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Marshall C, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Bellantoni L, Bercellie A, Betancourt M, Bodek A, Bravar A, Budd H, Cai T, Carneiro M, Chvojka J, da Motta H, Devan J, Dytman S, Díaz G, Eberly B, Endress E, Felix J, Fields L, Filkins A, Fine R, Gago A, Galindo R, Gallagher H, Ghosh A, Golan T, Gran R, Griswold S, Harris D, Higuera A, Hurtado K, Kiveni M, Kleykamp J, Kordosky M, Le T, Maher E, Majoros I, Manly S, Mann W, Martinez Caicedo D, McFarland K, McGivern C, McGowan A, Messerly B, Miller J, Mislivec A, Morfín J, Mousseau J, Naples D, Nelson J, Norrick A, Nuruzzaman, Osta J, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick C, Perdue G, Rakotondravohitra L, Ramirez M, Ransome R, Ray H, Ren L, Rimal D, Rodrigues P, Rosenberg M, Ruterbories D, Schellman H, Schmitz D, Shadler L, Simon C, Solano Salinas C, Sánchez S, Tice B, Valencia E, Walton T, Wang Z, Watkins P, Wiley K, Wolcott J, Wospakrik M, Zhang D. Measurement ofK+production in charged-currentνμinteractions. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.94.012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Park J, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Bellantoni L, Bercellie A, Betancourt M, Bodek A, Bravar A, Budd H, Cai T, Carneiro M, Christy M, Chvojka J, da Motta H, Dytman S, Díaz G, Eberly B, Felix J, Fields L, Fine R, Gago A, Galindo R, Ghosh A, Golan T, Gran R, Harris D, Higuera A, Kleykamp J, Kordosky M, Le T, Maher E, Manly S, Mann W, Marshall C, Martinez Caicedo D, McFarland K, McGivern C, McGowan A, Messerly B, Miller J, Mislivec A, Morfín J, Mousseau J, Naples D, Nelson J, Norrick A, Nuruzzaman, Osta J, Paolone V, Patrick C, Perdue G, Rakotondravohitra L, Ramirez M, Ray H, Ren L, Rimal D, Rodrigues P, Ruterbories D, Schellman H, Solano Salinas C, Tagg N, Tice B, Valencia E, Walton T, Wolcott J, Wospakrik M, Zavala G, Zhang D. Measurement of neutrino flux from neutrino-electron elastic scattering. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.93.112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Barron S, Hawkey A, Fields L, Littleton JM. Animal Models for Medication Development and Application to Treat Fetal Alcohol Effects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:423-40. [PMID: 27055621 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol consumption during pregnancy can have lifelong consequences for the offspring, their family and society. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) include a range of physical and behavioral effects with the most significant impact occurring as a result of the effects of ethanol on the developing central nervous system (CNS). To date, there are no FDA approved drugs that have been tested that prevent/reduce or specifically treat the symptoms of FASD. There are several promising lines of research from rodent models aimed at reducing the neurotoxic effects of ethanol on the developing CNS or in treating the resulting behavioral impairments but these have not yet moved to clinical testing. The current review discusses some of the most promising targets for intervention and provides a review of the past and ongoing efforts to develop and screen pharmacological treatments for reducing the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure.
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Wolcott J, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Bellantoni L, Bercellie A, Betancourt M, Bodek A, Bravar A, Budd H, Cai T, Carneiro MF, Chvojka J, da Motta H, Devan J, Dytman SA, Díaz GA, Eberly B, Felix J, Fields L, Fine R, Gago AM, Galindo R, Gallagher H, Ghosh A, Golan T, Gran R, Harris DA, Higuera A, Kiveni M, Kleykamp J, Kordosky M, Le T, Maher E, Manly S, Mann WA, Marshall CM, Martinez Caicedo DA, McFarland KS, McGivern CL, McGowan AM, Messerly B, Miller J, Mislivec A, Morfín JG, Mousseau J, Muhlbeier T, Naples D, Nelson JK, Norrick A, Osta J, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick CE, Perdue GN, Rakotondravohitra L, Ransome RD, Ray H, Ren L, Rimal D, Rodrigues PA, Ruterbories D, Salazar G, Schellman H, Schmitz DW, Solano Salinas CJ, Tagg N, Tice BG, Valencia E, Walton T, Wospakrik M, Zavala G, Zegarra A, Zhang D, Ziemer BP. Measurement of Electron Neutrino Quasielastic and Quasielasticlike Scattering on Hydrocarbon at ⟨E_{ν}⟩=3.6 GeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:081802. [PMID: 26967410 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.081802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The first direct measurement of electron neutrino quasielastic and quasielasticlike scattering on hydrocarbon in the few-GeV region of incident neutrino energy has been carried out using the MINERvA detector in the NuMI beam at Fermilab. The flux-integrated differential cross sections in the electron production angle, electron energy, and Q^{2} are presented. The ratio of the quasielastic, flux-integrated differential cross section in Q^{2} for ν_{e} with that of similarly selected ν_{μ}-induced events from the same exposure is used to probe assumptions that underpin conventional treatments of charged-current ν_{e} interactions used by long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. The data are found to be consistent with lepton universality and are well described by the predictions of the neutrino event generator GENIE.
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Rodrigues PA, Demgen J, Miltenberger E, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Bellantoni L, Bercellie A, Betancourt M, Bodek A, Bravar A, Budd H, Cai T, Carneiro MF, Chvojka J, Devan J, Dytman SA, Díaz GA, Eberly B, Elkins M, Felix J, Fields L, Fine R, Gago AM, Galindo R, Gallagher H, Ghosh A, Golan T, Gran R, Harris DA, Higuera A, Hurtado K, Kiveni M, Kleykamp J, Kordosky M, Le T, Leistico JR, Lovlein A, Maher E, Manly S, Mann WA, Marshall CM, Martinez Caicedo DA, McFarland KS, McGivern CL, McGowan AM, Messerly B, Miller J, Mislivec A, Morfín JG, Mousseau J, Muhlbeier T, Naples D, Nelson JK, Norrick A, Osta J, Paolone V, Patrick CE, Perdue GN, Ramirez MA, Ransome RD, Ray H, Ren L, Rimal D, Ruterbories D, Schellman H, Schmitz DW, Solano Salinas CJ, Tagg N, Tice BG, Valencia E, Walton T, Wolcott J, Wospakrik M, Zavala G, Zhang D. Identification of Nuclear Effects in Neutrino-Carbon Interactions at Low Three-Momentum Transfer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:071802. [PMID: 26943528 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.071802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two different nuclear-medium effects are isolated using a low three-momentum transfer subsample of neutrino-carbon scattering data from the MINERvA neutrino experiment. The observed hadronic energy in charged-current ν_{μ} interactions is combined with muon kinematics to permit separation of the quasielastic and Δ(1232) resonance processes. First, we observe a small cross section at very low energy transfer that matches the expected screening effect of long-range nucleon correlations. Second, additions to the event rate in the kinematic region between the quasielastic and Δ resonance processes are needed to describe the data. The data in this kinematic region also have an enhanced population of multiproton final states. Contributions predicted for scattering from a nucleon pair have both properties; the model tested in this analysis is a significant improvement but does not fully describe the data. We present the results as a double-differential cross section to enable further investigation of nuclear models. Improved description of the effects of the nuclear environment are required by current and future neutrino oscillation experiments.
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Eberly B, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Barrios Sazo M, Bellantoni L, Betancourt M, Bodek A, Bravar A, Budd H, Bustamante M, Butkevich A, Martinez Caicedo D, Carneiro M, Christy M, Chvojka J, da Motta H, Datta M, Devan J, Díaz G, Dytman S, Felix J, Fields L, Fine R, Fiorentini G, Gago A, Galindo R, Gallagher H, Golan T, Gran R, Harris D, Higuera A, Hurtado K, Kafka T, Kleykamp J, Kordosky M, Le T, Maher E, Manly S, Mann W, Marshall C, McFarland K, McGivern C, McGowan A, Messerly B, Miller J, Mislivec A, Morfín J, Mousseau J, Muhlbeier T, Naples D, Nelson J, Norrick A, Osta J, Palomino J, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick C, Perdue G, Rakotondravohitra L, Ramirez M, Ransome R, Ray H, Ren L, Rodrigues P, Ruterbories D, Salazar G, Schellman H, Schmitz D, Simon C, Sobczyk J, Solano Salinas C, Tagg N, Tice B, Valencia E, Walton T, Wolcott J, Wospakrik M, Zavala G, Zegarra A, Zhang D, Ziemer B. Charged pion production inνμinteractions on hydrocarbon at⟨Eν⟩=4.0 GeV. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.92.092008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Salih M, Madeo M, Fields L, Seidahmed M, El Khashab H, Hamad M, Jepperson T, Crotwell P, Myers A, Sun Y, Singh B, Kruer M. Mutations in the AMPA receptor complex protein FRRS1L cause an inherited Huntington-like chorea-dementia syndrome. J Neurol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.08.1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fields L, Brown A, Croft Caderao K. NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DOMAINS: LANGUAGE AND APHASIAC-33Neurocognitive Correlates of Word Retrieval Ability in Younger and Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv047.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Walton T, Betancourt M, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Bodek A, Bravar A, Budd H, Bustamante M, Butkevich A, Martinez Caicedo D, Carneiro M, Castromonte C, Christy M, Chvojka J, da Motta H, Datta M, Devan J, Dytman S, Díaz G, Eberly B, Felix J, Fields L, Fine R, Fiorentini G, Gago A, Gallagher H, Gran R, Harris D, Higuera A, Hurtado K, Kleykamp J, Kordosky M, Kulagin S, Le T, Maher E, Manly S, Mann W, Marshall C, Martin Mari C, McFarland K, McGivern C, McGowan A, Messerly B, Miller J, Mislivec A, Morfín J, Mousseau J, Muhlbeier T, Naples D, Nelson J, Norrick A, Osta J, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick C, Perdue G, Rakotondravohitra L, Ransome R, Ray H, Ren L, Rodrigues P, Ruterbories D, Schellman H, Schmitz D, Simon C, Snider F, Sobczyk J, Solano Salinas C, Tagg N, Tice B, Valencia E, Wolcott J, Wospakrik M, Zavala G, Zhang D, Ziemer B. Measurement of muon plus proton final states inνμinteractions on hydrocarbon at⟨Eν⟩=4.2 GeV. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.91.071301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Higuera A, Mislivec A, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Bercellie A, Betancourt M, Bodek A, Bravar A, Brooks WK, Budd H, Butkevich A, Carneiro MF, Castromonte CM, Christy ME, Chvojka J, da Motta H, Devan J, Dytman SA, Díaz GA, Eberly B, Felix J, Fields L, Fine R, Fiorentini GA, Gallagher H, Gomez A, Gran R, Harris DA, Hurtado K, Kleykamp J, Kordosky M, Le T, Maher E, Manly S, Mann WA, Marshall CM, Martinez Caicedo DA, McFarland KS, McGivern CL, McGowan AM, Messerly B, Miller J, Morfín JG, Mousseau J, Muhlbeier T, Naples D, Nelson JK, Norrick A, Osta J, Palomino JL, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick CE, Perdue GN, Ransome RD, Ray H, Ren L, Rodrigues PA, Ruterbories D, Schellman H, Schmitz DW, Snider FD, Solano Salinas CJ, Tagg N, Tice BG, Valencia E, Walton T, Wolcott J, Wospakrik M, Zavala G, Zhang D, Ziemer BP. Measurement of coherent production of π(±) in neutrino and antineutrino beams on carbon from Eν of 1.5 to 20 GeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:261802. [PMID: 25615308 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.261802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrino-induced coherent charged pion production on nuclei νμA→μ(±)π(∓)A is a rare, inelastic interaction in which a small squared four-momentum |t| is transferred to the recoil nucleus, leaving it intact in the reaction. In the scintillator tracker of MINERvA, we remove events with evidence of particles from nuclear breakup and reconstruct |t| from the final-state pion and muon. We select low |t| events to isolate a sample rich in coherent candidates. By selecting low |t| events, we produce a model-independent measurement of the differential cross section for coherent scattering of neutrinos and antineutrinos on carbon. We find poor agreement with the predicted kinematics in neutrino generators used by current oscillation experiments.
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Tice BG, Datta M, Mousseau J, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Barrios Sazo MG, Betancourt M, Bodek A, Bravar A, Brooks WK, Budd H, Bustamante MJ, Butkevich A, Martinez Caicedo DA, Castromonte CM, Christy ME, Chvojka J, da Motta H, Devan J, Dytman SA, Díaz GA, Eberly B, Felix J, Fields L, Fiorentini GA, Gago AM, Gallagher H, Gran R, Harris DA, Higuera A, Hurtado K, Jerkins M, Kafka T, Kordosky M, Kulagin SA, Le T, Maggi G, Maher E, Manly S, Mann WA, Marshall CM, Martin Mari C, McFarland KS, McGivern CL, McGowan AM, Miller J, Mislivec A, Morfín JG, Muhlbeier T, Naples D, Nelson JK, Norrick A, Osta J, Palomino JL, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick CE, Perdue GN, Rakotondravohitra L, Ransome RD, Ray H, Ren L, Rodrigues PA, Savage DG, Schellman H, Schmitz DW, Simon C, Snider FD, Solano Salinas CJ, Tagg N, Valencia E, Velásquez JP, Walton T, Wolcott J, Zavala G, Zhang D, Ziemer BP. Measurement of ratios of νμ charged-current cross sections on C, Fe, and Pb to CH at neutrino energies 2-20 GeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:231801. [PMID: 24972195 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.231801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of ν(μ) charged-current cross section ratios on carbon, iron, and lead relative to a scintillator (CH) using the fine-grained MINERvA detector exposed to the NuMI neutrino beam at Fermilab. The measurements utilize events of energies 2<E(ν)<20 GeV, with ⟨E(ν)⟩ = 8 GeV, which have a reconstructed μ(-) scattering angle less than 17° to extract ratios of inclusive total cross sections as a function of neutrino energy E(ν) and flux-integrated differential cross sections with respect to the Bjorken scaling variable x. These results provide the first high-statistics direct measurements of nuclear effects in neutrino scattering using different targets in the same neutrino beam. Measured cross section ratios exhibit a relative depletion at low x and enhancement at large x. Both become more pronounced as the nucleon number of the target nucleus increases. The data are not reproduced by GENIE, a conventional neutrino-nucleus scattering simulation, or by the alternative models for the nuclear dependence of inelastic scattering that are considered.
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Tanriover B, Mohan S, Cohen DJ, Radhakrishnan J, Nickolas TL, Stone PW, Tsapepas DS, Crew RJ, Dube GK, Sandoval PR, Samstein B, Dogan E, Gaston RS, Tanriover JN, Ratner LE, Hardy MA, Chvojka J, da Motta H, Devan J, Dytman SA, Díaz GA, Eberly B, Felix J, Fields L, Fiorentini GA, Gago AM, Gallagher H, Gran R, Harris DA, Higuera A, Hurtado K, Jerkins M, Kafka T, Kordosky M, Kulagin SA, Le T, Maggi G, Maher E, Manly S, Mann WA, Marshall CM, Martin Mari C, McFarland KS, McGivern CL, McGowan AM, Miller J, Mislivec A, Morfín JG, Muhlbeier T, Naples D, Nelson JK, Norrick A, Osta J, Palomino JL, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick CE, Perdue GN, Rakotondravohitra L, Ransome RD, Ray H, Ren L, Rodrigues PA, Savage DG, Schellman H, Schmitz DW, Simon C, Snider FD, Solano Salinas CJ, Tagg N, Valencia E, Velásquez JP, Walton T, Wolcott J, Zavala G, Zhang D, Ziemer BP. Kidneys at higher risk of discard: expanding the role of dual kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:404-15. [PMID: 24472195 PMCID: PMC4058786 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Half of the recovered expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys are discarded in the United States. A new kidney allocation system offers kidneys at higher risk of discard, Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI)>85%, to a wider geographic area to promote broader sharing and expedite utilization. Dual kidney transplantation (DKT) based on the KDPI is a potential option to streamline allocation of kidneys which otherwise would have been discarded. To assess the clinical utility of the KDPI in kidneys at higher risk of discard, we analyzed the OPTN/UNOS Registry that included the deceased donor kidneys recovered between 2002 and 2012. The primary outcomes were allograft survival, patient survival and discard rate based on different KDPI categories (<80%, 80-90% and >90%). Kidneys with KDPI>90% were associated with increased odds of discard (OR=1.99, 95% CI 1.74-2.29) compared to ones with KDPI<80%. DKTs of KDPI>90% were associated with lower overall allograft failure (HR=0.74, 95% CI 0.62-0.89) and better patient survival (HR=0.79, 95% CI 0.64-0.98) compared to single ECD kidneys with KDPI>90%. Kidneys at higher risk of discard may be offered in the up-front allocation system as a DKT. Further modeling and simulation studies are required to determine a reasonable KDPI cutoff percentile.
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Fiorentini GA, Schmitz DW, Rodrigues PA, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Baldin B, Baumbaugh A, Bodek A, Boehnlein D, Boyd S, Bradford R, Brooks WK, Budd H, Butkevich A, Martinez Caicedo DA, Castromonte CM, Christy ME, Chung H, Chvojka J, Clark M, da Motta H, Damiani DS, Danko I, Datta M, Day M, DeMaat R, Devan J, Draeger E, Dytman SA, Díaz GA, Eberly B, Edmondson DA, Felix J, Fields L, Fitzpatrick T, Gago AM, Gallagher H, George CA, Gielata JA, Gingu C, Gobbi B, Gran R, Grossman N, Hanson J, Harris DA, Heaton J, Higuera A, Howley IJ, Hurtado K, Jerkins M, Kafka T, Kaisen J, Kanter MO, Keppel CE, Kilmer J, Kordosky M, Krajeski AH, Kulagin SA, Le T, Lee H, Leister AG, Locke G, Maggi G, Maher E, Manly S, Mann WA, Marshall CM, McFarland KS, McGivern CL, McGowan AM, Mislivec A, Morfín JG, Mousseau J, Naples D, Nelson JK, Niculescu G, Niculescu I, Ochoa N, O'Connor CD, Olsen J, Osmanov B, Osta J, Palomino JL, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick CE, Perdue GN, Peña C, Rakotondravohitra L, Ransome RD, Ray H, Ren L, Rude C, Sassin KE, Schellman H, Schneider RM, Schulte EC, Simon C, Snider FD, Snyder MC, Sobczyk JT, Solano Salinas CJ, Tagg N, Tan W, Tice BG, Tzanakos G, Velásquez JP, Walding J, Walton T, Wolcott J, Wolthuis BA, Woodward N, Zavala G, Zeng HB, Zhang D, Zhu LY, Ziemer BP. Measurement of muon neutrino quasielastic scattering on a hydrocarbon target at Eν ~ 3.5 GeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:022502. [PMID: 23889389 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.022502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of ν(μ) charged-current quasielastic events in the segmented scintillator inner tracker of the MINERvA experiment running in the NuMI neutrino beam at Fermilab. The events were selected by requiring a μ- and low calorimetric recoil energy separated from the interaction vertex. We measure the flux-averaged differential cross section, dσ/dQ², and study the low energy particle content of the final state. Deviations are found between the measured dσ/dQ² and the expectations of a model of independent nucleons in a relativistic Fermi gas. We also observe an excess of energy near the vertex consistent with multiple protons in the final state.
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Fields L, Chvojka J, Aliaga L, Altinok O, Baldin B, Baumbaugh A, Bodek A, Boehnlein D, Boyd S, Bradford R, Brooks WK, Budd H, Butkevich A, Martinez Caicedo DA, Castromonte CM, Christy ME, Chung H, Clark M, da Motta H, Damiani DS, Danko I, Datta M, Day M, DeMaat R, Devan J, Draeger E, Dytman SA, Díaz GA, Eberly B, Edmondson DA, Felix J, Fitzpatrick T, Fiorentini GA, Gago AM, Gallagher H, George CA, Gielata JA, Gingu C, Gobbi B, Gran R, Grossman N, Hanson J, Harris DA, Heaton J, Higuera A, Howley IJ, Hurtado K, Jerkins M, Kafka T, Kaisen J, Kanter MO, Keppel CE, Kilmer J, Kordosky M, Krajeski AH, Kulagin SA, Le T, Lee H, Leister AG, Locke G, Maggi G, Maher E, Manly S, Mann WA, Marshall CM, McFarland KS, McGivern CL, McGowan AM, Mislivec A, Morfín JG, Mousseau J, Naples D, Nelson JK, Niculescu G, Niculescu I, Ochoa N, O'Connor CD, Olsen J, Osmanov B, Osta J, Palomino JL, Paolone V, Park J, Patrick CE, Perdue GN, Peña C, Rakotondravohitra L, Ransome RD, Ray H, Ren L, Rodrigues PA, Rude C, Sassin KE, Schellman H, Schmitz DW, Schneider RM, Schulte EC, Simon C, Snider FD, Snyder MC, Sobczyk JT, Solano Salinas CJ, Tagg N, Tan W, Tice BG, Tzanakos G, Velásquez JP, Walding J, Walton T, Wolcott J, Wolthuis BA, Woodward N, Zavala G, Zeng HB, Zhang D, Zhu LY, Ziemer BP. Measurement of muon antineutrino quasielastic scattering on a hydrocarbon target at Eν ~ 3.5 GeV. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:022501. [PMID: 23889388 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.022501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated ν(μ) charged-current quasielastic (QE) interactions occurring in the segmented scintillator tracking region of the MINERvA detector running in the NuMI neutrino beam at Fermilab. We measure the flux-averaged differential cross section, dσ/dQ², and compare to several theoretical models of QE scattering. Good agreement is obtained with a model where the nucleon axial mass, M(A), is set to 0.99 GeV/c² but the nucleon vector form factors are modified to account for the observed enhancement, relative to the free nucleon case, of the cross section for the exchange of transversely polarized photons in electron-nucleus scattering. Our data at higher Q² favor this interpretation over an alternative in which the axial mass is increased.
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Davidson SM, Duchen MM, Yellon DM, Fields L, Zaccolo M, Laeremans H, Daskalopoulos EP, Janssen BJA, Blankesteijn WM, Tillmanns J, Hoffmann D, Habbaba Y, Fraccarollo D, Galuppo P, Bauersachs J, Novella S, Segarra G, Dantas AP, Bueno-Beti C, Novensa L, Lazaro-Franco M, Martinez-Gil N, Medina P, Hermenegildo C, Ohanian J, Liao A, Trafford AW, Ohanian V, Perez-Moreno A, Garcia-Canadilla P, Dominguez JM, Crispi F, Gratacos E, Amat-Roldan I, Gotschy A, Herold V, Bauer E, Schrodt C, Lykowsky G, Rommel E, Jakob P, Bauer W, Shah M, Sikkel MB, Desplantez T, Collins TP, O'Gara P, Harding SE, Lyon AR, Macleod KT, Ferrantini C, Sacconi L, Lotti I, Coppini R, Tesi C, Yan P, Loew LM, Cerbai E, Poggesi C, Pavone FS, Franco D, Daimi H, Dominguez JN, Hove-Madsen L, Cinca J, Vazquez E, Aranega AE, Poon KL, Kirchmaier BC, Schwerte T, Huisken J, Winkler C, Jungblut BC, Stainier DY, Brand T, Stuckey DJ, Tremoleda JL, Mcsweeney S, Fiedler L, Harada M, Carr CA, Tyler DJ, Gsell W, Clarke K, Schneider MD, Sequeira V, Regan JA, Michels M, Ten Cate FJ, Van Slegtenhorst MA, Stienen GJM, Dos Remedios C, Van Der Velden J. Oral abstract presentations. Cardiovasc Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Fields L. Early and late introduction of probes and stimulus control acquisition in fading. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 36:363-70. [PMID: 16812254 PMCID: PMC1333105 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1981.36-363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
College students learned to name Braille patterns presented visually using a fading procedure in which Braille patterns were superimposed on letter names after which letter names were attenuated. Measurement of acquisition was accomplished by presenting probes-consisting of the Braille stimuli only-throughout fading. Effects of probes upon acquisition were assessed by introducing probes early or late in fading. Fewer fading levels were needed for Braille elements to acquire control when probes were introduced early rather than late. When probes were introduced late, all subjects learned to name the Braille elements as the letters were being faded out. When probes were introduced early, however, most subjects learned to name the Braille elements as they were being faded in. Since virtually no errors occurred during compound-stimulus presentations, the probe procedure did not induce errors during acquisition. Quantitative analysis of probe data suggested that inclusion of probes enhanced the control acquired by the Braille elements during compound-stimulus presentations. The reported effects may have been due to differences in the relative frequency of reinforcement presented during compounds and probes.
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Fields L. The evidence for naming as a cause or facilitator of equivalence class formation. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 65:279-82. [PMID: 16812791 PMCID: PMC1350086 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1996.65-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
A successive discrimination between red positive and green negative stimuli was established with pigeon subjects. Then, lines with different angular orientations were superimposed on one of the colors to form compound stimuli. Finally, either the colored element of the positive compound, the colored element of the negative compound, or both colored elements together, were gradually attenuated. Before each attenuation, the line elements were presented alone against dark backgrounds as probes to assess the degree to which they had acquired control of responding. When the positive color was attenuated alone or in conjunction with the negative color, angular orientation acquired control of responding in an errorless fashion. Lines, however, did not acquire control when only the negative component was attenuated. These results were interpreted in terms of changes in the predictability of reinforcement by color and line elements during stimulus attenuation. Finally, attenuation of the negative stimulus influenced the number of "dimensions" of the new line stimuli that acquired control of responding. When the positive stimulus was attenuated with the negative, only one dimension of the lines acquired control. When the positive stimulus was attenuated without the negative, however, more than one dimension of the lines acquired control of responding. These results were interpreted in terms of how errorless performance can be maintained while an organism attends to different dimensions of the new stimuli.
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Abstract
THE STRUCTURE OF EQUIVALENCE CLASSES CAN BE COMPLETELY DESCRIBED BY FOUR PARAMETERS: class size, number of nodes, the distribution of "singles" among nodes, and directionality of training. Class size refers to the number of stimuli in a class. Nodes are stimuli linked by training to at least two other stimuli. Singles are stimuli linked by training to only one other stimulus. The distribution of singles refers to the number of singles linked by training to each node. Directionality of training refers to the use of stimuli as samples and as comparison stimuli in training. These four parameters define the different ways in which the stimuli in a class can be organized, and thus provide a basis for systematically characterizing the properties of stimuli in a given equivalence class. The four parameters can also be used to account for the development of individual differences that are commonly characterized in terms of "understanding" and connotative meaning.Methods are described for generating all possible combinations of parameter values, and a formula is introduced which specifies all of the parameter values for an equivalence class. Its utility for interrelating experimental procedures is demonstrated by analyzing a number of representative experiments that have addressed equivalence-class formation.
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Fields L, Verhave T, Fath S. Stimulus equivalence and transitive associations: A methodological analysis. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 42:143-57. [PMID: 16812380 PMCID: PMC1348051 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1984.42-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When a number of two-stimulus relations are established through training within a set of stimuli, other two-stimulus relations often emerge in the same set without direct training. These, termed "transitive stimulus relations," have been demonstrated with a variety of visual and auditory stimuli. The phenomenon has served as a behavioral model for explaining the emergence of rudimentary comprehension and reading skills, and the development of generative syntactic repertoires. This article considers the range of relations that can arise between a given number of stimuli in a class, the number of directly established two-stimulus relations necessary for the emergence of transitive relations, the forms that training sets of stimuli can take, and the number of transitive two-stimulus relations that can be induced without direct training. The procedures needed to establish and assess transitive stimulus control, the possible interactions between the training and testing procedures, and the constrainst these interactions place upon the analysis of transitive stimulus control are also examined. The present analysis indicates that in a transitivity test, choice among such stimuli may be controlled by (1) the relation between the sample and the positive comparison stimulus (transitive stimulus control), (2) the relation between the sample and the negative comparison stimulus (S- rule control), and (3) possible discriminative properties that may inadvertently be established in the positive and negative comparison stimuli (valence control). Methods are described for distinguishing these three forms of stimulus control.
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Fields L, Landon-Jimenez DV, Buffington DM, Adams BJ. Maintained nodal-distance effects in equivalence classes. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 64:129-45. [PMID: 16812764 PMCID: PMC1350106 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1995.64-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Twelve subjects were trained to select one of two stimuli from a pair (the B pair) when presented with one of two stimuli from another pair (the A pair), thus establishing two AB relations, A1-B1 and A2-B2. In a similar fashion, additional stimuli were used to establish BC, CD, and DE relations. Trials used to train all relations occurred in each session. Once performances were established, probe trials were introduced that tested for the emergence of untrained relations (e.g., B1-D1 or A1-E1). These emergent relations were categorized according to nodal distance (i.e., the number of stimuli across which transitivity would have to hold in order for the relation to emerge). For example, a test for A2-C2 crosses one node (B2), whereas a test for A1-E1 crosses three nodes (B1, C1, and D1). Only 2 of the subjects formed equivalence classes. The evocation of class-appropriate responding by each emergent-relation probe was an inverse function of nodal distance for all 12 subjects. In addition, performance on the originally trained relations was disrupted by the introduction of probes. The 2 subjects who exhibited equivalence classes were then trained to make different numbers of key presses in the presence of each of the four A and E stimuli. In a response-transfer test, the B, C, and D stimuli evoked the responses trained to the A and E stimuli in the same equivalence class. Likelihood of class-appropriate responses was an inverse function of nodal distance, and this pattern persisted across testing. Reaction times in the transfer test were an inverted U-shaped function of nodal distance. Because training of the baseline relations occurred concurrently and the B, C, and D stimuli were presented an equal number of times before the transfer test, the test performances illustrate effects of nodal distance that were not confounded by order or amount of experience with the stimuli. The results imply that ordered, sequential exposure to individual stimulus relations may facilitate the development of equivalence classes and that the relatedness of stimuli within an equivalence class is a relatively permanent inverse function of nodal distance.
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Fath SJ, Fields L, Malott MK, Grossett D. Response rate, latency, and resistance to change. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 39:267-74. [PMID: 16812319 PMCID: PMC1347920 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1983.39-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pigeons were trained on a multiple variable-interval/variable-interval schedule with pacing contingencies that generated high response rates in one component and low response rates in the other. Timeout periods separated the schedule components. During resistance-to-change tests, response-independent food was presented during the timeout periods, and the duration of that food presentation was varied among test sessions. Response rates in the schedule components decreased and latencies to the first response increased as a function of the duration of food presentations during the timeout. Both dependent measures changed about the same amount relative to their own baseline levels. The conclusions are that baseline response rates controlled by pacing contingencies are equally resistant to change, given equal reinforcement densities, and latency is a sensitive measure of resistance to change.
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Abstract
Pigeons were exposed to a stimulus fading procedure in which control of responding was transferred from red and black stimuli to lines of different angular orientation. After superimposing one line on the red stimulus and the other line on the black stimulus, the intensity of the lines was gradually increased and that of the red stimulus was gradually reduced. Probes consisting of red and line stimuli presented separately were used during the course of fading to assess control exerted by each element of the compound. As the lines were faded in, they did not acquire control of responding. As red was faded out, control of responding was acquired first by the lower intensity red stimuli in combination with the line stimulus, and finally by the angular orientation of the lines. Probes also determined the point at which the line stimuli, presented alone, would maintain a high degree of stimulus control. The results demonstrated that new stimuli in fading acquire dimensional control of responding in two sequential stages. Acquisition of stimulus control in fading was explained in terms of attenuation of stimulus blocking.
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Fields L, Reeve K, Rosen D, Varelas A, Adams B. Using the simultaneous protocol to study equivalence class formation: the facilitating effects of nodal number and size of previously established equivalence classes. J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 67:367-89. [PMID: 16812847 PMCID: PMC1284613 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1997.67-367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Atchley P, Grobe J, Fields L. The effect of smoking on sensory and attentional masking. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/1.3.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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