0712 Cluster analysis for the association between obstructive sleep apnea phenotypes: a population-based longitudinal study

Introduction

The identification of subgroups of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is critical to understand disease causality and ultimately develop optimal care strategies customized for each subgroup. In this sense, we aimed to perform a cluster analysis to identify subgroups of individuals with OSA based on clinical parameters. Furthermore, we aimed to analyze whether subgroups remain after 8 years.

Methods

We used data derived from the São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study (EPISONO) cohort, which was followed over 8 years. All individuals underwent polysomnography, answered questionnaires and had their blood collected for biochemical exams. OSA was defined according to AHI≥ 15 events/hour. Cluster analysis was performed using latent class analysis (LCA).

Results

Of the 1,042 individuals in the EPISONO cohort, 68.3% accepted to participate in the follow-up study (n=712). We were able to replicate the OSA 3-cluster solution observed in previous studies: disturbed sleep, minimally symptomatic and excessively sleepy in both baseline (35.5%, 45.4% and 19.1%, respectively) and follow-up studies (41.9%, 43.3% and 14.8%, respectively). 44.8% of the participants migrated clusters between the two evaluations and the factor associated with this was a greater delta-AHI (B=-0.033, df=1, p=0.003). The optimal cluster solution for our sample based on Bayesian information criterion (BIC) was 2 cluster for baseline (disturbed sleep and excessively sleepy) and 3 clusters for follow-up (disturbed sleep, minimally symptomatic and excessively sleepy).

Conclusion

The results found replicate and confirm previously identified clinical clusters in OSA even in a longitudinal analysis.

Support (If Any)

This work was supported by grants from AFIP and FAPESP.

OP0249 CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR COVID-19 OUTCOMES IN PEOPLE WITH PSORIASIS AND SPONDYLOARTHRITIS: DATA FROM THE COVID-19 PsoProtect AND GLOBAL RHEUMATOLOGY ALLIANCE PHYSICIAN-REPORTED REGISTRIES

Background

Some factors associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes have been identified in patients with psoriasis (PsO) and inflammatory/autoimmune rheumatic diseases, namely older age, male sex, comorbidity burden, higher disease activity, and certain medications such as rituximab. However, information about specificities of patients with PsO, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), including disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) specifically licensed for these conditions, such as IL-17 inhibitors (IL-17i), IL-23/IL-12 + 23 inhibitors (IL-23/IL-12 + 23i), and apremilast, is lacking.

Objectives

To determine characteristics associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes in people with PsO, PsA and axSpA.

Methods

This study was a pooled analysis of data from two physician-reported registries: the Psoriasis Patient Registry for Outcomes, Therapy and Epidemiology of COVID-19 Infection (PsoProtect), comprising patients with PsO/PsA, and the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance (GRA) registry, comprising patients with PsA/axSpA. Data from the beginning of the pandemic up to 25 October, 2021 were included. An ordinal severity outcome was defined as: 1) not hospitalised, 2) hospitalised without death, and 3) death. A multivariable ordinal logistic regression model was constructed to assess the relationship between COVID-19 severity and demographic characteristics (age, sex, time period of infection), comorbidities (hypertension, other cardiovascular disease [CVD], chronic obstructive lung disease [COPD], asthma, other chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease, cancer, smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus [DM]), rheumatic/skin disease (PsO, PsA, axSpA), physician-reported disease activity, and medication exposure (methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine, TNFi, IL17i, IL-23/IL-12 + 23i, Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi), apremilast, glucocorticoids [GC] and NSAIDs). Age-adjustment was performed employing four-knot restricted cubic splines. Country-adjustment was performed using random effects.

Results

A total of 5008 individuals with PsO (n=921), PsA (n=2263) and axSpA (n=1824) were included. Mean age was 50 years (SD 13.5) and 51.8% were male. Hospitalisation (without death) was observed in 14.6% of cases and 1.8% died. In the multivariable model, the following variables were associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes: older age (Figure 1), male sex (OR 1.53, 95%CI 1.29-1.82), CVD (hypertension alone: 1.26, 1.02-1.56; other CVD alone: 1.89, 1.22-2.94; vs no hypertension and no other CVD), COPD or asthma (1.75, 1.32-2.32), other lung disease (2.56, 1.66-3.97), chronic kidney disease (2.32, 1.50-3.59), obesity and DM (obesity alone: 1.36, 1.07-1.71; DM alone: 1.85, 1.39-2.47; obesity and DM: 1.89, 1.34-2.67; vs no obesity and no DM), higher disease activity and GC intake (remission/low disease activity and GC intake: 1.96, 1.36-2.82; moderate/severe disease activity and no GC intake: 1.35, 1.05-1.72; moderate/severe disease activity and GC intake 2.30, 1.41-3.74; vs remission/low disease activity and no GC intake). Conversely, the following variables were associated with less severe COVID-19 outcomes: time period after 15 June 2020 (16 June 2020-31 December 2020: 0.42, 0.34-0.51; 1 January 2021 onwards: 0.52, 0.41-0.67; vs time period until 15 June 2020), a diagnosis of PsO (without arthritis) (0.49, 0.37-0.65; vs PsA), and exposure to TNFi (0.58, 0.45-0.75; vs no DMARDs), IL17i (0.63, 0.45-0.88; vs no DMARDs), IL-23/IL-12 + 23i (0.68, 0.46-0.997; vs no DMARDs) and NSAIDs (0.77, 0.60-0.98; vs no NSAIDs).

Conclusion

More severe COVID-19 outcomes in PsO, PsA and axSpA are largely driven by demographic factors (age, sex), comorbidities, and active disease. None of the DMARDs typically used in PsO, PsA and axSpA, were associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes, including IL-17i, IL-23/IL-12 + 23i, JAKi and apremilast.

Acknowledgements

We thank all the contributors to the COVID-19 PsoProtect, GRA and EULAR Registries.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report

While the number of people who have been vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Portugal keeps rising, the risk of complications, although rare, keeps rising too. We report a case of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) in a 30-year-old previously healthy male after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S. The patient presented to the emergency department (ED) with abdominal pain and headache. Laboratory tests revealed thrombocytopenia, high D-dimer levels, and fibrinogen consumption. Thoracoabdominal CT scan showed a thrombus in the portal mesenteric venous axis. A positive PF4 heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the VITT diagnosis, and the patient was started on intravenous immunoglobulin. Both clinical complaints and laboratory findings resolved within six days, and he was discharged to follow-up. This case shows that general symptoms after vaccination should not be depreciated, highlights the importance of early diagnosis and treatment, and raises new questions about the follow-up and further study of these patients.

Acid-Catalyzed Liquefaction of Biomasses from Poplar Clones for Short Rotation Coppice Cultivations

Liquefaction of biomass delivers a liquid bio-oil with relevant chemical and energetic applications. In this study we coupled it with short rotation coppice (SRC) intensively managed poplar cultivations aimed at biomass production while safeguarding environmental principles of soil quality and biodiversity. We carried out acid-catalyzed liquefaction, at 160 °C and atmospheric pressure, with eight poplar clones from SRC cultivations. The bio-oil yields were high, ranging between 70.7 and 81.5%. Average gains of bio-oil, by comparison of raw biomasses, in elementary carbon and hydrogen and high heating, were 25.6, 67, and 74%, respectively. Loss of oxygen and O/C ratios averaged 38 and 51%, respectively. Amounts of elementary carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in bio-oil were 65, 26, and 8.7%, and HHV averaged 30.5 MJkg⁻¹. Correlation analysis showed the interrelation between elementary carbon with HHV in bio-oil or with oxygen loss. Overall, from 55 correlations, 21 significant and high correlations among a set of 11 variables were found. Among the most relevant ones, the percentage of elementary carbon presented five significant correlations with the percentage of O (−0.980), percentage of C gain (0.902), percentage of O loss (0.973), HHV gain (0.917), and O/C loss (0.943). The amount of carbon is directly correlated with the amount of oxygen, conversely, the decrease in oxygen content increases the elementary carbon and hydrogen concentration, which leads to an improvement in HHV. HHV gain showed a strong positive dependence on the percentage of C (0.917) and percentage of C gain (0.943), while the elementary oxygen (−0.885) and its percentage of O loss (0.978) adversely affect the HHV gain. Consequently, the O/C loss (0.970) increases the HHV positively. van Krevelen’s analysis indicated that bio-oils are chemically compatible with liquid fossil fuels. FTIR-ATR evidenced the presence of derivatives of depolymerization of lignin and cellulose in raw biomasses in bio-oil. TGA/DTG confirmed the bio-oil burning aptitude by the high average 53% mass loss of volatiles associated with lowered peaking decomposition temperatures by 100 °C than raw biomasses. Overall, this research shows the potential of bio-oil from liquefaction of SRC biomasses for the contribution of renewable energy and chemical deliverables, and thereby, to a greener global economy.

Small-scale agricultural grassland management can affect soil fungal community structure as much as continental scale geographic patterns

A European transect was established, ranging from Sweden to the Azores, to determine the relative influence of geographic factors and agricultural small-scale management on the grassland soil microbiome. Within each of five countries (factor ‘Country’), which maximized a range of geographic factors, two differing growth condition regions (factor ‘GCR’) were selected: a favorable region with conditions allowing for high plant biomass production and a contrasting less favorable region with a markedly lower potential. Within each region, grasslands of contrasting management intensities (factor ‘MI’) were defined: intensive and extensive, from which soil samples were collected. Across the transect, ‘MI’ was a strong differentiator of fungal community structure, having a comparable effect to continental scale geographic factors (‘Country’). ‘MI’ was also a highly significant driver of bacterial community structure, but ‘Country’ was clearly the stronger driver. For both, ‘GCR’ was the weakest driver. Also at the regional level, strong effects of MI occurred on various measures of the soil microbiome (i.e. OTU richness, management-associated indicator OTUs), though the effects were largely regional-specific. Our results illustrate the decisive influence of grassland MI on soil microbial community structure, over both regional and continental scales, and, thus, highlight the importance of preserving rare extensive grasslands.

SP3.1.14 NELA; what happens after discharge?

Aims

NELA has been instrumental at improving perioperative care and 30–day mortality following emergency laparotomy (EmLap); long-term outcomes and follow-up are less well reported. This study aims to establish the unscheduled and scheduled service use of EmLap patients after discharge.

Methods

This is a single-centre service evaluation. Patients were included if they had an EmLap recorded from 2016-2019 at our local institute and were alive on discharge. Outcomes were 30-day readmission rate and outpatient follow-up.

Results

944 patients were included. 11.9% re-presented to the surgical department within 30-days; 58.0% of these needed readmissions. The most common causes for re-presentation (n = 112) were management of a wound issue (15.2%), ongoing pain without evidence of complication (10.7%) and ongoing intra-abdominal sepsis (9.8%).

1-year survival was 81.4%. Of these (n = 856); 74.3% were invited to outpatients; DNA rate was 8.8%, with only 67.8% of patients having a follow-up review. Median time to follow up was 9 weeks. Patients were more likely to be invited for outpatient review if they had a new stoma (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.81 – 3.56), and less likely if adhesiolysis was the primary procedure (OR 0.55, 95% 0.39-0.76).

Patients who failed to attend an appointment were significantly younger (median age 53 vs. 60 years, p = 0.0033) and from more deprived areas (average WIMD 673.6 vs 977.3, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates higher levels of unscheduled care and lower levels of scheduled care than expected. Care standards should be extended beyond the 30-day milestone to fully appreciate the morbidity associated from EmLap.

SP4.1.5The use of Faecal Immunochemical Testing (FIT) and Minimal Preparation Computed Tomography (MPCT) during COVID-19 for Urgent Suspected Cancer (USC) referrals in patients with lower gastro-intestinal symptoms

Aims

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated introduction of revised diagnostic pathways for assessing Urgent Suspected Cancer (USC) referrals. Combinations of FIT and MPCT were used to manage referrals and prioritise access to clinical services or invasive tests. The effectiveness of these pathways are evaluated in this study.

Methods

All consecutive patients referred from primary care on the USC pathway between 15^th March – 15^th June 2020 were included to reflect the effect of full lockdown measures. Data collected included demographics, presenting symptom(s), investigations and timelines and patient outcomes up to 90 days following initial referral.

Results

816 patients across 8 sites in Wales were included in this initial analysis. 52.7% of patients were female with median age 69 (21 – 97) years. Of the 50.7% who had first-line clinical review, 70.5% were virtual consultations. 49.3% had primary investigations, with FIT in 31% of patients and MPCT in 18.3%. This was compliant with locally agreed pathways for 77.3% of referrals. COVID-response pathways achieved a 28.5% reduction in use of colonoscopy as first-line investigation and 84.3% of patients avoided face-to-face consultations altogether during this first wave of the pandemic.

Overall, 5.6% of USC referrals were diagnosed with CRC. Median timescale from diagnosis to treatment for CRC was 82 (4 – 175) days. The NPV for FIT in this cohort was 99.5%. MPCT as the first modality had a NPV of 99%.

Conclusion

A modified investigation pathway maintained cancer diagnosis during the pandemic with improved resource utilisation to that used previously.

Heart rate variability as a biomarker in chronic chagas cardiomyopathy patients with or without concomitant digestive involvement, for prediction of rassi score risk classes

Introduction

The pathogenesis of Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCC) is not yet fully elucidated. However, dysautonomia is one of the factors involved, in addition to being the essential mechanism in the pathogenesis of the Digestive Form of Chagas Disease (DFCD). The prognostic value of dysautonomia remains speculative, and there are no correlative studies of dysautonomia in CCC and DFCD.

Purpose

This study has three aims: a) to investigate in patients with CCC the relationship between cardiac dysautonomia, indirectly studied by heart rate variability (HRV), and the prognostic stratification assessed by the Rassi score; b) to compare the HRV in groups with isolated CCC and with the mixed form, i.e. CCC associated with DFCD; c) to evaluate the power of combining HRV indices to predict the risk class of each patient, using machine learning.

Methods

Thirty-one patients with CCC were classified into three risk groups (low, intermediate and high) according to their Rassi score and had two electrocardiograms (ECG) recorded, i.e. the conventional 12-lead and a single lead, the latter for a period of 10 to 20 minutes. From the single lead ECG, two equally sized RR series were generated and 31 HRV indices were calculated from each. The HRV was then compared between the three risk groups and also regarding the presence or not of concomitant digestive impairment. Taking HRV indices as inputs, four machine learning models were compared in its ability to predict the risk class of each patient. A previous step of attribute selection (sequential feature selection) was applied to identify the most relevant HRV indices for each algorithm.

Results

Comparing the HRV indices in the three risk groups obtained with the Rassi score, the phase entropy is decreased [0.91 (0.90, 0.91) vs 0.87 (0.86, 0.89); p=0.039] and the percentage of inflection points is increased [66.4 (63.5, 71.2) vs 58.2 (53.4, 63.3); p=0.032] in patients in the high-risk group, compared to the low-risk group. Of the 31 patients with CCC, 14 had the mixed form of the disease, i.e. with associated digestive impairment. In the latter, the triangular interpolation of the RR interval histogram decreased significantly [78.1 (62.5, 101.6) vs 121.1 (80.1, 146.5), p=0.046], while the absolute power in the low-frequency band decreased with strong trend to statistical significance [28.5 (17.1, 97.5) vs 86.9 (44.1, 171.7), p=0.06]. The best predictive model for each risk group was obtained with the Support Vector Machine, reaching an overall F1-score of 0.61.

Conclusions

The worst prognosis, indicated by the Rassi score, is associated with increased heart rate fragmentation. The combination of HRV indices enhanced the accuracy of the risk stratification. Compared to CCC the mixed form of Chagas' disease displays a decrease in the components of slow heart rate oscillation, suggesting a higher degree of sympathetic autonomic denervation associated with parasympathetic impairment.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)

Partial replacement of DL-Methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue with betaine in diets for broiler chickens

The study evaluated the effects on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens of DL-Methionine (DL-Met) and methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) supplementation and their partial replacement with betaine (Bet). Two experiments were performed from day 1 to 21 and from day 22 to 42. Broiler chickens were assigned to six treatments, in a completely randomized design and a 2 × 2 + 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two Met sources (DL-Met and MHA), with or without Bet, and two negative controls. The six treatments consisted of i) NC-DLM: negative control for DL-Met with 7% reduction in DL-Met; ii) NC-MHA: negative control for MHA with 7% reduction of MHA, iii) DLM100: without Bet, supplemented exclusively with DL-Met reaching 100% of requirements, iv) MHA100: without Bet supplemented exclusively with MHA reaching 100% of requirements, v) DLM93+Bet: DL-Met at 93% of recommended level plus betaine; vi) MHA93+Bet: MHA at 93% of recommended level plus betaine. Growth from day 1 to 21 was not altered by methionine source or betaine supplementation. However, the negative controls had numerically less weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) . Between days and 42 there were no effects on growth. Betaine could partially replace methionine without altering the growth of broiler chickens. In addition, the partial replacement of DL-Met with betaine increased body crude protein content. However, its use increased body fat content regardless of methionine source.

POS0640 EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF ORIGINAL AND BIOSIMILAR ETANERCEPT IN bDMARD-NAÏVE PATIENTS IN A REAL-WORLD COHORT OF PORTUGAL

Background:

The patent expiration of the original etanercept in Europe has facilitated the development of biosimilar products. Non-significant differences in efficacy and safety were noted in clinical trials which are not expected to influence clinical performance. Nonetheless, daily practice data should be gathered to support the claim for biosimilarity.

Objectives:

To compare the effectiveness and safety of original and biosimilar etanercept, in biological-Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drug (bDMARD)-naïve patients.

Methods:

A retrospective multicenter non-interventional study, using data collected prospectively from Reuma.pt (The Rheumatic Diseases Portuguese Register) was done, including patients with: age ≥ 18 years old; diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) or Spondyloarthritis (SpA) (axial or peripheral); active disease who initiated treatment with etanercept as first line of biological treatment after 2010. Kaplan-Meyer was used to calculate the persistence rate in treatment. Disease activity at baseline and follow-up data at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of treatment was compared using the chi-square for categorical variables and t-student or Mann-Whitney tests for continuous variables. Reasons for discontinuing therapy were summarized using descriptive statistics. Statistical significance was assumed for 2-sided p-values >0.05.

Results:

We included 1694 patients (413 on biosimilar and 1280 on original etanercept) 864 with RA, 335 with PsA and 494 with SpA. The population’s baseline characteristics were not significantly different among both groups, except concomitant treatment in RA (higher use of conventional DMARDs in biosimilar group and higher use of NSAIDs in original group) and in SpA patients (higher use of corticosteroids in original group).

At baseline, a higher joint count was found in patients treated with original etanercept with a statistical difference for swollen (p=0.03) and tender (p=0.01) joints count (SJC and TJC, respectively) in RA and in TJC in SpA patients (p=0.02). In RA patients, CDAI and SDAI were higher in patients who started original (p=0.03; p=0.04, respectively). Pain measured by visual analogic scale was higher in SpA patients treated with biosimilar (p=0.03).

The 3-year PR was not significantly different between both treatment groups in RA, PsA and SpA (Figure1). In RA, PR in biosimilar was 72.6%, with a median time-on-drug (TOD) of 28.3 months; for original etanercept PR was 63.6%, with a median TOD of 27.4 months (p=0.566). In PsA patients, the PR for biosimilar was 70.6%, with a median TOD of 27.6 months, and in original drug 67.0%, with a median TOD of 28.1 months (p=0.743). In SpA patients, the PR were 78.4% for biosimilar (median TOD of 27.4 months) and 71.5% for original treatment (median TOD of 28.0 months (p=0.816)).

Figure 1.

Drug survival in biosimilar and original etanercept in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis

In RA patients, we did not find differences between the two treatment groups for the proportion of patients in remission or low disease activity by CDAI ≤10, SDAI≤11 or DAS28 <3.2 at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of treatment. For PsA, no differences were found in the same timelines for DAPSA≤14, DAS28<3.2, BASDAI<4, ASDAS<2.1 or PsARC response. Also, in SpA patients, no differences were found in BASDAI<4, BASFI<4, ASDAS<2.1, ASDAS response and BASDAI response in all the timelines with the exception of BASDAI response at 18 months, which was achieved in fewer patients in biosimilar therapy (p=0.02).

Overall, 535 (31.6%) patients stopped etanercept (428 patients on original and 107 patients on biosimilar). Discontinuations due to inefficacy were the most frequent, but there were no significant differences between both groups as for adverse events. Discontinuations due to “other reasons” were higher for the original group, both in RA (p=0.01) and in SpA (p=0.04).

Conclusion:

Biosimilar and original used as first-line biological treatment showed similar effectiveness and safety in our long-term cohort of patients with RA, PsA, and SpA

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with second-generation antipsychotics (SGA): An analysis of reported cases in eudravigilance database, 2017-2020

Introduction

Antipsychotic drugs are the cornerstone of the pharmacological treatment of psychotic disorders; however, even with Second-generation antipsychotics (SGA), adverse effects continue to be extremely accentuated and the treatment effectiveness is compromised by low adherence of the patient.

Objectives

Taking into consideration the importance of adverse effects for psychotic therapeutics, this study aims to analyze the adverse effect of the Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) reported in EudraVigilance Database, associated with 3 widely used SGA, Risperidone, Quetiapine, and Clozapine.

Methods

The EudraVigilance Database was analyzed from 09/01/2017 to 31/10/2020 about NMS, associated with Risperidone, Quetiapine, and Clozapine. NMS is the second most reported adverse effect inside the Nervous System Disorders SOC (System Organ Class). There were just considered NMS as suspected adverse effect.

Results

It was observed a general tendency of reduction of NMS reports from 2017 to 2020 (most of them performed by healthcare professionals). Risperidone presented the highest level of reports during this period (more than 350), followed by Quetiapine and Clozapine. The NMS reports were predominantly referred to the male sex, from 18 to 64 years old. Risperidone presented the lowest number of fatal cases of NMS (1), in contrast with 3 reported with Quetiapine and Clozapine. A significant number of patients with Schizophrenia recovered from NMS.

Conclusions

It is important to do clinical monitoring of the NMS, because it is rare, although it has life-threatening consequences. Pharmacovigilance databases are important tools to evaluate the safety of drugs and it must be more widely and efficiently promoted for healthcare and patients use.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Impacts of social distancing during the covid19 pandemic on the development of children with autism in Brazil

Introduction

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease and its main symptoms are fever, dry cough and difficulty breathing. It spread to several countries, which led the World Health Organization to decree, on March 11, 2020, a pandemic state that deeply affected Brazil. Due to the impossibility of leaving the house, the routine of children with autism was changed. Children in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have a qualitative deficit in social interaction. Clinical and daily observations reinforce several scientific studies that defend the importance of maintaining a routine as stable as possible for people with ASD, without this stability they may become emotionally disorganized, feel discomfort or even irritability.

Objectives

Investigate the impact caused by social distancing on the development of children and adolescents with autism.

Methods

An online questionnaire based on the DIR/Floortime basic map of emotional functional capacity development was distributed in Brazil from April to May, 2020. The results were analyzed using SPSS software.

Results

Results obtained from 122 questionnaires showed that after 30 days of quarantine 20% of children no longer had the characteristic of being able to remain calm and organized for at least 2 minutes; 11% no longer initiates interactions with their parents; 27% demonstrated more protests and anger than before the social distancing; 18% demonstrated more emotions such as anger, fear and intimacy, 28% began to understand their limits and 12% of the children are using greater facial expression during the social distancing.

Conclusions

This study brings results that can help to understand the processes in a child with autism.

Bleuler’s a or autism spectrum disorder in adults?

Introduction

Nowadays we know that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and Schizophrenic spectrum (SS) are different types of disorders in their etiology, symptoms and prognosis, but the clinical distinction is often difficult to make due to comorbidity and similar symptoms.

Objectives

With this project, the authors intend to explore the differential diagnosis between ASD and SS specially when we talk about critical ages of onset.

Methods

An analysis of articles searched on Pubmed (articles between 2010-2020) with the key words “adult autism”, “childhood onset schizophrenia”, “childhood psychosis”.

Results

Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) is defined as occurring before age 18 years. The condition share key diagnostic symptoms with adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS) but his prognoses and comorbidities differ. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties since early childhood across reciprocal social communication and restricted interests and behaviors. ASD is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder, however there is a lack of answers and research for adults with ASD. There are shared aspects of odd thinking, rigid behaviors and impaired socialization in schizophrenia and ASD and COS seems to have a strong relationship with ASD, being comorbid in up to 50% of cases.

Conclusions

Usually the evaluation of the developmental history of the person, prodrome and onset, its course and the presence of positive symptoms of schizophrenia is enough to help us find a diagnosis. Unfortunately, in some ages the conclusion is not so easy to find. However is essential to determine whether the clinical manifestations belong to the autistic spectrum, the schizophrenic or result from comorbidity.

Study of a stream in Argentina with a high concentration of microplastics: Preliminary analysis of the methodology

This study presents for the first time results about the microplastic concentration and their origin in a stream of the Pampas region in Argentina, receiving wastewater of an intermediate city. The most appropriate procedure to analyze and quantify the microplastics in the studied system is the use of an oxidative digestion process using a 30% H₂O₂ solution to eliminate the organic matter in the samples. A high quantity of MPs, on the order of millions of microplastics per m³ of water, was estimated in the Langueyú stream. 56% of the microplastics correspond to fibers with diameters between 10 and 15 μm and lengths less than 500 μm, while 44% are fragments with sizes of tens of micrometers. Raman microspectroscopy was used to identify the type of fibers. The characteristics of the microplastic fibers released in a wash load test are comparable with those observed in the Langueyú stream, in particular, the average sizes and the distribution of the diameters of the MPFs are similar. The processes in the sewage treatment plant, prior to their discharge in the stream, would affect the color of the fibers and their length.

Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in a Tertiary Care Portuguese Hospital: An 11-Year Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND

Chlamydia trachomatis infections remain a burden worldwide. The goals of this study were to determine the number of C. trachomatis infections per year, characterize the demographic traits of the infected population and identify the associated sexually transmitted infections (STI), over the last 11 years, in Lisbon main Hospital Centre.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Laboratorial confirmed C. trachomatis infections diagnosed between January 1st, 2009 and December 31st, 2019 were evaluated.

RESULTS

A total of 6404 samples were collected, with 602 being positive for C. trachomatis, corresponding to 550 patients. 60% of diagnoses were made by dermatovenereologists and most cases occurred in males (n = 371; 67.5%), with a median age of 26.1 years (standard deviation 7.98), ranging from 13 to 68 years. More than half the cases (51.3%) occurred below the age of 25 years. In 87 patients (15.8%) there was previous history of STI, in 198 patients (36%) a concomitant STI was present and 43 patients (7.8%) developed a posterior STI. Concerning follow-up, 196 patients (corresponding to 35.6% of total patients) did not show for a re-evaluation after the diagnosis was made.

CONCLUSION

Confirmed cases of C. trachomatis infection have risen along the years, affecting mainly people younger than 25 years. C. trachomatis infection is especially associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection, but other STI are also very prevalent. Considering the potential complications of C. trachomatis infection, screening and treatment are necessary. The high percentage of diagnoses made by dermatovenereologists support the pivotal role of dermatovenereology in diagnosing C. trachomatis infections.

Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in a Tertiary Care Portuguese Hospital: An 11-Year Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND

Chlamydia trachomatis infections remain a burden worldwide. The goals of this study were to determine the number of C.trachomatis infections per year, characterize the demographic traits of the infected population and identify the associated sexually transmitted infections (STI), over the last 11years, in Lisbon main Hospital Centre.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Laboratorial confirmed C.trachomatis infections diagnosed between January 1st, 2009 and December 31st, 2019 were evaluated.

RESULTS

A total of 6404 samples were collected, with 602 being positive for C.trachomatis, corresponding to 550 patients. 60% of diagnoses were made by dermatovenereologists and most cases occurred in males (n=371; 67.5%), with a median age of 26.1years (standard deviation 7.98), ranging from 13 to 68years. More than half the cases (51.3%) occurred below the age of 25years. In 87 patients (15.8%) there was previous history of STI, in 198 patients (36%) a concomitant STI was present and 43 patients (7.8%) developed a posterior STI. Concerning follow-up, 196 patients (corresponding to 35.6% of total patients) did not show for a re-evaluation after the diagnosis was made.

CONCLUSION

Confirmed cases of C.trachomatis infection have risen along the years, affecting mainly people younger than 25 years. C.trachomatis infection is especially associated with Neisseriagonorrhoeae infection, but other STI are also very prevalent. Considering the potential complications of C.trachomatis infection, screening and treatment are necessary. The high percentage of diagnoses made by dermatovenereologists support the pivotal role of dermatovenereology in diagnosing C.trachomatis infections.

A narrow intercondylar gap favours anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture in patients with an immature skeleton

OBJECTIVE

Anatomical risk factors predisposing to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and/or avulsion fractures of tibial spines (AFET) have been reported in paediatric patients with controversial results. Our aim is to compare morphometric parameters in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of patients with immature skeleton presenting AFET or ACL rupture versus healthy controls.

METHODS

Observational study of a transverse cohort where all those patients with immature skeleton presenting ACL rupture or AFET were collected consecutively. A control group of patients with open physis and MRI reported without lesions was added. A trained observer measured in each MRI with previously standardized technique: a)the width of the intercondylar femoral notch, and b)the opening angle of the intercondylar femoral notch.

RESULTS

The sample was composed of 11 patients with ACL rupture, 11 patients with TEA and 11 normal controls. The opening angle of the intercondylar femoral notch, measured in axial and coronal sections, was significantly lower in those patients with ACL rupture versus healthy controls (P=.0256 and P=.0097). The rest of the variables studied did not present significant differences between groups.

CONCLUSION

In patients with an immature skeleton, a narrower femoral intercondylar notch is associated with ACL rupture, while those with an ETF do not present a distinctive bone anatomy versus healthy controls. These findings suggest that bone morphometric parameters are associated with a lesional or other pattern in open-knee.

OXIGÊNIO NO CONTEXTO DA COVID-19: O QUE SABEMOS SOBRE A MOLÉCULA QUE RESPIRAMOS E O PAPEL CENTRAL DA QUÍMICA

OXYGEN IN THE COVID-19 CONTEXT: WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE MOLECULE WE BREATHE AND THE CENTRAL ROLE OF CHEMISTRY. In this work, the role of chemistry in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is highlighted through the medical oxygen supply crises in Brazil, as an example of oxygen utility in health. Starting from oxygen chemical characterization, the oxygen cycle in nature is discussed to show how oxygen is formed through photosynthesis, followed by the description of the industrial oxygen production from atmospheric air, including physical-chemical aspects. The use of medical oxygen concentrator is presented and how this device works from the chemical point of view. Besides, the noninvasive and painless oximetry is described in terms of how oxygen saturation level in blood is measured using LED - light emitting diode.