± 77) ng h/mL, suggesting there is no pharmacokinetic interaction between RAD001 and sorafenib. Linear pharmacokinetics between the 2.5 and 5 mg QD dosages of RAD001 were observed. The AUC0–24h of sorafenib was not significantly changed by concomitant dosing with RAD001 with a steady state AUC0–24h of 134600 (±42072) ng h/mL pre-RAD001 and a post-sorafenib steady state AUC0–24h of 131451 (±53838) ng h/mL. Conclusions: Combination therapy with sorafenib and RAD001 is safe and feasible. No clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction was observed. Activity for the combination has been observed and a phase II study is planned at the 5 mg QD dosage of RAD001. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Ryan C, Harzstark A, Fong L, Lin A, Kilian C, Molina A, Small E. 2LB Late Breaking A phase II study of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and no prior therapy with ketoconazole. EJC Suppl 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(08)72180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Fong L, Dao V, O'Brien S, Simko J, Weinberg VK, Ryan C, Rosenberg JE, Lin AM, Carroll P, Small EJ. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy for prostate cancer with GM-CSF and tumor infiltration by antigen presenting cells. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bergsland EK, Ko AH, Tempero MA, Whittaker K, Weber T, Fong L, Park JW, Hanahan D, Venook AP. Phase I trial of metronomic cyclophosphamide (CTX), bevacizumab (BV) and imatinib (IM) in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bergsland EK, Ko AH, Tempero MA, Whittaker K, Weber T, Fong L, Park JW, Yeh BM, Hanahan D, Venook AP. Phase 1 trial of metronomic cyclophosphamide (CTX), bevacizumab (BV) and imatinib (IM) in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rosenberg JE, Weinberg VK, Claros C, Ryan C, Lin AM, Fong L, Brocks D, Small EJ. Phase I study of sorafenib and RAD001 for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chung KY, Gore I, Fong L, Venook A, Dorazio P, Healey D, Pavlov D, Saltz LB. A phase II study of the anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody (mAb), CP-675,206, in patients with refractory metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3035 Background: The antitumor activity of antibodies to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) has been demonstrated in a variety of murine tumor models, including rejection of established tumors and secondary exposure to tumor cells. This suggests that blockade of the inhibitory effects of CTLA4 can promote effective antitumor immune responses. CP-675,206 has also been shown to induce durable tumor responses in patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma in phase 1 and phase 2 clinical studies. The purpose of this study was to assess safety and efficacy of CTLA4 blockade with the fully human mAb CP-675,206 as single-agent therapy in pts with relapsed/ refractory colorectal cancer. Methods: A single-arm, multicenter, phase II trial of CP-675,206 was conducted in pts with measurable adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum failing standard treatments and with an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1. Patients received 15 mg/kg Q90 days via IV infusion until disease progression. The primary objective was response rate by RECIST criteria. Secondary objectives included safety, duration of response, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Results: A total of 47 pts who received a median of 4 previous therapies (range, 1 to 9) were treated, and 46 experienced disease progression or death because of disease before reaching the planned second dose at 3 months. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events attributed to study drug were limited to diarrhea (n = 3, 6.4%) and idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (n = 1, 2.1%). Four pts (8.5%) had grade 2 diarrhea. Four pts received steroids and 2 received infliximab. One patient was removed for toxicity (diarrhea in the setting of what appeared to be treatment-related ulcerative colitis that was responsive to steroids). One patient (2%; 95% CI = 0%, 11%) had a stable ovarian mass and a substantial regression in an adrenal mass. This patient is continuing on study and has received a second dose. Conclusions: In heavily pretreated pts with colorectal cancer and good performance status, CP- 675,206 was tolerable. However, in this setting, CP-675,206 at 15 mg/kg did not demonstrate substantial single-agent activity. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Fong L, Kavanagh B, Hou Y, O’Brien S, Valiente J, Weinberg V, Rini BI, Small EJ. Combination immunotherapy with GM-CSF and CTLA-4 blockade for hormone refractory prostate cancer: Balancing the expansion of activated effector and regulatory T cells. J Clin Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3001 Background: CTLA-4 is a costimulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells that delivers an inhibitory signal to these T cells. CTLA4 blockade with antibody treatment has been shown to augment T cell responses and anti-tumor immunity in animal models. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a bone marrow growth factor for antigen presenting cells, which has also been shown to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Methods: A phase I trial in patients with metastatic, hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) was undertaken to combine these immunotherapies. Sequential cohorts of 3–6 patients were treated with escalating doses (0.5, 1.5 or 3 mg/kg) of ipilimumab, a fully human anti-CTLA-4 antibody, given IV on day 1 of each 28-day cycle × 4 cycles. Patients also received GM-CSF 250 mg/m2/d SC on days 1–14 of the 28-day cycles. Patients were monitored for toxicity as well as for T cell activation. PSA and radiographic tests were performed at baseline and through therapy to evaluate for clinical response. Results: 24 patients have been treated. Of 6 patients treated on the highest dose level (3 mg/kg ×4), 3 (50%) had confirmed PSA declines of >50%, and one of these patients had a partial response in hepatic metastases. Immune-related adverse events associated with ipilimumab treatment consisted of a grade 3 rash in 1 patient at 1.5 mg/kg, a grade 3 rash and panhypopituitarism in 1 patient at 3.0 mg/kg, and a grade 3 colitis in one patient at 3.0 mg/kg. All events were successfully managed. A dose-response relationship was seen between ipilimumab dose and effector T cell activation. Expansion of circulating CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells was also seen with treatment. Conclusions: CTLA-4 blockade combined with GM-CSF treatment induces clinical responses in HRPC. Treatment induces both the expansion of activated effector and regulatory T cells in vivo in cancer patients. Finally, CD4 and CD8 T cell activation, adverse events, and clinical responses appear to be dose-dependant. Supported by NIH SPORE P50 CA89520. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Fong L, Herman M. TU-C-AUD-09: Comprehensive Assessment Methodology for Radiation Oncology Information Systems. Med Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2761358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Fong L, Kavanagh B, Rini BI, Shaw V, Weinberg V, Small EJ. A phase I trial of combination immunotherapy with CTLA-4 blockade and GM-CSF in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2508 Background: CTLA-4 is an costimulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells that delivers an inhibitory signal to these T cells. CTLA-4 blockade with antibody treatment augments T cell responses and anti-tumor immunity in animal models. Clinical trials with anti-CTLA-4 antibody treatment have demonstrated clinical responses in different malignancies including melanoma and hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). We have also shown that administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can also induce PSA declines in HRPC patients, presumably through enhancing presentation of endogenous antigens. The current study examines whether combining systemic GM-CSF to CTLA-4 blockade can augment immune and/or clinical responses in HRPC patients. Methods: In a phase I trial of patients with metastatic HRPC, sequential cohorts of 3–6 patients received GM-CSF (sargramostim, Berlex) 250 mg/m2/d SC on days 1–14 of a 28-day cycle with escalating doses (0.5, 1.5 or 3 mg/kg) of ipilimumab (MDX-010), a fully human anti-CTLA antibody (Medarex/BMS), given IV on day 1 of each cycle x 4 cycles. Patients were monitored for toxicity as well as for T cell activation. PSA and radiographic tests were performed at baseline and through therapy to evaluate for clinical response. Results: 18 patients were accrued. Ipilimumab-related dose-limiting toxicity was limited to one patient with grade 3 rash at the 3 mg/kg priming dose level. Seven patients had <50% declines in their serum PSA levels. A dose response relationship was seen between ipilimumab dose and activation of both CD4 and CD8 T cells in the blood. These effects were increased compared to effects seen with ipilimumab treatment alone in prior studies. Interferon-gamma production and lytic activity were also enhanced in circulating antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by the combination. Conclusions: GM-CSF may enhance T cell activation induced by CTLA-4 blockade. With increasing doses of anti-CTLA-4, both CD4 and CD8 T cell activation can be detected in the blood, consistent with a dose-response relationship. Supported by the UCSF Prostate SPORE NIH P50 CA89520. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Fong L, Herman M, Beltran C, Brown P. SU-FF-J-58: Evaluation of Immobilization Devices Using EPID Measurements of Patient Set Up Variations. Med Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2240836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Giles GM, Wager J, Fong L, Waraich BS. Twenty-month effectiveness of a non-aversive, long-term, low-cost programme for persons with persisting neurobehavioural disability. Brain Inj 2005; 19:753-64. [PMID: 16175836 DOI: 10.1080/02699050500110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To examine the effectiveness of a programme developed for persons with persisting neurobehavioural/ neuropsychiatric disorders. RESEARCH DESIGN Descriptive study of a programme that has a philosophy of normalization, respect, non-confrontation, positive engagement, support and functional and behavioural skill development. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Participants were the 40 clients admitted during the initial 20 months of operation. Prior to admission clients had recurrent placement failures secondary to behavioural disregulation and typically were housed at County or State Hospitals. An expanded version of the Overt Aggression Scale Modified for Neurorehabilitation was used to provide detailed descriptions of assaults. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Over the 20-month period, 49 incidents of client-to-client aggression occurred representing a rate of 0.11 incidents per client month. Thirty-five of 40 clients remained at the end of 20 months, with only three discharges due to behaviour. CONCLUSIONS A long-term, stable living environment has been provided for individuals who had been intractable management problems elsewhere.
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Fong L, Rini B, Kavanaugh B, Small E. CTLA-4 blockade-based immunotherapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Araujo F, Slifer T, Li S, Kuver A, Fong L, Remington J. Gemifloxacin inhibits cytokine secretion by lipopolysaccharide stimulated human monocytes at the post-transcriptional level. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004; 10:213-9. [PMID: 15008941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1198-743x.2004.00824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fluroquinolone gemifloxacin was examined for its capacity to modulate secretion of cytokines by human monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Monocytes from six male and two female healthy volunteers were stimulated with LPS, exposed to gemifloxacin and the amounts of secreted IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha measured at 3, 6 and 24 h. The results revealed that LPS alone increased secretion of each cytokine significantly. Treatment of the LPS-stimulated monocytes with gemifloxacin resulted in a significant inhibition (p < 0.01) of secretion of each of the cytokines from monocytes of the eight volunteers. Nuclear extracts of the human monocyte cell line, THP-1, were used in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay to determine whether gemifloxacin affects nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation. In addition, RNA from THP-1 cells was used in Northern blots to determine whether inhibition of secretion of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha by gemifloxacin occurred at the transcription or translation level. Whereas LPS induced a rapid increase in NF-kappa B activation, gemifloxacin alone did not. Gemifloxacin did not affect the kinetics or decrease the extent of activation. Northern blots indicated that the inhibitory activity of gemifloxacin occurred post-transcription. Thus, gemifloxacin may modulate the immune response by altering secretion of cytokines by human monocytes. Although the concentrations of gemifloxacin used were higher than those observed in the serum of human volunteers treated with the dose under clinical development, it should be taken into consideration that concentrations at tissue and intracellular levels may be considerably higher than serum concentrations.
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