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Holm LS, Mcumber A, Rasmussen JE, Obiols‐Rabasa M, Thulstrup PW, Kasimova MR, Randolph TW, van de Weert M. The Effect of Protein PEGylation on Physical Stability in Liquid Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3043-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Water JJ, Schack MM, Velazquez-Campoy A, Maltesen MJ, van de Weert M, Jorgensen L. Complex coacervates of hyaluronic acid and lysozyme: Effect on protein structure and physical stability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 88:325-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Neergaard MS, Kalonia DS, Parshad H, Nielsen AD, Møller EH, van de Weert M. Viscosity of high concentration protein formulations of monoclonal antibodies of the IgG1 and IgG4 subclass – Prediction of viscosity through protein–protein interaction measurements. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:400-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Maltesen MJ, van de Weert M, Grohganz H. Erratum to: Design of Experiments-Based Monitoring of Critical Quality Attributes for the Spray-Drying Process of Insulin by NIR Spectroscopy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013. [DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-9938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Jensen MH, Wahlund PO, Toft KN, Jacobsen JK, Steensgaard DB, van de Weert M, Havelund S, Vestergaard B. Small Angle X-ray Scattering-Based Elucidation of the Self-Association Mechanism of Human Insulin Analogue LysB29(Nεω-carboxyheptadecanoyl) des(B30). Biochemistry 2013; 52:282-94. [DOI: 10.1021/bi3008615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Maltesen MJ, van de Weert M, Grohganz H. Design of experiments-based monitoring of critical quality attributes for the spray-drying process of insulin by NIR spectroscopy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:747-55. [PMID: 22585372 PMCID: PMC3429688 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Moisture content and aerodynamic particle size are critical quality attributes for spray-dried protein formulations. In this study, spray-dried insulin powders intended for pulmonary delivery were produced applying design of experiments methodology. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in combination with preprocessing and multivariate analysis in the form of partial least squares projections to latent structures (PLS) were used to correlate the spectral data with moisture content and aerodynamic particle size measured by a time of flight principle. PLS models predicting the moisture content were based on the chemical information of the water molecules in the NIR spectrum. Models yielded prediction errors (RMSEP) between 0.39% and 0.48% with thermal gravimetric analysis used as reference method. The PLS models predicting the aerodynamic particle size were based on baseline offset in the NIR spectra and yielded prediction errors between 0.27 and 0.48 μm. The morphology of the spray-dried particles had a significant impact on the predictive ability of the models. Good predictive models could be obtained for spherical particles with a calibration error (RMSECV) of 0.22 μm, whereas wrinkled particles resulted in much less robust models with a Q (2) of 0.69. Based on the results in this study, NIR is a suitable tool for process analysis of the spray-drying process and for control of moisture content and particle size, in particular for smooth and spherical particles.
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Hartvig RA, van de Weert M, Ostergaard J, Jorgensen L, Jensen H. Formation of dielectric layers and charge regulation in protein adsorption at biomimetic interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1804-1815. [PMID: 22185404 DOI: 10.1021/la204309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Protein charge is an important parameter in the understanding of protein interactions and function. Proteins are subject to dynamic charge regulation, that is, the influence of the local environment (such as charged interfaces and biopolymers) on protein charge. Charge regulation is governed by differences in the dielectric and electrostatic environment between adsorbed protein and the free protein in bulk solution. In this work protein charge regulation is addressed experimentally by employing electrochemistry at interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) as well as theoretically by developing a new protein adsorption model at ITIES. Electrochemistry at ITIES is shown to be particularly well suited to study protein charge regulation as the adsorbed protein experiences a different dielectric environment compared to the bulk phase and the external control of the water/oil potential difference allows systematic studies on how potential induced ion gradients affect protein charge. The theoretical model incorporates all the features of the experimental system and specifically takes into account protein charge regulation at ITIES as well as the impact of the formation of dielectric layers on the experimentally observed impedance. The model parameters include the protein charge-pH profile, bulk pH, and the overall potential difference. It is shown that the formation of a dielectric layer and the associated charge regulation are the main factors dictating the observed experimental behavior. Finally, the theoretical model is used to interpret literature results, and the consistency between the model and the relatively large data set suggests that the model may be used more generally for understanding and predicting protein adsorption.
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Hawe A, Wiggenhorn M, van de Weert M, Garbe JHO, Mahler HC, Jiskoot W. Forced degradation of therapeutic proteins. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:895-913. [PMID: 22083792 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The scope of this paper is to review approaches used for forced degradation (synonym, stress testing) of therapeutic proteins. Forced degradation studies play a central role in the development of therapeutic proteins, for example, for candidate selection, molecule characterization, formulation development, assay development, and comparability studies. Typical stress methods are addressed within this review, such as exposure to elevated temperatures, freeze-thawing, mechanical stress, oxidation, light, as well as various materials and devices used in the clinics during final administration. Stability testing is briefly described as far as relevant to the discussion of forced degradation studies. Whereas stability-testing requirements are defined in regulatory guidelines, standard procedures for forced degradation of therapeutic proteins are largely unavailable, except for photostability. Possible selection criteria to identify appropriate stress conditions and recommendations for setting up forced degradation studies for the different phases of development of therapeutic proteins are presented.
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van de Weert M. Erratum to: Fluorescence Quenching to Study Protein-ligand Binding: Common Errors. J Fluoresc 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Maltesen MJ, Bjerregaard S, Hovgaard L, Havelund S, van de Weert M, Grohganz H. Multivariate analysis of phenol in freeze-dried and spray-dried insulin formulations by NIR and FTIR. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:627-36. [PMID: 21560023 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydration is a commonly used method to stabilise protein formulations. Upon dehydration, there is a significant risk the composition of the formulation will change especially if the protein formulation contains volatile compounds. Phenol is often used as excipient in insulin formulations, stabilising the insulin hexamer by changing the secondary structure. We have previously shown that it is possible to maintain this structural change after drying. The aim of this study was to evaluate the residual phenol content in spray-dried and freeze-dried insulin formulations by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy using multivariate data analysis. A principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) projections were used to analyse spectral data. After drying, there was a difference between the two drying methods in the phenol/insulin ratio and the water content of the dried samples. The spray-dried samples contained more water and less phenol compared with the freeze-dried samples. For the FTIR spectra, the best model used one PLS component to describe the phenol/insulin ratio in the powders, and was based on the second derivative pre-treated spectra in the 850-650 cm(-1) region. The best PLS model based on the NIR spectra utilised three PLS components to describe the phenol/insulin ratio and was based on the standard normal variate transformed spectra in the 6,200-5,800 cm(-1) region. The root mean square error of cross validation was 0.69% and 0.60% (w/w) for the models based on the FTIR and NIR spectra, respectively. In general, both methods were suitable for phenol quantification in dried phenol/insulin samples.
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Rasmussen T, van de Weert M, Jiskoot W, Kasimova MR. Thermal and acid denaturation of bovine lens α-crystallin. Proteins 2011; 79:1747-58. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Hartvig RA, van de Weert M, Østergaard J, Jorgensen L, Jensen H. Protein adsorption at charged surfaces: the role of electrostatic interactions and interfacial charge regulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:2634-43. [PMID: 21322572 DOI: 10.1021/la104720n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of protein adsorption at charged surfaces is important for a wide range of scientific disciplines including surface engineering, separation sciences and pharmaceutical sciences. Compared to chemical entities having a permanent charge, the adsorption of small ampholytes and proteins is more complicated as the pH near a charged surface can be significantly different from the value in bulk solution. In this work, we have developed a phenomenological adsorption model which takes into account the combined role of interfacial ion distribution, interfacial charge regulation of amino acids in the proximity of the surface, electroneutrality, and mass balance. The model is straightforward to apply to a given set of experimental conditions as most model parameters are obtained from bulk properties and therefore easy to estimate or are directly measurable. The model provides a detailed understanding of the importance of surface charge on adsorption and in particular of how changes in surface charge, concentration, and surface area may affect adsorption behavior. The model is successfully used to explain the experimental adsorption behavior of the two model proteins lysozyme and α-lactalbumin. It is demonstrated that it is possible to predict the pH and surface charge dependent adsorption behavior from experimental or theoretical estimates of a preferred orientation of a protein at a solid charged interface.
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Fano M, van de Weert M, Moeller EH, Kruse NA, Frokjaer S. Ionic strength-dependent denaturation of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase induced by SDS. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 506:92-8. [PMID: 21093408 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triglyceride lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TlL) has been reported to be resistant to denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). We have found that at neutral pH, structural integrity is strongly dependent on ionic strength. In 10mM phosphate buffer and SDS, the lipase exhibits a far-UV CD spectrum similar to other proteins denatured in this surfactant while the near-UV CD spectrum shows a complete loss of tertiary structure, observations supported by steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. However, when increasing the ionic strength by the addition of NaCl, the lipase was rendered resistant towards SDS denaturation, as observed by all techniques employed. The effect of salt on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS was observed to correlate with the effect on the degree of SDS-induced denaturation. This finding is compatible with the notion that the concentration of SDS monomers is a crucial factor for SDS-lipase interactions. The presented results are important for the understanding and improvement of protein stability in surfactant systems.
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Hartvig RA, Méndez MA, Weert MVD, Jorgensen L, Østergaard J, Girault HH, Jensen H. Interfacial Complexes between a Protein and Lipophilic Ions at an Oil−Water Interface. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7699-705. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101528r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Rasmussen T, Kasimova MR, Jiskoot W, van de Weert M. The Chaperone-like Protein α-Crystallin Dissociates Insulin Dimers and Hexamers. Biochemistry 2009; 48:9313-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900451j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Jorgensen L, Martins S, van de Weert M. Analysis of Protein Physical Stability in Lipid Based Delivery Systems—The Challenges of Lipid Drug Delivery Systems. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2009; 5:401-8. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2009.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Anderot M, Nilsson M, Végvári Á, Moeller EH, van de Weert M, Isaksson R. Determination of dissociation constants between polyelectrolytes and proteins by affinity capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:892-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Maltesen MJ, Bjerregaard S, Hovgaard L, Havelund S, van de Weert M. Quality by design – Spray drying of insulin intended for inhalation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:828-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Foderà V, Groenning M, Vetri V, Librizzi F, Spagnolo S, Cornett C, Olsen L, van de Weert M, Leone M. Thioflavin T Hydroxylation at Basic pH and Its Effect on Amyloid Fibril Detection. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:15174-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805560c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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45
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Thomsen AE, Jensen H, Jorgensen L, van de Weert M, Østergaard J. Studies on human insulin adsorption kinetics at an organic–aqueous interface determined using a label-free electroanalytical approach. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 63:243-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Foderà V, Librizzi F, Groenning M, van de Weert M, Leone M. Secondary Nucleation and Accessible Surface in Insulin Amyloid Fibril Formation. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:3853-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp710131u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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van de Weert M, Horn Moeller E. Protein pharmaceuticals. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2008; 5:e35-e36. [PMID: 24981088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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48
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Maltesen MJ, van de Weert M. Drying methods for protein pharmaceuticals. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2008; 5:e81-e88. [PMID: 24981095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Removal of water is a common method to prolong the storage stability of protein formulations. Traditionally, freeze-drying has been the method of choice, but spray drying and supercritical drying have gained increased interest in the past decade. The proper choice of drying technology has a significant impact on the final pharmaceutical product and on the overall economy of the process.:
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Groenning M, Norrman M, Flink JM, van de Weert M, Bukrinsky JT, Schluckebier G, Frokjaer S. Binding mode of Thioflavin T in insulin amyloid fibrils. J Struct Biol 2007; 159:483-97. [PMID: 17681791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils share various common structural features and their presence can be detected by Thioflavin T (ThT). In this paper, the binding mode of ThT to insulin amyloid fibrils was examined. Scatchard analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) showed at least two binding site populations. The binding site population with the strongest binding was responsible for the characteristic ThT fluorescence. This binding had a capacity of about 0.1 moles of ThT bound per mole of insulin in fibril form. The binding capacity was unaffected by pH, but the affinity was lowest at low pH. Notably, presence of a third binding process prior to the other processes was suggested by ITC. Binding of ThT resulted in only minor changes in the fibril structure according to the X-ray diffraction patterns, where a slightly more dominant equatorial reflection at 16A relative to the intersheet distance of 11A was observed. No change in the interstrand distance of 4.8A was observed. On the basis of our results, we propose that ThT binds in cavities running parallel to the fibril axis, e.g., between the protofilaments forming the fibrils. Such cavities have been proposed previously in insulin fibrils and several other amyloid fibril models.
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50
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Zijlstra GS, Rijkeboer M, Jan van Drooge D, Sutter M, Jiskoot W, van de Weert M, Hinrichs WLJ, Frijlink HW. Characterization of a cyclosporine solid dispersion for inhalation. AAPS JOURNAL 2007; 9:E190-9. [PMID: 17614361 PMCID: PMC2751408 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj0902021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For lung transplant patients, a respirable, inulin-based solid dispersion containing cyclosporine A (CsA) has been developed. The solid dispersions were prepared by spray freeze-drying. The solid dispersion was characterized by water vapor uptake, specific surface area analysis, and particle size analysis. Furthermore, the mode of inclusion of CsA in the dispersion was investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Finally, the dissolution behavior was determined and the aerosol that was formed by the powder was characterized. The powder had large specific surface areas (~ 160 m(2)). The water vapor uptake was dependant linearly on the drug load. The type of solid dispersion was a combination of a solid solution and solid suspension. At a 10% drug load, 55% of the CsA in the powder was in the form of a solid solution and 45% as solid suspension. At 50% drug load, the powder contained 90% of CsA as solid suspension. The powder showed excellent dispersion characteristics as shown by the high emitted fraction (95%), respirable fraction (75%), and fine-particle fraction (50%). The solid dispersions consisted of relatively large (x(50) approximately 7 mum), but low-density particles (rho approximately 0.2 g/cm(3)). The solid dispersions dissolved faster than the physical mixture, and inulin dissolved faster than CsA. The spray freeze-drying with inulin increased the specific surface area and wettability of CsA. In conclusion, the developed powder seems suitable for inhalation in the local treatment of lung transplant patients.
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