Green-Light Responsive Perylene Bisimides for Atom-Economic Thiol Generation and Click-Ligation

Novel methylthiophene/benzo[b]thiophene perylene bisimide thiol-precursors that would generate thiols via a green-light-induced (λ_exc = 530 nm, φ_re = 0.33) photorearrangement are presented herein. The "no-wash", photoreleased thiols thus enabled a subsequent thiol-ene click ligation with electron-deficient substrates. Moreover, by virtue of the intrinsic fluorescence evolution from the rearrangement of perylene bisimide scaffolds, the whole process of thiol formation could be self-reported, further potentiating themselves with application versatilities.

Analysis of the anemia characteristics in early pregnancy and outcomes of pregnant women with hemoglobin H disease

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze the anemia characteristics in early pregnancy of pregnant women with hemoglobin H (Hb H) disease and their pregnancy outcomes, and to provide reference to the pregnancy management and treatment of these women.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Twenty-eight cases of pregnant women who had been diagnosed with Hb H disease in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from August 2018 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Moreover, 28 cases of normal pregnant women in the same period were randomly enrolled as a control group for comparison. The means and percentages of the anemia characteristics in early pregnancy and the pregnancy outcomes were calculated and the analysis of variance, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were applied for comparison.

RESULTS

A total of 13 cases of missing type (46.43%) and 15 cases of non-missing type (53.57%) were observed in the 28 cases of pregnant women with Hb H disease. The genotypes were as follows: 8 cases of -α3.7/--SEA (28.57%), 4 cases of -α4.2/--SEA (14.29%), 1 case of -α4.2/--THAI (3.57%), 9 cases of αCSα/--SEA (32.14%), 5 cases of αWSα/--SEA (17.86%), and 1 case of αQSα/--SEA (3.57%). Twenty-seven patients with Hb H disease (96.43%) were anemic, including 5 cases of mild anemia (17.86%), 18 cases of moderate anemia (64.28%), 4 cases of severe anemia (14.29%), and 1 case of non-anemia (3.57%). Compared with the control group, the Hb H group had significantly higher red blood cell count and significantly lower Hb, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The Hb H group had higher incidence rates of blood transfusion during pregnancy (BTDP), oligohydramnios fetal growth restrictions (FGR), and fetal distress than the control group. The weights of neonates were lower in the Hb H group than in the control group. Statistically significant differences were found between these two groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The genotype missing type of pregnant women with Hb H disease was mainly -α3.7/--SEA and the non-missing type was mainly αCSα/--SEA. Hb H disease can easily cause various degrees of anemia (mainly moderate anemia in this study). Moreover, it can increase the incidence rate of pregnancy complications such as BTDP, oligohydramnios, FGR, and fetal distress, which will reduce the weight of neonates and seriously affect maternal and infant safety. Therefore, maternal anemia and fetal growth and development should be monitored during pregnancy and delivery, and transfusion therapy should be used to improve adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by anemia when necessary.

[Effect of respiratory filter on pulmonary function in occupational health examination]

Objective: To explore the influence and significance of respiratory filter on the judgment of pulmonary function and the conclusion of occupational health examination in occupational health examination. Methods: From August to November 2020, 252 occupational health examinees were randomly selected as the research objects, and the lung function was examined with the respiratory filter bite and the straight cylinder bite without filter, respectively. The lung function examination indexes and the qualification rate of lung function examination were analyzed and compared between the two groups, and the diagnostic criteria of lung function examination was corrected. Results: 252 subjects were 36 (30, 42) years old. The qualified rate of lung function examination with respiratory filter bite (28.17%, 71/252) was lower than that with straight cylinder bite (34.92%, 88/252) , the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) . The percentage of forced vital capacity in normal predicted value (FVC%) , percentage of forced expiratory volume in the first second in normal predicted value (FEV(1)%) , and percentage of forced expiratory volume in the first second in forced vital capacity (FEV(1)/FVC%) of subjects using respiratory filter bite were lower than those using the straight cylinder bite (P<0.05) . The corrected diagnostic criteria of pulmonary function were FVC%>78%, FEV(1)%>77%, FEV(1)/FVC%>68%. There was no significant difference between the qualified rate of the respiratory filter bite lung function test calculated according to the corrected diagnostic criteria (35.71%, 90/252) and the qualified rate of the straight cylinder bite lung function test calculated according to the original diagnostic criteria (34.92%, 88/252) (P>0.05) . Conclusion: In occupational health examination, the use of respiratory filter may affect the results of pulmonary function examination. The diagnostic criteria of pulmonary function can be corrected according to different filtering effects to ensure the accuracy of the conclusions of occupational health examination.

Association of MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism with pregnancy outcome

OBJECTIVE

The two objectives of the present study were to analyze the correlation between pregnancy outcomes and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism, and to provide evidence for clinical improvement of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

1,995 cases of pregnant women were selected as objects of the study, and underwent MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism detection in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from October 2020 to September 2021, in which 919 cases whose pregnancy outcomes could be tracked. According to the result of MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism detection, 1,995 cases of pregnant women were classified into a wild-type (CC) group, heterozygous (CT) group, or homozygous (TT) group, and the distributions of MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism in pregnant women were analyzed. In addition, according to complications, 919 cases of pregnant women whose pregnancy outcomes could be tracked were divided into the normal pregnancy group (676 cases), GDM group (146 cases), HDP group (47 cases), abnormal fetus group (13 cases), and spontaneous abortion group (37 cases), and the genotype distributions of MTHFR gene C677T in each group were analyzed. Besides, according to genotype, 919 cases of pregnant women whose pregnancy outcome could be tracked were divided into CC group (515 cases), CT group (289 cases), and TT group (115 cases), and the correlation between genotype and pregnancy outcomes, such as fetal distress, postpartum hemorrhage, premature birth, and full-term delivery, was then analyzed.

RESULTS

For the C677T locus of MTHFR gene in the 1,995 cases of pregnant women, there are 1,162 (58.25%) cases of CC genotype, 649 (32.53%) cases of CT genotype, 184 (9.22%) cases of TT genotype. The proportion of TT genotype in GDM, HDP, abnormal fetus, and spontaneous abortion groups were respectively 19.86% (29/148), 25.53% (12/47), 46.15% (6/13), 40.54% (15/37), which were significantly higher than that in normal pregnancy group (7.84%, 53/676), and there were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The full-term birth rate in TT group (75.65%, 87/115) was lower than those of CC group (91.26%, 470/515) and CT group (89.27%, 258/289), and there were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The TT type gene mutation at the C677T site ofMTHFR gene is closely related to conditions that contribute to a decrease in the number of full-term births and increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including GDM, HDP, spontaneous abortion, and fetal abnormalities.

Transitional Dynamics of Sarcopenia and Associations of Nutritional Indices with State Transitions in Chinese aged ≥ 50

OBJECTIVES

Sarcopenia's temporal profile can be regarded as a dynamic process with distinct states, in which malnutrition plays an important role. This study aimed to address two research gaps: sarcopenia's transitional dynamics and associations of nutritional indices with state transitions in community-dwelling Chinese adults aged 50 and older.

DESIGN

A prospective population-based cohort study.

SETTING

Community-based setting in western China.

PARTICIPANTS

The analytic sample included data from 1910 participants aged ≥ 50 in the West China Health and Aging Trend study between 2018-2022.

MEASUREMENTS

We defined three states: the initial normal state (normal muscle strength, physical performance and muscle mass), the worst sarcopenia state (low muscle mass plus low muscle strength and/or low physical performance) and the intermediate subclinical state (the other scenarios). The relevant measurement methods and cut-off points were based on the 2019 AWGS consensus. Using a continuous-time multistate Markov model, we calculated probabilities of transitions between different states over 1, 2 and 4 years; we also examined associations between nutritional indices and transitions, including body mass index (BMI), calf circumference (CC), mid-arm circumference (MAC), triceps skinfold thickness (TST), albumin (ALB), geriatric nutrition risk index (GNRI), vitamin D (VitD) and prealbumin (PA).

RESULTS

For individuals in the normal state, their probabilities of remaining stable versus progressing to a subclinical state were 53.4% versus 42.1% at 2 years, and 40.6% versus 49.0% at 4 years. In the subclinical population, their 2- and 4-year chances were 60.2% and 51.2% for maintaining this state, 11.8% and 16.2% for developing sarcopenia, 28.0% and 32.6% for reverting to normal. For sarcopenic individuals, the likelihood of staying stable versus retrogressing to the subclinical state were 67.0% versus 26.3% at 2 years, and 48.3% versus 36.3% at 4 years. Increased BMI, CC, MAC, TST, ALB, GNRI and PA correlated with reversion from the subclinical state, among which increased TST, ALB and PA were also paralleled with reversion from sarcopenia, while decreased BMI, CC, MAC, TST and GNRI were associated with progression to sarcopenia. VitD was not significantly associated with any transitions.

CONCLUSION

This study reveals how sarcopenia changes over time in a Chinese population. It also highlights the usefulness of simple and cost-effective nutritional status indices for indicating state transitions, which can help identify individuals at risk of sarcopenia and guide targeted interventions within the optimal time window.

Theory of colliding-probe atomic magnetometry: breaking the symmetry-enforced magneto-optical rotation blockade

We show theoretically the presence of an optical field polarization rotation blocking mechanism in single-probe-based magnetic field sensing schemes, revealing the root cause for extremely small nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR) signal in single-probe-based atomic magnetometers. We present a colliding-probe atomic magnetometer theory, analytically describing the principle of the first nonlinear-optical atomic magnetometer. This new atomic magnetometry technique breaks the NMOR blockade in single-probe atomic magnetometers, enabling an energy circulation that results in larger than 20-dB enhancement in NMOR signal as well as better than 6-dB improvement of magnetic field detection sensitivity. Remarkably, all experimental observations reported to date can be qualitatively well-explained using this colliding-probe atomic magnetometry theory without numerical computations. This colliding-probe atomic magnetometry technique may have broad applications in scientific and technological fields ranging from micro-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging to cosmic particle detection.

Analysis results of 579 cases of genomic copy number variation sequencing of pregnant women in prenatal diagnosis

OBJECTIVE

This study explored the usefulness of genomic copy number variation sequencing (CNV-Seq) in the prenatal diagnosis of pregnant women.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Based on prenatal diagnostic indications, CNV-Seq analysis was done in the samples from the 579 pregnant women of the 7 subgroups that included advanced maternal age (group A), high risk noninvasive prenatal test (NIPT) (group B), high risk Down's (Group C), abnormal ultrasound findings (Group D), adverse pregnancy history (Group E), chromosome abnormalities in couples (Group F), and the mixed group (Group G).

RESULTS

A total of 57 (9.84%) cases have abnormal CNV-Seq results. Among them, 21 cases were aneuploid chromosomal number abnormalities (3.63%, 21/579), and 36 cases were CNV abnormalities (6.22%, 36/579), including 7 cases of pathogenic copy number alteration (pCNA) (1.21%, 7/579) and 29 cases variants of uncertain significance (VUS) (5.01%, 29/579). The total detection rates of abnormal CNV-Seq in Group G and Group B were 20.27% (15/74) and 15.91% (14/88), which were significantly higher than those in other groups (p < 0.05). Among 36 cases of abnormal CNV-Seq, 7 cases were chromosome fragment deletion or duplication, which were pathogenic CNV, and some rare chromosomal diseases were detected.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with a high risk of NIPT or multiple indications of prenatal diagnosis are highly suspected of chromosomal diseases. CNV-Seq is a useful tool for detecting chromosome abnormalities for prenatal diagnosis of pregnant women more accurately and provides more comprehensive information for prenatal diagnosis to reduce birth defects.

[Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Fengtai District, Beijing City from 2011 to 2021]

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Fengtai District from 2011 to 2021. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, the data of PTB patients in Fengtai District from 2011 to 2021 were collected in Chinese disease prevention and Control Information System, which included etiological classification, gender, age, occupation, onset time, demographic information etc. the epidemiological characteristics of reported PTB patients was analysis. Results: A total of 10 342 cases of PTB were reported from 2011 to 2021 in Fengtai District, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 42.87/ 100 000. The incidence rate was the highest in 2012(75.89/100 000), and significantly declined from 2013, which declined to 29.70/100 000 in 2017. It showed a slow rise from 2018 to 2021. The difference was statistically significant (χ²=1 471.77,P<0.001).There were 2 975 cases of etiologic positive PTB from 2011 to 2021, and 76 cases of Rifampicin-resistant PTB from 2017 to 2021. The ratio of male cases to female was 1.75, the average annual incidence rate of male (53.94/100 000) was higher, than female(31.57/100 000).(χ²=704.01,P<0.001). Among all age groups, 25-29 years group, 20-24 years group and 30-34 years group had the highest proportion, which were 1 506 cases (14.56%) , 1 292 cases (12.49%) and 1 024 cases (9.90%) respectively. The average annual incidence rate was the lowest in the group less than 10 years old (1.43/100 000), and the highest in the group 85 years old and over (195.20/100 000), the difference was statistically significant(χ²=3164.24, P<0.001). The top occupations from high to low were housework and unemployment (2 917 cases, 28.21%), retirees (2 308 cases, 22.32%), workers (1 047 cases, 10.12%), cadres and staff (950 cases, 9.19%), farmers (860 cases, 8.32%), business services (698 cases, 6.75%), teachers and students (455 cases, 4.40%). Conclusion: From 2011 to 2021, the incidence rate of PTB was decreased from 2012 to 2017, and slowly increased lately in Fengtai District. The epidemiological characteristics of PTB vary in different age and gender.

[A descriptive analysis of tea consumption in adult twins in China]

Objective: To describe the distribution characteristics of tea consumption in adult twins recruited in the Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR) and provide clues to genetic and environmental influences on tea consumption. Methods: Enrolled in CNTR during 2010-2018, 25 264 twin pairs aged 18 years and above were included in subsequent analysis. Random effect models were used to estimate tea consumption in the population and regional distribution characteristics. The concordance rate of the behavior and difference in consumption volume of tea within pairs were also described. Results: The mean age of all subjects was (35.38±12.45) years old. The weekly tea consumers accounted for 17.0%, with an average tea consumption of (3.36±2.44) cups per day. The proportion of weekly tea consumers was higher among males, 50-59 years old, southern, urban, educated, and the first-born in the twin pair (P<0.05), and lower among unmarried individuals (P<0.001). Within-pair analysis showed that the concordance rate of tea consumption of monozygotic (MZ) twins was higher than that of dizygotic (DZ) twins and the overall heritability of tea consumption was 13.45% (11.38%-15.51%). Stratified by the characteristics mentioned above, only in males, the concordance rate of MZ showed a tendency to be greater than that of DZ (all P<0.05). The differences in consumption volume of tea within twin pairs were minor in MZ among males (P<0.05), while the differences were not significant in female twins. Conclusion: There were discrepancies in the distribution of tea consumption among twins of different demographic and regional characteristics. Tea consumption was mainly influenced by environmental factors and slightly influenced by genetic factors. The size of genetic factors varied with gender, age, and region, and gender was a potential modified factor.

Analysis results of 169 cases of chorionic villus samples of missed abortion using high throughput sequencing

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the use of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology to detect chromosomes in chorionic villus samples of missed abortion embryos and investigate its utility in the genetic diagnosis of missed abortion.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

HTS was used to assess chorionic villus samples obtained from 169 patients with missed abortions from August 2020 to March 2022, at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. The test results were statistically analyzed. To investigate the impact of advanced age on the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities, the patients were divided into two groups: elderly (≥35 years) and nonelderly pregnant women (<35 years).

RESULTS

(1) Among the samples of 169 patients, 100 (59.17%) cases of chromosomal abnormalities were detected. Among these 100, 90 (90%) had chromosomal numerical abnormalities and 10 (10%) had chromosomal structural abnormalities. (2) Chromosomal numerical abnormality was abnormalities mainly included aneuploidy (92.22%, 83/90), with trisomy (62.22%, 56/90) and monosomy (22.22%, 20/90) accounting for the majority. The top three numerical abnormalities included 18 cases of Turner syndrome (monosomy X; 20%, 18/90), 10 cases of trisomy 16 (11.11%, 10/90), and 10 cases of trisomy 22 (11.11%, 10/90). (3) Villous chromosomal abnormalities were found in 48 (70.59%) elderly pregnant women, and 52 (51.48%) nonelderly pregnant women, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

(1) Chromosomal abnormality is an important cause of missed abortion, it majorly includes chromosomal numerical abnormality, of which most cases are of aneuploidy. (2) Advanced age may increase the risk of embryonic chromosomal abnormalities. (3) Villus chromosome detection using HTS has a positive value and can be used for analyzing and determining the causes of missed abortion.

Kukoamine A activates Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and relieve myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

Purpose:

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury refers to a pathological condition of treatment of myocardial infarction. Oxidative stress and inflammation are believed to be important mechanisms mediating MI/R injury. Kukoamine A (KuA), a sperm, is the main bioactive component extracted from the bark of goji berries. In this study, we wanted to investigate the possible effects of KuA on MI/R injury.

Methods:

In this experiment, all rats were divided into sham operation group, MI/R group, KuA 10 mg + MI/R group, KuA 20 mg + MI/R group. After 120 min of ischemia/reperfusion treatment, left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), maximal rates of rising and fall of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dtmax), and ischemic area were detected. Serum samples of rats in each group were collected. The enzyme activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), CK muscle/brain (CK-MB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The apoptosis of myocardium in each group was detected according to the instructions of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The expressions of mammalian target of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSH-3β) and protein kinase B (Akt) mRNA level in myocardial tissues were detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results:

MI/R rats showed a significant increase in oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, we showed that KuA significantly improved the myocardial function such as LVSP, left ventricular ejection fraction, +dp/dt, and -dp/dt. Here, it attenuated dose-dependent histological damage in ischemia-reperfused myocardium, which is associated with the enzyme activities of SOD, GSH-PX, and levels of MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, L-1β.

Conclusions:

KuA inhibited gene expression of Akt/GSK-3β, inflammation, oxidative stress and improved MR/I injury. Taken together, our results allowed us to better understand the pharmacological activity of KuA against MR/I injury.

[A descriptive analysis on coronary heart disease in adult twins in China]

Objective: To describe the distribution characteristics of coronary heart disease in adult twins recruited from Chinese Twin Registry (CNTR), and provide clues and evidence for the effect of genetic and environmental influences on coronary heart disease. Methods: By using the data of CNTR during 2010-2018, a total of 34 583 twin pairs aged ≥18 years who completed questionnaire survey and had related information were included in the current study to analyze the population and area distribution characteristics of coronary heart disease. Random effect models were used to compare the differences between groups. The concordane rate of coronary heart disease were calculated respectively in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs to estimate the heritability. Results: The twin pairs included in this analysis were aged (34.2±12.4) years. The overall prevalence rate of coronary heart disease in twin pairs was 0.7%. Twin pairs who were women, older, obese and lived in northern China had higher prevalence of coronary heart disease (P<0.05). Intra-pair analysis in the same-sex twin pairs found that the concordane rate of coronary heart disease was higher in MZ twin pairs (25.3%) than in DZ twins (7.4%), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The overall heritability of coronary heart disease was 19.3% (95%CI: 11.8%-26.8%). Stratified by gender, age and area, the concordane rate was still higher in MZ twin pairs than in DZ pairs. Participants who were women, aged 18-30 years or ≥60 years and lived in northern China had a higher heritability of coronary heart disease. Conclusion: The distribution of coronary heart disease in twin pairs differed in populations and areas. The prevalence of coronary heart disease was affected by genetic factors, but the effect varied with age, gender and area.

[A descriptive analysis on type 2 diabetes in twins in China]

Objective: To describe the distribution characteristics of type 2 diabetes in twins in Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR), provide clues and evidence for revealing the influence of genetic and environmental factors for type 2 diabetes. Methods: Of all twins registered in the CNTR during 2010-2018, a total 18 855 twin pairs aged ≥30 years with complete registration information were included in the analysis. The random effect model was used to describe the population and area distribution characteristics and concordance of type 2 diabetes in twin pairs. Results: The mean age of the subjects was (42.8±10.2) years, the study subjects included 10 339 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and 8 516 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. The self-reported prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes was 2.2% in total population and there was no sighificant difference between MZ and DZ. Intra-twin pairs analysis showed that the concordance rate of type 2 diabetes was 38.2% in MZ twin pairs, and 16.0% in DZ twin pairs, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The concordance rate of type 2 diabetes in MZ twin parts was higher than that in DZ twin pairs in both men and women, in different age groups and in different areas (P<0.05). Further stratified analysis showed that in northern China, only MZ twin pairs less than 60 years old were found to have a higher concordance rate of type 2 diabetes compared with DZ twin pairs (P<0.05). In southern China, the co-prevalence rate in male MZ twin pairs aged ≥60 years was still higher than that in DZ twin pairs (P<0.05). Conclusion: The twin pairs in this study had a lower self-reported prevalence of type 2 diabetes than the general population. The study results suggested that genetic factors play a role in type 2 diabetes prevalence in both men and women, in different age groups and in different areas, however, the effect might vary.

Coupling mechanism and parameter optimization of sewage sludge dewatering jointly assisted by electric field and mechanical pressure

Pressurized electro-dewatering technology is considered to be one of the most effective methods for improving dewatering performance of sewage sludge. In this paper, four dewatering protocols were developed to further explore the coupling mechanism of sludge dewatering through mechanical pressure, electric field and their joint. The results showed that the dewatering performance of the four dewatering protocols were as follows: pressurized electro-dewatering with constant voltage gradient mode (G-PEDW) > first mechanical dewatering then electro-dewatering > mechanical dewatering > electro-dewatering. The coupling mechanism was revealed from the perspectives of pore structure and moisture distribution of sludge cakes. The pore structure was discussed in detail from the whole pore size distribution and fractal dimension. The fractal dimension could quantitatively describe the change of pore structure. The moisture distribution was analyzed by the thermogravimetric differential scanning calorimetry test. The results showed that the electric field could reduce bound strength of moisture and produce new micro-pores to build more water flow paths, the water was discharged through interior capillary channels, and mechanical pressure could accelerate the water removing process. Response surface method was used to establish an empirical prediction model of G-PEDW, and discussed the selection of optimal parameters. The R-square values of mathematical models of moisture content and energy consumption were as high as 0.9863 and 0.9838, respectively, which was more advanced than other mathematical models. Experiments showed that G-PEDW could reduce the time to 20 min or reduce the energy consumption to 7.1 Wh/kg_•H2O when the target moisture content was set to 41.7%.